{"id":518768,"date":"2018-07-30T02:04:00","date_gmt":"2018-07-30T07:04:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mereja.com\/amharic\/?guid=f5de2758255680c4ef8196d45df59c9e"},"modified":"2018-07-30T02:04:00","modified_gmt":"2018-07-30T07:04:00","slug":"%e1%89%a5%e1%88%94%e1%88%ad%e1%89%b0%e1%8a%9d%e1%8a%90%e1%89%b5%e1%8d%a4-%e1%89%85%e1%8b%b1%e1%88%b5-%e1%8b%88%e1%8b%ad%e1%88%b5-%e1%8a%a5%e1%88%ad%e1%8a%a9%e1%88%b5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mereja.net\/amharic\/518768","title":{"rendered":"\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275\u1364 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u12c8\u12ed\u1235 \u12a5\u122d\u12a9\u1235?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"\"<\/a><\/div>\n
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\u1260\u12da\u1205 \u122d\u12d5\u1235 \u1228\u12e5\u121d \u1218\u1323\u1325\u134d \u1218\u133b\u134d \u12a8\u1300\u1218\u122d\u12a9 \u1228\u12e5\u121d \u130d\u12dc \u1206\u1290\u129d\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1235\u12ab\u1201\u1295 \u12a0\u120b\u1208\u1240\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1271 \u130d\u120d\u133d \u1290\u12cd\u1364 \u1309\u12f3\u12e9 \u1235\u121c\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1290\u12ab \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u1235\u121c\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1290\u12f3 \u1235\u1208\u1206\u1290 \u1348\u122d\u127c\u12cd \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u1270\u12cb\u1235\u12a6\u12cb\u127d\u1295\u1295 \u1260\u1270\u12a8\u1273\u1270\u120d\u12a9\u1275 \u1241\u1325\u122d \u12e8\u1270\u1228\u12f3\u1201\u1275 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u1262\u1296\u122d “\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129b \u1290\u129d” \u1260\u121a\u1209 \u12a5\u1293 “\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129b \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u1201\u121d” \u1260\u121a\u1209\u1275 \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u120d\u12e9\u1290\u1275 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u121b\u1218\u1295 \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u1218\u1238\u1238\u130d \u127d\u120e\u1273 \u120d\u12e9\u1290\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12a0\u1295\u12f3\u1295\u12f4 \u120d\u12e9\u1290\u1271 \u130d\u1208\u1230\u1266\u1279 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u122b\u121d\u12f1\u1275 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1245\u134b\u1278\u12cd \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u1241\u1325\u122d \u12e8\u1260\u12db \u1218\u1206\u1291 \u2039\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1271\u1295\u203a \u12e8\u1218\u1238\u1238\u130d \u12d5\u12f5\u120d \u12eb\u1308\u129b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1323\u121d \u1260\u1270\u1233\u1233\u1270 \u1218\u12f0\u121d\u12f0\u121a\u12eb \u120b\u1208\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122d \u12eb\u12ad\u120d “\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275” \u12f0\u1228\u1303\u12cd \u12a5\u1293 \u120d\u12a9 \u12ed\u1208\u12eb\u12ed \u12ed\u1206\u1293\u120d \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u1219\u1209 \u1208\u1219\u1209 \u12a8\u12cd\u1235\u1321 \u12e8\u12c8\u1323\u1208\u1275 \u1230\u12cd \u12e8\u121b\u130d\u1298\u1275 \u12d5\u12f5\u120b\u127d\u1295 \u1320\u1263\u1265 \u1290\u12cd \u1265\u1208\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u1235\u121b\u121b\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1206\u1290 \u1206\u1296\u1363 \u2039\u1265\u12d9\u1283\u1295 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129b \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u203a \u12e8\u121a\u120d \u1218\u12f0\u121d\u12f0\u121a\u12eb \u12ed\u12e4 \u1290\u12cd \u12ed\u1205\u1295\u1295 \u12e8\u121d\u122d \u12a0\u132d\u122d \u12eb\u120d\u1206\u1290 \u1218\u1323\u1325\u134d\u1363 \u1228\u12d8\u1218\u1265\u129d \u12ab\u120d\u12b3\u127d\u1201 \u1218\u1323\u1325\u134c \u1328\u120d\u134c \u12a5\u1293 \u1328\u121d\u1244 \u12e8\u121b\u1235\u1290\u1265\u1263\u127d\u1201\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n

