{"id":518808,"date":"2018-03-17T02:52:00","date_gmt":"2018-03-17T07:52:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mereja.com\/amharic\/?guid=f4c8026aa9ca63906ac749f129cc2e2b"},"modified":"2018-03-17T02:52:00","modified_gmt":"2018-03-17T07:52:00","slug":"%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a2%e1%89%b5%e1%8b%ae%e1%8c%b5%e1%8b%ab-%e1%88%b5%e1%88%ad%e1%8b%93%e1%89%b0-%e1%8a%93%e1%88%99%e1%8a%93-%e1%8a%a5%e1%8b%8d%e1%8a%95-%e1%8a%a8%e1%88%95%e1%8c%8d-%e1%8a%a0%e1%8a%95","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mereja.net\/amharic\/518808","title":{"rendered":"\u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1235\u122d\u12d3\u1270 \u1293\u1219\u1293 \u12a5\u12cd\u1295 (\u12a8\u1215\u130d \u12a0\u1295\u1343\u122d) \u134c\u12f4\u122b\u120b\u12ca \u120a\u1263\u120d \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u120d?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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(\u12ed\u1205 \u133d\u1211\u134d \u12601992 \u12a8\u1273\u1270\u1218\u12cd “Ethnic Federalism in a Dominant Party State: The Ethiopian Experience 1991-2000” \u12a8\u121a\u1208\u12cd \u12e8\u120e\u126a\u1235 \u12a0\u1208\u1295 \u1325\u1293\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12ab\u1208 \u1295\u12d1\u1235 \u122d\u12d5\u1235 \u1270\u1240\u1295\u132d\u1266 \u12e8\u1270\u1270\u1228\u130e\u1218 \u1290\u12cd\u1362)<\/div>\n
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\u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1235\u1354\u1295\u1293 \u12ab\u1293\u12f3 \u12eb\u1209 \u1285\u1265\u1228\u1265\u1214\u122b\u12ca \u134c\u12f4\u122c\u123d\u1296\u127d \u1218\u1230\u120d \u1348\u1243\u12f6\u127d\u1295 \u1260\u12d8\u12cd\u130d \u1208\u1270\u1208\u12e9 \u12ad\u120d\u120e\u127d \u1230\u1325\u1270\u12cb\u120d\u1362 \u1206\u1296\u121d \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u1348\u1243\u12f6\u127d \u12a8\u1215\u1308 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12cd\u132a \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u1270\u12f0\u1290\u1308\u1309\u1275\u1362 \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u1218\u12cb\u1245\u1229\u1295 \u12e8\u1260\u1208\u1320 \u1270\u1208\u12cb\u12cb\u132d \u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u130e\u1273\u120d\u1362 \u12ed\u1205\u1295\u1295\u121d \u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130d \u12e8\u1270\u127b\u1208\u12cd \u1240\u1235 \u1260\u1240\u1235 \u12e8\u12c8\u1245\u1273\u12ca \u12e8\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u134d\u120b\u130e\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u1208\u121b\u121f\u120b\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u12a9\u12e9\u1264\u12ad \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1209 \u12e8\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u1283\u12ed\u120e\u127d \u12a8\u12ab\u1293\u12f3 \u134c\u12f4\u122c\u123d\u1295 \u1208\u1218\u1308\u1295\u1320\u120d \u12a5\u1295\u1245\u1235\u1243\u1234 \u1232\u1300\u121d\u1229\u1363 \u1260\u12ab\u1293\u12f3 \u12e8\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u1212\u12f0\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1215\u1308 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271\u1295 \u121b\u123b\u123b\u120d \u1233\u12eb\u1235\u1348\u120d\u130d \u1275\u120d\u1245 \u1208\u12cd\u1325 \u1270\u12f0\u122d\u1313\u120d\u1362 \u12e8\u12aa\u12e9\u1264\u12ad \u1308\u12e2 \u1353\u122d\u1272 \u1260\u122a\u1348\u1228\u1295\u12f0\u121d \u12a8\u1270\u1233\u12ab\u1208\u1275 \u1209\u12d3\u120b\u12ca \u12a0\u1308\u122d \u12e8\u1218\u134d\u1320\u122d \u1218\u1265\u1271\u1295 \u12a0\u1228\u130b\u130d\u1327\u120d\u1362 \u12a5\u12a4\u12a0 \u12e81995\u1271 \u12e8\u1209\u12d3\u120b\u12ca\u1290\u1275 \u12d0\u12cb\u1305 \u12e8\u12da\u12eb\u1295 \u12d3\u1218\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u12ab\u1214\u12f0\u12cd\u1295 \u122a\u1348\u1228\u1295\u12f0\u121d \u121b\u1238\u1290\u134d \u1262\u127d\u1209 \u1296\u122e \u1208\u12aa\u12e9\u1264\u12ae\u127d \u12e8\u1218\u1308\u1295\u1320\u120d \u1215\u130b\u12ca \u12d5\u12f5\u120d \u1230\u1325\u1277\u1278\u12cd \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1362 <\/div>\n
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\u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1215\u1308 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12a8\u1235\u1354\u1291 \u12e81978 (\u12a5\u12a4\u12a0) \u1215\u1308 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u130b\u122d \u120a\u1290\u1343\u1340\u122d \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u120d\u1362 \u120d\u12ad \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1235\u1354\u1295 \u12f0\u121d \u12a0\u134b\u1233\u123d \u12e8\u1218\u1295\u1308\u1295\u1320\u120d \u1295\u1245\u1293\u1244 \u12a5\u1293 \u12f4\u121e\u12ad\u122b\u1232\u12eb\u12ca \u12eb\u120d\u1206\u1290 \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u127d\u130d\u122d \u1290\u1260\u1228\u1263\u1275\u1362 \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205\u1295 \u127d\u130d\u122e\u127d \u1208\u1218\u1245\u1228\u134d\u1363 \u12e8\u1235\u1354\u1295 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12e8\u1206\u1290 \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u1290\u133b\u1290\u1275 \u121b\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u12c8\u1245 \u1348\u120d\u1313\u120d\u1362 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u130d\u1295 \u12ad\u120d\u120e\u1279\u1295 \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u1325\u12eb\u1244 \u12a0\u1245\u122b\u1262\u12ce\u1279\u1295 \u12f5\u1295\u1260\u122e\u127d \u1260\u1215\u1308 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1273\u12ca \u12a0\u1295\u1240\u1346\u127d \u1208\u1218\u1208\u12e8\u1275 \u12a0\u120d\u121e\u12a8\u1228\u121d\u1362 \u1260\u121d\u1275\u12a9\u1363 “\u122b\u1235 \u1308\u12dd \u121b\u1285\u1260\u1228\u1230\u1266\u127d” \u1260\u121a\u120d \u1240\u1235 \u1260\u1240\u1235 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12f5\u130d \u122b\u1235\u1295 \u12e8\u121b\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u1225\u120d\u1323\u1295 \u1270\u1230\u1323\u1278\u12cd\u1362 \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u12e8\u1206\u1290\u12cd \u1260\u120c\u120e\u127d \u12e8\u134c\u12f4\u122b\u120d \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1273\u1275 \u12a8\u1270\u1208\u1218\u12f0\u12cd \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12e8 \u1201\u1294\u1273 \u1260\u12ad\u120d\u120d \u12a5\u1293 \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120b\u12ca \u12e8\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u1353\u122d\u1272\u12ce\u127d \u12f5\u122d\u12f5\u122d \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1362 \u1206\u1296\u121d\u1363 \u12cb\u1293\u12ce\u1279 \u12e8\u1218\u12a8\u120b\u12a8\u12eb \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u12a2\u12ae\u1296\u121a \u12a0\u12cd\u1273\u122e\u127d \u1260\u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120b\u12ca\u12cd \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1241\u1325\u1325\u122d \u1225\u122d \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1362 \u122b\u1235 \u1308\u12dd \u121b\u1285\u1260\u1228\u1230\u1266\u1279 \u1201\u1209\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u12e8 \u12f5\u122d\u12f5\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u1270\u1208\u12e8 \u12e8\u122b\u1235\u1295 \u12d5\u12f5\u120d \u1260\u122b\u1235 \u12e8\u1218\u12c8\u1230\u1295 \u1218\u1265\u1275 \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u1270\u1230\u1323\u1278\u12cd\u1362 \u12ed\u1205 \u12a0\u1208\u1218\u1218\u1323\u1320\u1295 \u12a8\u12a0\u12f2\u1231 \u12e8\u122b\u123d\u12eb \u134c\u12f4\u122c\u123d\u1295 \u130b\u122d \u12a0\u1295\u12f3\u1295\u12f5 \u1218\u1218\u1233\u120d \u12a0\u1208\u12cd\u1362 \u12601992\u1271 (\u12a5\u12a4\u12a0) \u12e8\u122b\u123d\u12eb \u134c\u12f4\u122c\u123d\u1295 \u1235\u121d\u121d\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u1208\u12eb\u12e9 \u12e8\u12d8\u12cd\u130d \u122a\u1350\u1265\u120a\u12ae\u127d \u12e8\u1218\u1308\u1295\u1320\u120d \u1218\u1265\u1275 \u1270\u1230\u1325\u1277\u1278\u12cd \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1362 \u12ed\u1205 \u12e8\u1236\u126a\u12e8\u1275 \u1285\u1265\u1228\u1275 \u130d\u12dc\u121d \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228 \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u1206\u1296\u121d \u1235\u121d\u121d\u1290\u1271 (\u12a5\u12a4\u12a0) \u12601993 \u1232\u12a8\u1208\u1235 \u1270\u1230\u122d\u12df\u120d\u1362 \u1260\u1348\u1295\u1273\u12cd\u1363 \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120b\u12ca\u12cd \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12a8\u12d8\u12cd\u130d \u122a\u1350\u1265\u120a\u12ae\u1279 \u130b\u122d \u1225\u120d\u1323\u1295 \u12e8\u1218\u130b\u122b\u1275 \u12e8\u1201\u1208\u1275\u12ee\u123d \u1235\u121d\u121d\u1290\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u1218\u12f0\u122b\u12f0\u122d \u12e8\u1300\u1218\u1228\u1260\u1275 “\u12f5\u1285\u1228 \u1215\u1308 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1273\u12ca \u1212\u12f0\u1275” \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1308\u1265\u1277\u120d\u1362 <\/div>\n