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\u12e8\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb\u12cd \u12a0\u1295\u1240\u1344 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121a\u12eb\u1218\u1208\u12ad\u1270\u12cd \u2039\u1265\u12d9\u1283\u1295 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129e\u127d \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u203a\u1361\u1361 \u2039\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u1290\u12cd \u12c8\u12ed\u1235 \u12a5\u122d\u12a9\u1235?\u203a \u12e8\u121a\u120d \u1325\u12eb\u1244 \u121b\u1295\u1233\u1275 \u2039\u1265\u12d9\u1283\u1295 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u1293\u1278\u12cd \u12c8\u12ed\u1235 \u12a5\u122d\u12a9\u1235?\u203a \u12e8\u121a\u120d \u1325\u12eb\u1244 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121b\u1295\u1233\u1275 \u12eb\u1235\u1348\u122b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1262\u1206\u1295\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u130b\u1348\u1320\u12cb\u1208\u1295\u1362 <\/span><\/div>\n

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\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u1232\u1260\u12e8\u1295<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u1265\u12d9\u12ce\u1279 \u12d3\u1208\u121d \u12d0\u1240\u134d \u12e9\u1295\u1268\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12ce\u127d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1209 \u121d\u1201\u122b\u1295 \u1208\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12eb\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u1295\u1240\u1275 \u12e8\u1275\u12e8\u1208\u120c \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1295\u1240\u1271 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5\u121d \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u2039\u121b\u1285\u1260\u122b\u12ca \u1348\u1320\u122b\u203a (social fabrication) \u1290\u12cd \u12a8\u121a\u120d \u12e8\u1218\u1290\u1328 \u1232\u1206\u1295\u1363 \u1260\u120c\u120b \u1260\u12a9\u120d \u12e8\u1230\u12cd \u120d\u1305\u1295 \u12eb\u12ad\u120d \u1263\u1208 \u1265\u1229\u1215 \u12a0\u12a5\u121d\u122e \u1260\u12a0\u130b\u1323\u121a \u1260\u1260\u1240\u1208\u1260\u1275 \u121b\u1285\u1260\u1228\u1230\u1265 \u1265\u127b \u1218\u1260\u12e8\u1295 \u12a8\u12a5\u12cd\u1290\u1273\u12cd \u12e8\u122b\u1240 \u1235\u1208\u121a\u1206\u1295 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1206\u1290 \u1206\u1296 \u12e8\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u1218\u12dd\u1308\u1260 \u1243\u120b\u1275 \u134d\u127a\u12cd “\u1270\u1218\u1233\u1233\u12ed \u1263\u1215\u120d \u12eb\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u1215\u12dd\u1266\u127d \u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab\u12ca \u1290\u133b\u1290\u1275 \u1218\u1348\u1208\u130d” \u12c8\u12ed\u121d “\u1260\u12a0\u1308\u122d \u1260\u1323\u121d \u12e8\u1218\u12a9\u122b\u1275 \u1235\u121c\u1275” \u1290\u12cd (P.H. Collin (2014))\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n

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\u12a2\u1295\u1233\u12ed\u12ad\u120e\u1354\u12f2\u12eb \u1265\u122a\u1273\u1292\u12ab \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u1260\u12ed\u1290\u12cd \u12a5\u1294\u1295\u121d \u1260\u121a\u12eb\u1235\u121b\u121b \u1218\u120d\u12a9 \u1290\u12cd\u1361- “\u12e8\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u130d\u1208\u1230\u1265 \u1273\u121b\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u1241\u122d\u1320\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12a8\u120c\u120e\u127d \u130d\u1208\u1230\u1266\u127d \u12a5\u1293 \u1261\u12f5\u1296\u127d \u134d\u120b\u130e\u1275 \u1260\u120b\u12ed \u1208\u1265\u1214\u1228-\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271 (nation state) \u121b\u12f5\u120b\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1270\u1218\u1220\u1228\u1270 \u122d\u12d5\u12ee\u1270\u12d3\u1208\u121d \u1290\u12cd”\u1362 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u1240\u1323\u12ee\u1279\u1295 \u122d\u12d5\u1230 \u1309\u12f3\u12ee\u127d \u12a5\u12eb\u1290\u1233\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u1325\u120b\u1208\u1295\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u1230\u12ce\u127d \u1208\u121d\u1295 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129b \u12ed\u1206\u1293\u1209?<\/span><\/div>\n

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\u1208\u12da\u1205 \u1325\u12eb\u1244 \u1240\u120b\u120d \u1218\u120d\u1235 \u12a5\u1230\u1323\u1208\u1201\u1361\u1361 \u1265\u12d9 \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129b \u12e8\u121a\u1206\u1291\u1275 \u1348\u1245\u12f0\u12cd \u12a5\u1293 \u12a0\u1245\u12f0\u12cd \u1233\u12ed\u1206\u1295 \u1263\u130b\u1323\u121a \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u130b\u1323\u121a\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1300\u121d\u1228\u12cd \u2039\u12e8\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u12a8\u121b\u1295 \u1270\u12c8\u1208\u12f1?