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\u12e8\u12ab\u1293\u12f3\u1363 \u1235\u1354\u1295 \u12a5\u1293 \u122b\u123d\u12eb \u1215\u1308 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1276\u127d \u12e8\u1218\u1308\u1295\u1320\u120d \u1218\u1265\u1275\u1295 \u12a0\u120b\u12ab\u1270\u1271\u121d\u1362 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u130d\u1295 \u1260\u1270\u130d\u1263\u122d \u12e8\u1270\u1208\u1320\u1320 “\u12e8\u122b\u1235\u1295 \u12d5\u12f5\u120d \u1260\u122b\u1235 \u12e8\u1218\u12c8\u1230\u1295 \u1218\u12f5\u1285\u1296\u127d\u1295” \u1208\u12a0\u1263\u120b\u1271 \u12e8\u1270\u1208\u12eb\u12e8 \u12e8\u122b\u1235 \u1308\u12dd \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u1230\u1325\u1270\u12cb\u120d\u1362 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u134c\u12f4\u122c\u123d\u1295 \u130d\u1295 \u1260\u1270\u1243\u122b\u1292\u12cd \u1218\u1214\u12f5\u1295 \u1218\u122d\u1327\u120d\u1362 \u12e8\u1218\u1328\u1228\u123b\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u122b\u1235\u1295 \u12d5\u12f5\u120d \u1260\u122b\u1235 \u12e8\u1218\u12c8\u1230\u1295 \u1218\u1265\u1275 \u121b\u1208\u1275\u121d \u12e8\u1218\u1308\u1295\u1320\u120d \u1218\u1265\u1275\u1295 \u1230\u1325\u1276 \u12e8\u12ad\u120d\u120e\u1279\u1295 \u12e8\u1208\u1275 \u1309\u12f3\u12ee\u127d \u1208\u1218\u1348\u1340\u121d \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1235\u1348\u120d\u1308\u12cd\u1295 \u1225\u120d\u1323\u1295 \u130d\u1295 \u1263\u1295\u1343\u1229 \u12ed\u1308\u12f5\u1260\u12cb\u120d\u1362 \u1218\u122c\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u120c\u120e\u127d \u12e8\u1270\u1348\u1325\u122e \u1200\u1265\u1276\u127d \u1208\u121d\u1233\u120c \u12e8\u121a\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u1229\u1275 \u1260\u134c\u12f4\u122b\u120d \u1215\u130d\u130b\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u12e8\u12ad\u120d\u120d \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1273\u1271 \u12e8\u12d5\u1208\u1275 \u1270\u1208\u1275 \u1225\u122b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1208\u1218\u12a8\u12c8\u1295 \u12e8\u12a0\u1308\u122d\u12d0\u1240\u1349\u1295 \u1218\u12f0\u1265 \u1218\u12a8\u1270\u120d \u12a0\u1208\u1263\u1278\u12cd\u1362 \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u121b\u1208\u1275 \u1260\u134c\u12f4\u122b\u1209 \u12e8\u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u1270\u12c8\u12ab\u12ee\u127d \u121d\u12ad\u122d \u1264\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1340\u12f5\u1240\u12cd \u12e8\u12a0\u121d\u1235\u1275 \u12d3\u1218\u1275 \u12e8\u12a2\u1215\u12a0\u12f4\u130d \u12d5\u1245\u12f5 \u1260\u1201\u1209\u121d \u12e8\u12ad\u120d\u120d \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1273\u1275\u1363 \u1260\u12eb\u1295\u12f3\u1295\u12f1 \u12e8\u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u122d \u12a5\u122d\u12a8\u1295 \u1270\u1348\u1343\u121a \u1218\u1206\u1295 \u12a0\u1208\u1260\u1275\u1362 \u12e8\u12ad\u120d\u120d \u12e8\u1308\u1262 \u121d\u1295\u132e\u127d \u12a8\u134c\u12f4\u122b\u1209 \u12a0\u1295\u1343\u122d \u1325\u1242\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u12a5\u12da\u1205 \u130d\u1263 \u12e8\u121b\u12ed\u1263\u1209 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1362 \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u121b\u1208\u1275 \u12e8\u12ad\u120d\u120d \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1273\u1275 \u1225\u122b\u12ce\u127b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1208\u1218\u12a8\u12c8\u1295 \u12e8\u134c\u12f4\u122b\u120d \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271 \u12f5\u130e\u121b \u12a5\u1293 \u1225\u1326\u1273 \u120b\u12ed \u1325\u1308\u129b \u1218\u1206\u1295 \u12a0\u1208\u1263\u1278\u12cd\u1362 <\/div>\n
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\u1241\u1325\u1325\u122d \u12a0\u120d\u1263\u12cd \u1308\u12e2 \u1353\u122d\u1272<\/b> <\/div>\n
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\u1260\u122d\u12ab\u1273 \u12e8\u134c\u12f4\u122b\u120a\u12dd\u121d \u12a0\u1325\u129a\u12ce\u127d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121a\u1209\u1275 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u134c\u12f4\u122c\u123d\u1295 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12a8\u1215\u130d \u1260\u1273\u127d \u12ab\u120d\u1206\u1290 \u1210\u1240\u129b \u120a\u1206\u1295 \u12a0\u12ed\u127d\u120d\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u1283\u12ed\u120e\u1279 \u1260\u1215\u1308 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271 \u12e8\u1270\u1240\u1218\u1321\u1275\u1295 \u12f5\u1295\u130b\u130c\u12ce\u127d \u12ab\u120b\u12a8\u1260\u1229 \u12e8\u1270\u1230\u1321\u1275 \u12cb\u1235\u1275\u1293\u12ce\u127d \u12cb\u130b \u12e8\u120b\u1278\u12cd\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1208\u1215\u130d \u1273\u12db\u12e5 \u1218\u1206\u1291\u1295 \u1208\u121b\u1228\u130b\u1308\u1325 \u12e8\u134c\u12f4\u122b\u120d \u1235\u122d\u12d3\u1271\u1295 \u12a0\u1270\u1308\u1263\u1260\u122d \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u12a0\u1218\u122b\u122e\u127d\u1295 \u1225\u122b\u12ce\u127d \u1218\u1218\u120d\u12a8\u1275 \u12eb\u1235\u1348\u120d\u130b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u130d\u1295 \u12e8\u1215\u130d \u121b\u12d5\u1240\u1349 \u1260\u122b\u1231 \u12e8\u134c\u12f4\u122b\u120d \u1235\u122d\u12d3\u1271 \u12e8\u134c\u12f4\u122b\u120d \u12a5\u1293 \u12ad\u120d\u120e\u127d \u130d\u1295\u1299\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u1260\u1218\u12c8\u1230\u1295 \u1228\u1308\u12f5 \u1218\u12cb\u1245\u122b\u12ca \u12e8\u1241\u1325\u1325\u122d \u12f5\u1295\u130b\u130c\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u1218\u1323\u120d \u12a0\u1208\u1260\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u12da\u1205 \u130b\u122d \u1218\u1290\u1233\u1275 \u12eb\u1208\u1260\u1275 \u1325\u12eb\u1244 \u2039\u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1215\u1308 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12e8\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u12a0\u1218\u122b\u1229 \u12e8\u134c\u12f4\u122b\u120d \u1218\u122d\u1216\u127d\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u12ed\u1325\u1235 \u1260\u1242 \u12e8\u1241\u1325\u1325\u122d \u1218\u1295\u1308\u12f6\u127d\u1295 \u12a0\u1235\u1240\u121d\u1327\u120d \u12c8\u12ed?\u203a \u12e8\u121a\u1208\u12cd \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
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\u1270\u130d\u1263\u122b\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12ad\u120d\u120e\u1279 \u1218\u121b\u12a8\u122b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12eb\u1228\u130b\u130d\u1323\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1201\u1208\u1270\u129b\u12cd \u121d\u12ad\u122d \u1264\u1275\u1363 \u121b\u1208\u1275\u121d \u12e8\u134c\u12f4\u122c\u123d\u1295 \u121d\u12ad\u122d \u1264\u1271 \u12a0\u1295\u12f3\u1278\u12cd\u1295\u121d \u1218\u1230\u120d \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1276\u1279\u1295 \u12ad\u134d\u1270\u1276\u127d \u12a0\u12ed\u121e\u120b\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1235\u122d\u12d3\u1275 \u1260\u1270\u1348\u1325\u122e\u12cd \u1353\u122d\u120b\u121c\u1295\u1273\u12ca \u1290\u12cd\u1364 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u130d\u1295 \u12e8\u1355\u122c\u12d8\u12f3\u1295\u1273\u12ca \u1235\u122d\u12d3\u1275 \u1340\u1263\u12ed \u12a0\u1208\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u1270\u12c8\u12ab\u12ee\u127d \u121d\u12ad\u122d \u1264\u1275 \u12a0\u1263\u120b\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 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\u121d\u12ad\u122d \u1264\u1271 \u1323\u120d\u1243 \u1308\u1265\u1276 \u12cd\u1233\u1294 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1233\u120d\u1348\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205\u121d \u12ad\u120d\u120e\u127d \u1260\u134c\u12f4\u122c\u123d\u1295 \u121d\u12ad\u122d \u1264\u1271 \u1260\u12a9\u120d \u1320\u1245\u120b\u120b \u12e8\u134c\u12f4\u122b\u120d \u12f5\u1295\u130b\u130c\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u12e8\u1218\u121d\u12a8\u122d \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u1260\u134c\u12f4\u122b\u120d \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u1215\u130d\u130b\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u1218\u1320\u1246\u121d \u121d\u1295\u121d \u12d5\u12f5\u120d \u12e8\u120b\u1278\u12cd\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u134c\u12f4\u122c\u123d\u1295 \u1270\u124b\u121b\u12ca \u1218\u12cb\u1245\u122d \u1208\u1270\u1320\u1293\u12a8\u1228 \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120b\u12ca \u12e8\u1225\u122b \u12a0\u1235\u1348\u1343\u121a \u12a0\u12ab\u120d \u1266\u1273 \u12e8\u121a\u1230\u1325 \u1232\u1206\u1295 \u12e8\u134c\u12f4\u122c\u123d\u1291\u121d \u12ed\u1201\u1295 \u12e8\u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u1270\u12c8\u12ab\u12ee\u127d \u121d\u12ad\u122d \u1264\u1271 \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120b\u12ca \u12e8\u1225\u122b \u12a0\u1235\u1348\u1343\u121a\u12cd\u1295 \u1208\u1218\u1246\u1323\u1320\u122d \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1235\u127d\u1208\u12cd \u1270\u124b\u121b\u12ca \u1201\u1294\u1273 \u12a0\u1293\u1233 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u1260\u1265\u12d9\u12ce\u1279 \u12e8\u134c\u12f4\u122b\u120d \u1235\u122d\u12d3\u1276\u127d \u12cd\u1235\u1325\u1363 \u1290\u133b \u12e8\u1215\u1308 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u134d\u122d\u12f5 \u1264\u1275 \u1235\u120b\u1208 \u1215\u1308 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271\u1295 \u12e8\u1218\u1270\u122d\u130e\u121d \u12a5\u1293 \u1270\u1208\u12cb\u12cb\u132d \u12a9\u1290\u1276\u127d \u130b\u122d \u12e8\u121b\u1235\u121b\u121b\u1275 \u1225\u122b\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u12eb\u12a8\u1293\u12cd\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1308\u1208\u120d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1271 \u12e8\u130d\u12f5 \u12a0\u1235\u1348\u120b\u130a \u1290\u12cd\u1364 \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1271\u121d \u12e8\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u1283\u12ed\u120e\u127d \u12a5\u1293 \u1201\u1209\u121d \u12e8\u12a0\u1308\u122a\u1271 \u12c8\u1308\u1296\u127d \u1208\u121b\u1295\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121b\u12eb\u12f0\u120b \u12a0\u12cd\u1240\u12cd \u12cd\u1233\u1294\u12cd\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1240\u1260\u1209 \u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u130b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u134c\u12f4\u122b\u120d \u1235\u122d\u12d3\u1275  \u12e8\u1215\u1308 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u134d\u122d\u12f5 \u1264\u1275 \u1235\u1208\u120c\u1208\u12cd \u12a8\u120c\u120e\u1279 \u1235\u122d\u12d3\u1276\u127d \u12ed\u1208\u12eb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u121d\u1275\u12a9\u1363 \u1215\u1308 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1273\u12ca\u12cd \u1309\u12f3\u12ed \u1208\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab\u12cd \u12a0\u12ab\u120d\u1363 \u1208\u134c\u12f4\u122c\u123d\u1295 \u121d\u12ad\u122d \u1264\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u1215\u1308 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1309\u12f3\u12ee\u127d \u12a0\u1323\u122a \u1309\u1263\u12d4 \u1270\u1275\u1277\u120d (\u12a0\u1295\u1240\u1345 62)\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u134d\u122d\u12f5 \u1264\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1290\u1233 \u121b\u1295\u129b\u12cd\u121d \u12a0\u1208\u1218\u130d\u1263\u1263\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1273\u12e8\u12cd \u1260\u134c\u12f4\u122c\u123d\u1295 \u121d\u12ad\u122d \u1264\u1275 \u1225\u122d \u12601988 \u1260\u1270\u124b\u124b\u1218\u12cd \u12e8\u1215\u1308 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12a0\u1323\u122a \u1309\u1263\u12d4 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1309\u1263\u12d4\u12cd \u12e8\u1270\u124b\u124b\u1218\u12cd \u12a8\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u1215\u130d \u12a0\u12ab\u120b\u1275 \u1270\u12cd\u1323\u1325\u1276 \u1290\u12cd\u1361- \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205\u121d \u12e8\u134d\u122d\u12f5 \u1264\u1271 \u1355\u122c\u12da\u12f0\u1295\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u121d\u12ad\u1275\u120b\u1278\u12cd\u1363 \u1226\u1235\u1275 \u12e8\u134c\u12f4\u122c\u123d\u1295 \u121d\u12ad\u122d \u1264\u1275 \u12a0\u1263\u120b\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u1270\u12c8\u12ab\u12ee\u127d \u121d\u12ad\u122d \u1264\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u1218\u1228\u1321 \u1235\u12f5\u1235\u1275 \u12e8\u1215\u130d \u1263\u1208\u1219\u12eb\u12ce\u127d \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1309\u1263\u12d4\u12cd\u121d \u1260\u1218\u1328\u1228\u123b \u1208\u134c\u12f4\u122c\u123d\u1295 \u121d\u12ad\u122d \u1264\u1271 \u1325\u1246\u121b\u12cd\u1295 \u1260\u1218\u120b\u12ad \u12cd\u1233\u1294 \u12eb\u1235\u1308\u129d\u1208\u1273\u120d (\u12a0\u1295\u1240\u1325 83)\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
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\u12ed\u1205 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1218\u1208\u12ad\u1270\u12cd \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1215\u1308 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1348\u1323\u122a\u12ce\u127d \u1260\u12ad\u120d\u120e\u127d \u1218\u1210\u120d \u12e8\u121a\u1290\u1231 \u12a0\u1208\u1218\u130d\u1263\u1263\u1276\u127d \u1260\u1215\u130d \u12a0\u130d\u1263\u1265 \u12ed\u1348\u1273\u1209 \u1265\u1208\u12cd \u12e8\u121b\u12eb\u121d\u1291 \u1218\u1206\u1291\u1295\u1363 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u130d\u1295 \u12e8\u1206\u1290 \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab\u12ca \u1218\u134d\u1275\u1214 \u1218\u1296\u122d \u12a0\u1208\u1260\u1275 \u1265\u1208\u12cd \u1218\u1308\u1218\u1273\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1201\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u1260\u1270\u130d\u1263\u122d\u1363 \u121d\u1295\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12b3\u1295 \u134d\u122d\u12f5 \u1264\u1276\u127d \u1260\u1325\u1245\u1209 \u1290\u133b \u1262\u1206\u1291\u121d\u1363 \u12e8\u1215\u1308 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1275\u122d\u1309\u121d \u1225\u122b \u1225\u120d\u1323\u1295 \u1260\u1270\u1246\u1323\u1320\u1228\u12cd \u12e8\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u1353\u122d\u1272 \u12a5\u1305 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1215\u1308 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12a0\u1323\u122a \u1309\u1263\u12d4 \u12a0\u1263\u120b\u1275\u1295 \u1328\u121d\u122e \u12f3\u129e\u127d \u12e8\u121a\u123e\u1219\u1275 \u1260\u1320\u1245\u120b\u12ed \u121a\u1292\u1235\u1275\u1229 \u12a0\u1245\u122b\u1262\u1290\u1275 \u1260\u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u1270\u12c8\u12ab\u12ee\u127d \u121d\u12ad\u122d \u1264\u1275 \u1290\u12cd (\u12a0\u1295\u1240\u1345 81)\u1361\u1361 \u1290\u133b \u12e8\u1215\u1308 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u134d\u122d\u12f5 \u1264\u1275 \u12a0\u1208\u1218\u1296\u1229\u1363 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1235\u122d\u12d3\u1275 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1273\u12ca \u12e8\u1225\u120d\u1323\u1295 \u1308\u12f0\u1266\u127d \u1235\u1208\u121a\u12eb\u1325\u1229\u1275 \u1208\u1215\u1308 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1273\u12ca\u1290\u1275 \u1218\u122d\u1216\u127d \u1241\u122d\u1320\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u12ed\u1296\u122d \u121b\u12f5\u1228\u1309\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1293\u1308\u1229 \u1273\u12db\u1262\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u12a0\u1235\u1308\u12f5\u12f7\u1278\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u130d\u1295\u1363 \u1208\u121d\u1233\u120c\u1363 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u1295 \u1235\u122d\u12d3\u1270 \u1293\u1219\u1293 \u12a8\u122b\u123d\u12eb \u134c\u12f4\u122c\u123d\u1295 \u130b\u122d \u12ab\u12c8\u12f3\u12f0\u122d\u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1235\u122d\u12d3\u1275 \u1241\u1325\u1325\u122d \u121b\u1323\u1275 \u1260\u12a0\u1295\u1343\u1229 \u12e8\u1270\u123b\u1208 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u122b\u123d\u12eb \u1215\u1308 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1208\u1355\u122c\u12da\u12f3\u1295\u1271 \u12e8\u1215\u130d \u12ad\u1208\u1233 \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u12ad\u120d\u120e\u127d \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u134c\u12f4\u122b\u120d \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271 \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u12eb\u1209 \u12a0\u1208\u1218\u130d\u1263\u1263\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u12e8\u1218\u1308\u120b\u1308\u120d \u1225\u120d\u1323\u1295 \u1270\u1230\u1325\u1276\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u12a8\u134c\u12f4\u122b\u120b\u12ca \u1218\u122d\u1216\u127d \u12eb\u1348\u1290\u1308\u1320 \u1290\u12cd\u1364 \u12e8\u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u1209 \u1263\u1208\u1225\u120d\u1323\u1293\u1275 \u1208\u1265\u127b\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u134c\u12f4\u122b\u1209 \u12a0\u1263\u120b\u1275\u1295 \u1225\u120d\u1323\u1295 \u1218\u12c8\u1230\u1295 \u12e8\u1208\u1263\u1278\u12cd\u121d\u1361\u1361 <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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(ይህ ጽሑፍ በ1992 ከታተመው “Ethnic Federalism in a Dominant Party State: The Ethiopian Experience 1991-2000” ከሚለው የሎቪስ አለን ጥናት ውስጥ ካለ ንዑስ ርዕስ ተቀንጭቦ የተተረጎመ ነው።)<\/div>\n
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በሽግግር መንግሥቱ ግዜ የታተሙት ዐዋጆች ሁሉ ክልሎች እና ንዑስ ክፍሎቻቸው የማዕከላዊ መንግሥቱ ምንዝሮች እንደሆኑ ተመልክቷል። የሽግግር ምክርቤቱ ለብሔሮች ‹የራስን ዕድል በራስ መወሰን› የሚል ቃል በስተቀር የክልሎች ሥልጣን የተገደበ ነበር። የኢትዮጵያ መንግሥት ያልተማከለ፣ አሀዳዊ፣ ወይም ፌዴራላዊ ስለመሆኑ ምንም አይታወቅም ነበር። የ1987ቱ ሕገ መንግሥት ግን ይህንን ግራ መጋባት ቀርፎታል። አሀዳዊውን ስርዓት በመተው ፌዴራላዊውን እንደሚከተል በግልጽ ያስቀምጣል (አንቀፅ1)። ይሁን እንጂ በኢትዮጵያ የፌዴራል አወቃቀር ላይ በርካታ እንግዳ እና አሻሚ ነገሮች አሉ። ይህም ከነባር ፌዴሬሽኖች የፌዴራል ኅልዮት እና አተገባበር አንፃር ይገጥማሉ ወይም ይጋጫሉ የሚለውን የመደምደሙን ነገር  ከባድ ያደርገዋል። የመገንጠል መብት፣ ለፌዴሬሽኑ አባል አገረ-መንግሥታት ፈንታ ሉዓላዊነት “ለብሔሮች፣ ብሔረሰቦች እና ሕዝቦች”  መሰጠቱ፣ ገለልተኛ የሕገ መንግሥት ፍርድ ቤት አለመኖር፣ እና ጠንካራው የሥራ አስፈጻሚ አካል ለዚህ ውስብስብ ባሕሪው ተጨማሪ ምክንያቶች ናቸው።<\/div>\n
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የክልሎች ሥልጣን ተቃርኖ<\/b><\/div>\n
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በኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራል አወቃቀር ግልጽ የሆነ አያዎ እንዳለ ብዙ ጸሐፊዎች አስፍረዋል። በአንድ በኩል ብሔር ብሔረሰቦች እና ሕዝቦች የተወሰኑ ሁኔታዎችን አሟልተው የመገንጠል መብት ተሰጥቷቸዋል። ይህ ከሌሎች የፌዴራል ስርዓታት በተለየ የፌዴራሉ አካላትን ነጻነት የተለጠጠ ያደርገዋል። በሌላ በኩል፣ የአባል አገረ-መንግሥታቱ ሥልጣን በአንፃሩ በጣም ውሱን ነው። የክልል መንግሥታቱ ሥራቸውን ለመሥራት በፌዴራል መንግሥቱ ላይ ጥገኛ ናቸው። በብሬዝኬ እንደተገለጸው፣ ሕገ መንግሥቱ “ጥቂት የራስን ዕድል በራስ የመወሰን መብቶችን መድኅን” ያቀርብና፣ እስከ መገንጠል በሚለው መካከል ምን እንዳለ ስላልተገለጸ፣ ጠባብ የራስን ዕድል የመወሰን ቅርፅ እና የተገደበ የባሕል ነጻነት ያጎናፅፋል።”<\/div>\n
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ዱካቼክን ጨምሮ የተወሰኑ የፌዴራሊዝም አጥኚዎች የመገንጠል መብት አንድን አገረ መንግሥት ፌዴራላዊ ለመባል እንዳይበቃ ያደርገዋል በማለት እስከመከራከር ይደርሳሉ። የመገንጠል መብት ዜጎች ለማዕከላዊ መንግሥቱ ያላቸው ታማኝነት ቀስ በቀስ እንዲቀንስ ያደርገዋል። በተጨማሪም፣ ክልሎች ኅብረቱን የመልቀቅ ነጻነቱ ሲኖራቸው፣ በማዕከሉ እና አገረ መንግሥታቱ መካከል ያለው የፖለቲካ መዋቅር ከፌዴሬሽን ይልቅ የላላ ንዑስ ብሔራዊ ቁጥጥር ያለው ኮንፌዴሬሽን ዓይነት ይሆናል። ሉዓላዊነት ለብሔር ብሔረሰቦች እና ሕዝቦች መሰጠቱም ቢሆን ብሔረሰቦች ከፌዴሬሽኑ ብቻ ሳይሆን ከክልሉ አገረ መንግሥታት ሳይቀር እንዲገነጠሉ ሊያደርግ ይችላል። ይህ ያልተለመደ ሕገ መንግሥታዊ ስርዓት ከመሆኑም ባሻገር የሚመስለው አንድም የፌዴራል ስርዓት ዛሬ ላይ የለም። የመገንጠል መብት መኖር ኢትዮጵያን ፌዴራላዊ ለመባል አያበቃትም የሚለው እንደ አስተያየት ሰጪው ይወሰናል። ሌሎች የፌዴራል ስርዓቶችን ብንመለከት፣ አንዳንድ የዘውግ ቡድኖችን ወይም ክልሎችን የመገንጠል መብት የሰጡ ስርዓቶች አሉ። ነገር ግን እነዚህኞች ከሕገ መንግሥት ድንጋጌዎች ውጪ የተሰጡ ናቸው።
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እንደስፔንና ካናዳ ያሉ ኅብረብሔራዊ ፌዴሬሽኖች መሰል ፈቃዶችን በዘውግ ለተለዩ ክልሎች ሰጥተዋል። ሆኖም እነዚህ ፈቃዶች ከሕገ መንግሥት ውጪ ነው የተደነገጉት። ይህም መዋቅሩን የበለጠ ተለዋዋጭ አድርጎታል። ይህንንም ማድረግ የተቻለው ቀስ በቀስ የወቅታዊ የፖለቲካ ፍላጎቶችን ለማሟላት ነው። ኩዩቤክ ውስጥ ያሉ የፖለቲካ ኃይሎች ከካናዳ ፌዴሬሽን ለመገንጠል እንቅስቃሴ ሲጀምሩ፣ በካናዳ የፖለቲካ ሒደት ውስጥ ሕገ መንግሥቱን ማሻሻል ሳያስፈልግ ትልቅ ለውጥ ተደርጓል። የኪዩቤክ ገዢ ፓርቲ በሪፈረንደም ከተሳካለት ሉዓላዊ አገር የመፍጠር መብቱን አረጋግጧል። እኤአ የ1995ቱ የሉዓላዊነት ዐዋጅ የዚያን ዓመት የተካሔደውን ሪፈረንደም ማሸነፍ ቢችሉ ኖሮ ለኪዩቤኮች የመገንጠል ሕጋዊ ዕድል ሰጥቷቸው ነበር። <\/div>\n
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የኢትዮጵያ ሕገ መንግሥት ከስፔኑ የ1978 (እኤአ) ሕገ መንግሥት ጋር ሊነፃፀር ይችላል። ልክ እንደ ኢትዮጵያ ስፔን ደም አፋሳሽ የመንገንጠል ንቅናቄ እና ዴሞክራሲያዊ ያልሆነ ታሪክ ችግር ነበረባት። እነዚህን ችግሮች ለመቅረፍ፣ የስፔን መንግሥት የሆነ ዓይነት ነጻነት ማስተዋወቅ ፈልጓል። ነገር ግን ክልሎቹን እና የጥያቄ አቅራቢዎቹን ድንበሮች በሕገ መንግሥታዊ አንቀፆች ለመለየት አልሞከረም። በምትኩ፣ “ራስ ገዝ ማኅበረሰቦች” በሚል ቀስ በቀስ የሚያድግ ራስን የማስተዳደር ሥልጣን ተሰጣቸው። ይህም የሆነው በሌሎች የፌዴራል መንግሥታት ከተለመደው በተለየ ሁኔታ በክልል እና ማዕከላዊ የፖለቲካ ፓርቲዎች ድርድር ነበር። ሆኖም፣ ዋናዎቹ የመከላከያ እና የኢኮኖሚ አውታሮች በማዕከላዊው መንግሥት ቁጥጥር ሥር ናቸው። ራስ ገዝ ማኅበረሰቦቹ ሁሉም እንደየ ድርድራቸው የተለየ የራስን ዕድል በራስ የመወሰን መብት ነው የተሰጣቸው። ይህ አለመመጣጠን ከአዲሱ የራሽያ ፌዴሬሽን ጋር አንዳንድ መመሳል አለው። በ1992ቱ (እኤአ) የራሽያ ፌዴሬሽን ስምምነት የተለያዩ የዘውግ ሪፐብሊኮች የመገንጠል መብት ተሰጥቷቸው ነበር። ይህ የሶቪየት ኅብረት ግዜም የነበረ ነው። ሆኖም ስምምነቱ (እኤአ) በ1993 ሲከለስ ተሰርዟል። በፈንታው፣ ማዕከላዊው መንግሥት ከዘውግ ሪፐብሊኮቹ ጋር ሥልጣን የመጋራት የሁለትዮሽ ስምምነቶችን መደራደር የጀመረበት “ድኅረ ሕገ መንግሥታዊ ሒደት” ውስጥ ገብቷል። <\/div>\n