\u203a \u12a8\u121a\u1208\u12cd \u1325\u12eb\u1244 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u1260\u1295\u1263\u1265 \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u12cd\u12ed\u12ed\u1275 \u120a\u12eb\u12f3\u1265\u1229\u1275 \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u1209 \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u12e8\u121a\u1300\u121d\u1229\u1275 \u130d\u1295 \u1260\u12cd\u122d\u1235 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1206\u1290 \u1206\u1296 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u122b\u1233\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1260\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12e8\u1265\u1214\u122d \u12a0\u1263\u120d\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1320\u1229 \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u12a5\u1235\u12aa\u1296\u1229 \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u12a0\u12ed\u1296\u122d\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1206\u1291 \u1260\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u12e8\u121a\u1296\u1229 \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1235\u1270\u1233\u1235\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u121b\u1285\u1260\u122b\u12ca \u12a0\u1300\u1295\u12f3 \u12eb\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u122b\u1233\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1260\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u121b\u1295\u1290\u1275 \u1208\u12ed\u1270\u12cd \u1218\u1325\u122b\u1275 \u1232\u1300\u121d\u1229 \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u1260\u120c\u120e\u127d \u1260\u12da\u12eb \u121b\u1295\u1290\u1275 \u1218\u1320\u122b\u1275 \u1232\u1300\u121d\u1229 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u1270\u1300\u1218\u1228 \u121b\u1208\u1275 \u12ed\u127b\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1201\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u1260\u1235\u120e \u12a5\u1293 \u130e\u122d\u121d\u1276 \u12e8\u121a\u12c8\u1323\u12cd \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u12eb \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u122b\u1233\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12a8\u120c\u120e\u127d \u12e8\u1270\u123b\u1209 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1206\u1291 \u1232\u12eb\u1235\u1261\u1363 \u12a5\u1293\/\u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u1260\u121b\u1295\u1290\u1273\u1278\u12cd \u1233\u1262\u12eb \u1260\u120c\u120e\u127d \u12a5\u12e8\u1270\u1320\u1241 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1206\u1291 \u1232\u12eb\u1235\u1261 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u130e\u1218\u122b\u12cd \u12e8\u130b\u122b \u121b\u1295\u1290\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u1325\u1243\u1275 \u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u1233\u1209 \u1270\u1265\u1208\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1273\u1230\u1261 \u12e8\u1270\u1208\u12e8 \u121b\u1295\u1290\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1273\u1218\u1291 \u1320\u120b\u1276\u127d \u1232\u1296\u1229 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\u12a8\u12da\u1205 \u12cd\u132a \u130d\u1295 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129e\u127d \u1260\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1273\u1278\u12cd (\u121d\u122d\u132b) \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1325\u1245\u121b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1233\u12ed\u1273\u12c8\u1243\u1278\u12cd\u121d \u1262\u1206\u1295 \u12eb\u1230\u120b\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u1265\u12d9 \u130d\u12dc \u1270\u1320\u1243\u121a \u12a8\u121a\u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u130b\u1278\u12cd \u1235\u1265\u1235\u1265 \u12cd\u132a \u1260\u1206\u1290 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1273\u1240\u1349 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129e\u127d\u1295 \u12a0\u1293\u1308\u129d\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u122d\u130d\u1325 \u1260\u12d3\u1208\u121d \u12d9\u122a\u12eb \u1225\u122d \u12e8\u1230\u12f0\u12f0 “\u12e8\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129e\u127d \u12a0\u121d\u1263\u1308\u1290\u1295\u1290\u1275” \u12a0\u1208\u1362 \u12e8\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12d8\u12cd\u130d\/\u1265\u1214\u122d \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129e\u127d \u1260\u121a\u1260\u12d9\u1260\u1275 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u120c\u120e\u127d \u12f5\u121d\u1346\u127d \u1201\u1209 \u1235\u1208\u121a\u12f0\u1246\u1231 \u1340\u1325 \u12ed\u120b\u1209\u1362 \u1206\u1296\u121d \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u121a\u1218\u122d\u1321\u1275 \u12e8\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u1235\u1265\u1235\u1265 \u12e8\u1260\u1208\u1320 \u12e8\u121a\u1320\u1245\u121b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1235\u1265\u1235\u1265 \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u1235\u1208\u12da\u1205 \u120c\u120b\u129b\u12cd \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u1208\u121d\u1295 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129b \u12ed\u1206\u1293\u1209 \u1208\u121a\u1208\u12cd \u1325\u12eb\u1244 \u1218\u120d\u1235 \u12e8\u121a\u1206\u1290\u12cd \u1260\u12cd\u1235\u1321 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1348\u1229\u1275 \u1325\u1245\u121d \u1235\u120b\u1208 \u1290\u12cd \u121b\u1208\u1275 \u12ed\u127b\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u2039\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275\u203a \u12c8 \u2039\u12a0\u122d\u1260\u129d\u1290\u1275\u203a<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u1320\u12e8\u1349 \u1275\u122d\u12ad\u1276\u127d \u12f5\u121d\u1345 \u12a5\u12eb\u1308\u1299 \u1232\u1218\u1321 \u122b\u1233\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1260\u12a0\u122d\u1260\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u120d\u1339 \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u12a5\u12e8\u1273\u12e9 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u121c\u122d\u12e8\u121d \u12cc\u1265\u1235\u1270\u122d \u1218\u12dd\u1308\u1260 \u1243\u120b\u1275 \u12a0\u122d\u1260\u129d\u1290\u1275 “\u12a8\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u130b\u122d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12e8\u121a\u1246\u1320\u122d \u1290\u1308\u122d \u130d\u1295 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12eb\u120d\u1206\u1290 \u1345\u1295\u1230 \u1210\u1233\u1265 \u1290\u12cd” \u12ed\u120b\u120d\u1362 \u1265\u12d9\u12ce\u1279 \u12e8\u12a0\u1308\u122d \u134d\u1245\u122d (\u12a0\u122d\u1260\u129d\u1290\u1275) \u1260\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u120a\u1246\u1320\u122d \u12a0\u12ed\u1308\u1263\u12cd\u121d \u1265\u1208\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1235\u1261 \u1338\u1210\u134d\u1275 ‘\u12a0\u122d\u1260\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12a8\u1275\u12cd\u120d\u12f5 \u1240\u12ec\u1363 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u1235\u134d\u122b\u1363 \u1215\u12dd\u1265\u1363 \u1273\u122a\u12ad\u1363 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275\u1363 \u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab\u1363 \u1263\u1215\u120d \u12a5\u1293 \u12c8\u130d \u130b\u122d \u12eb\u1208 \u1235\u121c\u1273\u12ca \u1275\u1235\u1235\u122d \u12e8\u121a\u1348\u1325\u1228\u12cd \u1270\u1246\u122d\u124b\u122a-\u1270\u12a8\u120b\u12ab\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u12a0\u122d\u1260\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u12c8\u1308\u1294\u1295 \u1325\u1245\u121d \u12a0\u120b\u1235\u1290\u12ab\u121d \u1263\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u1290\u12cd’ \u12ed\u120b\u1209\u1362 ‘\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u121b\u1208\u1275 \u121d\u1293\u120d\u1263\u1275\u121d \u12a0\u122d\u1260\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u120d\u12a9\u1295 \u1232\u12eb\u120d\u134d \u1290\u12cd’ \u12e8\u121a\u1209\u121d \u12a0\u1209\u1362 \u1232\u12f5\u1292 \u1304. \u1200\u122a\u1235 \u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1208 \u12a0\u121c\u122a\u12ab\u12ca \u130b\u12dc\u1320\u129b ‘Strictly Personal Prijudices’ \u1260\u1270\u1230\u1298 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u1349 \u12e8\u1270\u1320\u1240\u1218\u12cd \u12a0\u1308\u120b\u1208\u133d \u12e8\u1265\u12d9\u12ce\u1279\u1295 \u1295\u1345\u1345\u122d \u1208\u121b\u1320\u1243\u1208\u120d \u12ed\u1228\u12f3\u120d\u1361- “\u1260\u12a0\u122d\u1260\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u120d\u12e9\u1290\u1275\u1363 \u12a0\u122d\u1260\u129b \u12a0\u1308\u1229 \u1260\u121d\u1273\u12f0\u122d\u1308\u12cd \u1290\u1308\u122d \u1232\u12ae\u122b\u1363 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129b \u130d\u1295 \u12a0\u1308\u1229 \u121d\u1295\u121d \u1265\u1273\u12f0\u122d\u130d \u121d\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u12ae\u122b\u1263\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1364 \u12e8\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb\u12cd \u12e8\u1283\u120b\u134a\u1290\u1275 \u1235\u121c\u1275 \u1232\u1348\u1325\u122d\u1365 \u12e8\u128b\u1208\u129b\u12cd \u130d\u1295 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1326\u122d\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1290\u12f3 \u132d\u134d\u1295 \u1275\u12d5\u1262\u1275 \u1290\u12cd” \u1265\u120f\u120d\u1362<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u1290\u1308\u122d \u130d\u1295 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u12a8\u12a0\u122d\u1260\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u130b\u122d \u1208\u12ed\u1270\u12cd \u12e8\u121b\u12ed\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1271\u1275\u121d \u12a0\u1209\u1362 \u1208\u121d\u1233\u120c \u12a8\u1348\u1228\u1295\u1233\u12e9 \u12a0\u1265\u12ee\u1275 \u1240\u12f5\u121e \u1260\u133d\u1211\u134d \u12d3\u1208\u121d \u12a0\u1265\u12ee\u1271\u1295 \u12e8\u1208\u12ae\u1230\u12cd \u126e\u120d\u1274\u122d: “\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1230\u12cd \u12e8\u12a0\u1295\u12f1 \u1325\u1229 \u12a0\u122d\u1260\u129b \u1208\u1218\u1206\u1295 \u12e8\u1240\u122a\u12cd \u1230\u12cd \u12d8\u122d \u1260\u1219\u1209 \u1320\u120b\u1275 \u1218\u1206\u1295 \u12eb\u1208\u1260\u1275 \u1218\u1206\u1291 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1233\u12dd\u1295 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u1290\u12cd” \u121b\u1208\u1271 \u1270\u1320\u1245\u1237\u120d\u1362<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u2039\u1285\u1265\u1228-\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275\u203a \u12c8 \u2039\u12d8\u12cd\u130c-\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275\u203a<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u1265\u12d9 \u130d\u12dc \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12a5\u1293\/\u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275\u1295 \u1290\u12cd \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u1308\u12cd\u1364 \u1260\u12a5\u122d\u130d\u1325 \u1265\u12d9 \u130a\u12dc \u12a0\u1295\u12f1 \u1260\u120c\u120b\u12cd \u12ed\u1238\u1348\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1206\u1296\u121d \u120c\u120e\u127d\u121d \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1276\u127d \u12a0\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12f6\/\u122d \u1270\u123b\u1208 \u1325\u1260\u1261 \u12e8\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u1260\u12a0\u121d\u1235\u1275 \u12ed\u12a8\u134d\u120f\u1278\u12cb\u120d\u1364 1\u129b – \u12e8\u12d8\u12cd\u130d (\u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1295 \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u12eb\u12f0\u1228\u1308) \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275\u1363 2\u129b – \u12e8\u1285\u1265\u1228\u1275 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 (\u1208\u121d\u1233\u120c \u1260\u12a0\u134d\u122a\u12ab\u12ca\u1290\u1275\u1363 \u1260\u12a0\u1228\u1265\u1290\u1275\u2026)\u1363 3\u129b – \u12e8\u12a0\u1308\u1228-\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 (\u1260\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12a0\u1308\u122d \u12dc\u130d\u1290\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1270\u1218\u1220\u1228\u1270)\u1363 4\u129b – \u12e8\u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 (\u1208\u121d\u1233\u120c \u12e8\u12a5\u1235\u120d\u121d\u1293\u1363 \u12e8\u1202\u1295\u12f1\u1363 \u12e8\u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1275\u1293\u2026) \u12a5\u1293 5\u129b – \u12e8\u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u1293\u1278\u12cd (\u1208\u121d\u1233\u120c \u12e8\u1238\u12cb\u1363 \u12e8\u1210\u1228\u122d\u130c \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275\u2026)\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u12e8\u1270\u1208\u12eb\u12e9 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1276\u127d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u130d\u120d\u133d \u1218\u1225\u1218\u122d \u12e8\u1208\u121d \u1235\u1208\u12da\u1205 \u12a0\u1295\u12f1 \u12a8\u120c\u120e\u1279 \u1260\u130d\u120d\u133d \u12a0\u12ed\u1208\u12e9\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u12da\u12eb\u121d \u1260\u120b\u12ed \u1201\u1209\u1295\u121d \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u1263\u1215\u122a \u12eb\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u120a\u1296\u1229 \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u130d\u1295 \u1260\u12ed\u1260\u120d\u1325 \u12e8\u121a\u1273\u12c8\u1241\u1275 \u1201\u1208\u1271 \u1293\u1278\u12cd – \u12e8\u12d8\u12cd\u130c \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u1285\u1265\u1228\u1275 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 (pan-ethiopia nationalism\u1361 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275)\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12ca\u1290\u1275\u1290\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u12d8\u122d \u12e8\u121a\u1246\u1325\u1229\u1275 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129e\u127d \u12a0\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12ca\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u12dc\u130d\u1290\u1275 \u1265\u127b \u12e8\u121a\u1246\u1325\u1229\u1275 \u12a0\u1209 – \u1208\u1290\u122d\u1231 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u12a0\u1308\u1228-\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u1265\u1208\u12cd \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1246\u1325\u1229\u1275 – \u1260\u12dc\u130d\u1290\u1275 \u1265\u127b \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u129d \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u1308\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205 \u130d\u1295 \u1208\u120c\u120e\u127d \u1308\u1293 \u1218\u12f3\u1228\u123b \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1206\u1290 \u1206\u1296 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u12cd\u132d \u1320\u120b\u1276\u127d\u1295 (\u130d\u1265\u133d\u1363 \u1271\u122d\u12ad\u1363 \u1323\u120d\u12eb\u1295\u1363 \u1236\u121b\u120a\u12eb\u1363 \u12a4\u122d\u1275\u122b (\u12a8\u1270\u1308\u1290\u1320\u1208\u127d \u1260\u128b\u120b)\u2026) \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1320\u120b\u1276\u127d\u1295 (\u12e8\u12a4\u122d\u1275\u122b \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 (\u12a8\u1218\u1308\u1295\u1320\u120f \u1260\u134a\u1275)\u1363 \u12e8\u12a6\u122e\u121e \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275\u1363 \u12e8\u12a6\u130b\u12f4\u1295 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275\u2026) \u121b\u1230\u1263\u1230\u1262\u12eb \u1218\u1223\u122a\u12eb \u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u130b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12d8\u12cd\u130c \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1276\u127d \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1320\u120b\u1275 \u1218\u12dd\u130d\u1260\u12cd\u1363 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1328\u124b\u129d \u12ed\u1273\u1308\u1209\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1271\u121d \u12e8\u12a0\u1295\u12f1 \u1218\u1320\u1295\u12a8\u122d \u12e8\u120c\u120b\u12cd\u1295 \u12eb\u1240\u132d\u132b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u130e\u120d\u1276 \u1218\u12cd\u1323\u1275\u1363 \u12e8\u12d8\u12cd\u130c \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u12eb\u12f3\u12ad\u121b\u120d\u1364 \u1260\u1270\u1243\u122b\u1292\u12cd\u121d \u12e8\u12d8\u12cd\u130c \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1276\u127d \u130e\u120d\u1276 \u1218\u12cd\u1323\u1275 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u12eb\u12f3\u12ad\u121b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205 \u1260\u12d0\u1243\u134a\u12cd \u12a5\u1293 \u1295\u12d1\u1235 \u1235\u1265\u1235\u1266\u1279 \u12a0\u121b\u12ab\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u1348\u1320\u1229 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1276\u127d \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u12e8\u1270\u1348\u1320\u1228\u12cd \u1270\u1240\u1293\u1243\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u1218\u1295\u1235\u12d4\u12cd \u12d0\u1243\u134a\u12cd \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129b \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1271\u1295 \u1260\u12d8\u12cd\u130c \u12d3\u12ed\u1295 \u1218\u1218\u120d\u12a8\u1271 \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u12e8\u12d8\u12cd\u130c \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129e\u127d \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u1295\u12d1\u1235 \u1235\u1265\u1235\u1265 \u1218\u1206\u1295 \u1232\u1308\u1263\u1278\u12c8\u1365 \u1348\u1345\u121e \u12e8\u121b\u12ed\u1240\u120b\u1240\u1209 (mutually exclusive) \u1293\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1209 \u12a0\u1209\u1362 <\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u1260\u122d\u130d\u1325 \u12e8\u12d8\u12cd\u130c \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129e\u127d \u12a5\u122d\u1235\u1260\u122d\u1233\u1278\u12cd\u121d \u12ed\u1240\u1293\u1240\u1293\u1209\u1364 \u12a0\u1295\u12f3\u1278\u12cd \u120c\u120b\u129b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1260\u1320\u120b\u1275\u1290\u1275 \u12ed\u1218\u12f5\u1263\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u1208\u121d\u1233\u120c \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122b \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129e\u127d \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129e\u127d \u12d3\u12ed\u1295\u1293 \u1293\u132b \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u12da\u1205 \u12a0\u1295\u1343\u122d \u12e8\u12a6\u122e\u121e \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129e\u127d \u12a8\u120c\u120e\u127d \u12d8\u12cd\u130c \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129e\u127d \u130b\u122d \u12eb\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u1245\u122b\u1294 \u12a8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129e\u127d \u130b\u122d \u12eb\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u1245\u122b\u1294 \u12a0\u12ed\u1260\u120d\u1325\u121d\u1361\u1361   <\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u2039\u12d8\u122d\u203a \u12c8 \u2039\u12dc\u130d\u1290\u1275\u203a \u12c8 \u2039\u121b\u1295\u1290\u1275<\/span>\u203a<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u2039\u12d8\u122d\u203a \u1208\u121a\u1208\u12cd \u1243\u120d \u1265\u12eb\u1294 \u1208\u1218\u1348\u1208\u130d \u1218\u121e\u12a8\u122d \u1260\u122b\u1231 \u2039\u12d8\u1228\u129d\u1290\u1275\u203a \u1290\u12cd \u1265\u1208\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u12a8\u122b\u12a8\u1229 \u12a0\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1201\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12a8\u12da\u12eb\u121d \u1260\u1273\u127d \u1208\u1218\u12cd\u1228\u12f5 \u1235\u1208\u121a\u127b\u120d \u12a0\u12eb\u1235\u1348\u122b\u129d\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12d8\u122d \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u1260\u1325\u1245\u1209 \u12e8\u1246\u12f3 \u1240\u1208\u121d \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u134a\u1275 \u1245\u122d\u1345 \u1270\u1218\u1233\u1233\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u12eb\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12ca\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u12d8\u122d \u12e8\u121a\u1246\u1325\u1229 \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1236\u121b\u120a \u12a8\u1236\u121b\u120a \u122a\u1350\u1265\u120a\u12ad \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u130b\u122d\u1363 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1291\u12cc\u122e\u127d \u12a8\u1231\u12f3\u1295 \u1291\u12cc\u122e\u127d\u1363 \u12e8\u1266\u1228\u1293 \u12a6\u122e\u121e\u12ce\u127d \u12a8\u12ac\u1295\u12eb \u1266\u1228\u1293\u12ce\u127d\u1363 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1275\u130d\u122b\u12cb\u12ee\u127d \u12a8\u12a4\u122d\u1275\u122b \u1275\u130d\u122b\u12cb\u12ee\u127d \u130b\u122d \u120d\u12e9\u1290\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u120c\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u12ed\u12d8\u1290\u1309\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205\u1295\u1295 \u12a0\u120d\u12a9\u129d \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u1236\u121b\u120a \u12a8\u12a0\u121b\u122b \u130b\u122d \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u120d\u12e9\u1290\u1275 \u122b\u1231 \u1260\u12d3\u12ed\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u1208\u12ed \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1206\u1290 \u1206\u1296 \u12d8\u122d \u1230\u134a \u12e8\u1230\u12ce\u127d \u1235\u1265\u1235\u1265 \u12e8\u12eb\u12d8 \u1235\u1208\u1206\u1290 \u12a8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12ca\u1290\u1275\u121d \u12ed\u1230\u134b\u120d\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u1260\u120c\u120b \u1260\u12a9\u120d \u121b\u1295\u1290\u1275 \u1270\u1240\u122b\u122b\u1262 \u121d\u1235\u1235\u120e\u127d \u120b\u12ed \u1270\u1218\u1225\u122d\u1276 \u12e8\u121a\u1230\u1325 \u12f5\u120d\u12f5\u120d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u124b\u1295\u124b (\u12a6\u122e\u121e\u1363 \u1236\u121b\u120a\u2026)\u1363 \u1260\u1218\u1296\u122a\u12eb \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 (\u130e\u1303\u121c\u1363 \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1264\u2026)\u1363 \u1260\u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 (\u1219\u1235\u120a\u121d\u1363 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295\u2026)\u1363 \u1260\u1219\u12eb (\u1218\u1210\u1295\u12f2\u1235\u1363 \u130b\u12dc\u1320\u129b\u2026)\u1363 \u12a5\u1293 \u12c8\u12d8\u1270. \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12a0\u1308\u122d \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u12d8\u12cd\u130d \u12e8\u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u1201\u1209 \u1245\u12ed\u1325 \u120a\u1206\u1295 \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12dc\u130d\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u123b\u1208 \u12a0\u1235\u1273\u122b\u1242 \u12ed\u1206\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12dc\u130d\u1290\u1275 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12e8 \u12f5\u1295\u1260\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u121a\u1296\u1229\u1293 