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የካናዳ፣ ስፔን እና ራሽያ ሕገ መንግሥቶች የመገንጠል መብትን አላካተቱም። ነገር ግን በተግባር የተለጠጠ “የራስን ዕድል በራስ የመወሰን መድኅኖችን” ለአባላቱ የተለያየ የራስ ገዝ አስተዳደር ሰጥተዋል። የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴሬሽን ግን በተቃራኒው መሔድን መርጧል። የመጨረሻውን የራስን ዕድል በራስ የመወሰን መብት ማለትም የመገንጠል መብትን ሰጥቶ የክልሎቹን የለት ጉዳዮች ለመፈፀም የሚያስፈልገውን ሥልጣን ግን ባንፃሩ ይገድበዋል። መሬት እና ሌሎች የተፈጥሮ ሀብቶች ለምሳሌ የሚተዳደሩት በፌዴራል ሕግጋት ነው። የክልል መንግሥታቱ የዕለት ተለት ሥራቸውን ለመከወን የአገርዐቀፉን መደብ መከተል አለባቸው። ይህም ማለት በፌዴራሉ የሕዝብ ተወካዮች ምክር ቤት የሚፀድቀው የአምስት ዓመት የኢሕአዴግ ዕቅድ በሁሉም የክልል መንግሥታት፣ በያንዳንዱ የአስተዳደር እርከን ተፈፃሚ መሆን አለበት። የክልል የገቢ ምንጮች ከፌዴራሉ አንፃር ጥቂት እና እዚህ ግባ የማይባሉ ናቸው። ይህም ማለት የክልል መንግሥታት ሥራዎቻቸውን ለመከወን የፌዴራል መንግሥቱ ድጎማ እና ሥጦታ ላይ ጥገኛ መሆን አለባቸው። <\/div>\n
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ቁጥጥር አልባው ገዢ ፓርቲ<\/b> <\/div>\n
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በርካታ የፌዴራሊዝም አጥኚዎች እንደሚሉት አንድ ፌዴሬሽን መንግሥት ከሕግ በታች ካልሆነ ሐቀኛ ሊሆን አይችልም፡፡ የፖለቲካ ኃይሎቹ በሕገ መንግሥቱ የተቀመጡትን ድንጋጌዎች ካላከበሩ የተሰጡት ዋስትናዎች ዋጋ የላቸውም፡፡ መንግሥት ለሕግ ታዛዥ መሆኑን ለማረጋገጥ የፌዴራል ስርዓቱን አተገባበር እና የፖለቲካ አመራሮችን ሥራዎች መመልከት ያስፈልጋል፡፡ ነገር ግን የሕግ ማዕቀፉ በራሱ የፌዴራል ስርዓቱ የፌዴራል እና ክልሎች ግንኙነትን በመወሰን ረገድ መዋቅራዊ የቁጥጥር ድንጋጌዎችን መጣል አለበት፡፡ እዚህ ጋር መነሳት ያለበት ጥያቄ ‹የኢትዮጵያ ሕገ መንግሥት የፖለቲካ አመራሩ የፌዴራል መርሖችን እንዳይጥስ በቂ የቁጥጥር መንገዶችን አስቀምጧል ወይ?› የሚለው ነው፡፡<\/div>\n
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እንደ አሜሪካው ዓይነት የፌዴራል ስርዓት ውስጥ፣ የሕግ አውጪው ሁለተኛ ምክር ቤት የሌሎች የፌዴራል ተቋማትን ሥልጣን በመቆጣጠር የሥልጣን ክፍፍልን በተመለከተ መሠረታዊ ሚና ይጫወታል፡፡ እንደ አውስትራሊያ እና ካናዳ ባሉ የፓርላሜንታዊ ፌዴራል ስርዓቶች ውስጥ ደግሞ ሁለተኛው ምክር ቤት የአገርዐቀፉ መንግሥት ሕጋዊ ተግባራት ውስጥ ክልሎቹ መማከራቸውን ያረጋግጣል፡፡ በኢትዮጵያ ሁለተኛው ምክር ቤት፣ ማለትም የፌዴሬሽን ምክር ቤቱ አንዳቸውንም መሰል ዓይነቶቹን ክፍተቶች አይሞላም፡፡ የኢትዮጵያ ስርዓት በተፈጥሮው ፓርላሜንታዊ ነው፤ ነገር ግን የፕሬዘዳንታዊ ስርዓት ፀባይ አለው፡፡ በሕዝብ ተወካዮች ምክር ቤት አባላት እና በአፅፈፃሚው አካል መካከል ያለው ግንኙነት የሚዳኘው በምክር ቤቱ መርሕ መሆኑ በአሜሪካ ሕገ መንግሥት እንደሚታየው ዓይነት የሥልጣን ክፍፍልን እና የቁጥጥር መንገዶችን ይቀንሳል፡፡ ነገር ግን ከሌሎች የፓርላሜንታዊ ስርዓቶች በተለየ ሠራዊቱ እና የምኒስትሮች ምክር ቤት ተጠሪነታቸው ለጠቅላይ ሚኒስትሩ በመሆኑ ጠቅላይ ሚኒስትሩ ትልቅ ሥልጣን አለው፡፡ በተጨማሪም፣ የፌዴሬሽን ምክር ቤቱ የሕዝብ ተወካዮች ምክር ቤትን በሕግ ማውጣት ሒደት ውስጥ የሚቆጣጠርበት መንገድ የለውም፡፡ ይህም ከሌሎች ባለሁለት ምክር ቤት ስርዓቶች አሠራር ጋር ይቃረናል፡፡ ከላይ እንደተገለጸው፣ ሕገ መንግሥቱ አደጋ ላይ በሆነ ግዜ ብቻ ነው የፌዴሬሽን ምክር ቤቱ ጣልቃ ገብቶ ውሳኔ የሚያሳልፈው፡፡ በዚህም ክልሎች በፌዴሬሽን ምክር ቤቱ በኩል ጠቅላላ የፌዴራል ድንጋጌዎችን የመምከር ወይም በፌዴራል ደረጃ ሕግጋትን የመጠቆም ምንም ዕድል የላቸውም፡፡ የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴሬሽን ተቋማዊ መዋቅር ለተጠናከረ ማዕከላዊ የሥራ አስፈፃሚ አካል ቦታ የሚሰጥ ሲሆን የፌዴሬሽኑም ይሁን የሕዝብ ተወካዮች ምክር ቤቱ ማዕከላዊ የሥራ አስፈፃሚውን ለመቆጣጠር የሚያስችለው ተቋማዊ ሁኔታ አናሳ ነው፡፡<\/div>\n
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በብዙዎቹ የፌዴራል ስርዓቶች ውስጥ፣ ነጻ የሕገ መንግሥት ፍርድ ቤት ስላለ ሕገ መንግሥቱን የመተርጎም እና ተለዋዋጭ ኩነቶች ጋር የማስማማት ሥራዎችን ያከናውናል፡፡ ገለልተኝነቱ የግድ አስፈላጊ ነው፤ ምክንያቱም የፖለቲካ ኃይሎች እና ሁሉም የአገሪቱ ወገኖች ለማንም እንደማያደላ አውቀው ውሳኔውን እንዲቀበሉ ያደርጋል፡፡ የኢትዮጵያ ፌዴራል ስርዓት  የሕገ መንግሥት ፍርድ ቤት ስለሌለው ከሌሎቹ ስርዓቶች ይለያል፡፡ በምትኩ፣ ሕገ መንግሥታዊው ጉዳይ ለፖለቲካው አካል፣ ለፌዴሬሽን ምክር ቤት እና የሕገ መንግሥት ጉዳዮች አጣሪ ጉባዔ ተትቷል (አንቀፅ 62)፡፡ በፍርድ ቤት የሚነሳ ማንኛውም አለመግባባት የሚታየው በፌዴሬሽን ምክር ቤት ሥር በ1988 በተቋቋመው የሕገ መንግሥት አጣሪ ጉባዔ ነው፡፡ ጉባዔው የተቋቋመው ከፖለቲካ እና የሕግ አካላት ተውጣጥቶ ነው፡- እነዚህም የፍርድ ቤቱ ፕሬዚደንት እና ምክትላቸው፣ ሦስት የፌዴሬሽን ምክር ቤት አባላት እና በሕዝብ ተወካዮች ምክር ቤት የተመረጡ ስድስት የሕግ ባለሙያዎች ናቸው፡፡ ጉባዔውም በመጨረሻ ለፌዴሬሽን ምክር ቤቱ ጥቆማውን በመላክ ውሳኔ ያስገኝለታል (አንቀጥ 83)፡፡<\/div>\n
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ይህ የሚያመለክተው የኢትዮጵያ ሕገ መንግሥት ፈጣሪዎች በክልሎች መሐል የሚነሱ አለመግባባቶች በሕግ አግባብ ይፈታሉ ብለው የማያምኑ መሆኑን፣ ነገር ግን የሆነ ዓይነት ፖለቲካዊ መፍትሔ መኖር አለበት ብለው መገመታቸውን ነው፡፡ ይሁን እንጂ በተግባር፣ ምንም እንኳን ፍርድ ቤቶች በጥቅሉ ነጻ ቢሆኑም፣ የሕገ መንግሥት ትርጉም ሥራ ሥልጣን በተቆጣጠረው የፖለቲካ ፓርቲ እጅ ነው፡፡ የሕገ መንግሥት አጣሪ ጉባዔ አባላትን ጨምሮ ዳኞች የሚሾሙት በጠቅላይ ሚኒስትሩ አቅራቢነት በሕዝብ ተወካዮች ምክር ቤት ነው (አንቀፅ 81)፡፡ ነጻ የሕገ መንግሥት ፍርድ ቤት አለመኖሩ፣ የኢትዮጵያ ስርዓት መንግሥታዊ የሥልጣን ገደቦች ስለሚያጥሩት ለሕገ መንግሥታዊነት መርሖች ቁርጠኝነት እንዳይኖር ማድረጉን እንዲናገሩ ታዛቢዎችን አስገድዷቸዋል፡፡ ነገር ግን፣ ለምሳሌ፣ የኢትዮጵያን ስርዓተ ናሙና ከራሽያ ፌዴሬሽን ጋር ካወዳደርነው የኢትዮጵያ ስርዓት ቁጥጥር ማጣት በአንፃሩ የተሻለ ነው፡፡ የራሽያ ሕገ መንግሥት ለፕሬዚዳንቱ የሕግ ክለሳ እና በክልሎች እና በፌዴራል መንግሥቱ መካከል ያሉ አለመግባባቶችን የመገላገል ሥልጣን ተሰጥቶታል፡፡ ይህም ከፌዴራላዊ መርሖች ያፈነገጠ ነው፤ የማዕከሉ ባለሥልጣናት ለብቻቸው የፌዴራሉ አባላትን ሥልጣን መወሰን የለባቸውም፡፡ <\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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