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12e8 \u12e8\u1215\u130d \u12f5\u1295\u130b\u130c \u12e8\u121a\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u1229 \u12dc\u130e\u127d\u1295 \u1260\u1219\u1209 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1230\u1263\u1235\u1265 \u121b\u1295\u1290\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12dc\u130d\u1290\u1275 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12ca\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u1208\u1218\u1260\u12e8\u1295 \u1324\u1293\u121b \u1218\u1295\u1308\u12f5 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361  <\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u2039\u12d8\u12cd\u130c\/\u1285\u1265\u1228-\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275\u203a \u12c8 \u2039\u12e8\u12dc\u130d\u1290\u1275 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275\u203a<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1265\u1214\u122d\/\u12d8\u122d \u12e8\u121a\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1271 \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u12a0\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1265\u1214\u122d \u1235\u1265\u1235\u1266\u127d \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12e9 \u1230\u12ce\u127d\u121d \u12a0\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1201\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u1260\u12d9\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1265\u1214\u122d \u1235\u1265\u1235\u1265 \u12e8\u121a\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1277\u1275 \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u1295 \u1285\u1265\u1228-\u1265\u1214\u122b\u12ca \u1235\u1265\u1235\u1265 \u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u1308\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1271 \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u121a\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1271\u1260\u1275 \u12d3\u12ed\u1295 \u12d8\u12cd\u130c \u1235\u1208\u1206\u1290 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12ca\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u1208\u1218\u130d\u1208\u133d \u1201\u1209\u121d \u1263\u12ed\u127b\u120d\u121d\u1363 \u1265\u12d9\u12ce\u1279 \u12e8\u1270\u1233\u1270\u1349\u1263\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1273\u122a\u12ab\u12ca \u12a9\u1290\u1276\u127d \u1260\u121b\u1309\u120b\u1275\u1363 \u1265\u12d9\u12ce\u1279\u1295 \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d\u1295\u1293 \u1263\u1215\u120e\u127d\u1295 \u1260\u1218\u12d8\u122d\u12d8\u122d \u12c8\u12d8\u1270 \u1232\u12f0\u12ad\u1219 \u12ed\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12ae\u1273 \u121b\u121f\u120b\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u12e8\u12a9\u1290\u1271 \u120b\u12ed \u12eb\u1295\u1295\u121d\u1363 \u12eb\u127a\u1295\u121d \u1208\u1218\u12c8\u12a8\u120d \u12ed\u134d\u1328\u1228\u1328\u122b\u1209\u1364 \u1218\u127c\u121d \u1219\u1209 \u1208\u1219\u1209 \u12a0\u12ed\u1233\u12ab\u120b\u1278\u12cd\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1271\u121d \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u1233\u1230\u1261 \u12d8\u12cd\u130c\/\u12d8\u122d \u1270\u12ae\u122d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1218\u1208\u12ab\u12a8\u1271 \u12e8\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u12e8\u12dc\u130d\u1290\u1275 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12a8\u12da\u1205 \u12e8\u1270\u123b\u1208 \u12e8\u121a\u1206\u1290\u12cd \u1208\u12dc\u130e\u127d \u1201\u1209 \u12e8\u12d5\u12a9\u120d \u12d5\u12f5\u120d \u12a5\u1293 \u12cd\u12ad\u120d\u1293 \u1218\u1295\u1308\u12f6\u127d\u1295 \u1260\u1215\u130d \u1260\u1218\u12f0\u1295\u1308\u130d \u12a5\u1293 \u12ed\u1205\u1295\u1295 \u1215\u130b\u12ca \u12f5\u1295\u130b\u130c \u1260\u121b\u1235\u12a8\u1260\u122d \u12ed\u1260\u12e8\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12cb\u123d\u1295\u130d\u1270\u1295 \u12f2\u1232 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12a0\u1295\u12f1 \u12e8\u1225\u122b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12e8\u1206\u1290\u1260\u1275 \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1275 \u12e8\u12dc\u130d\u1290\u1275 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1273\u1278\u12cd \u1260\u1215\u130d \u12e8\u1260\u120b\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u1235\u1208\u1270\u12a8\u1260\u1228 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u124b\u1295\u124b \u120d\u12e9\u1290\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u12cd\u12ad\u120d\u1293 \u1309\u12f3\u12ed \u1308\u1293 \u12a0\u1300\u1295\u12f3 \u12a8\u1218\u1206\u1291 \u1260\u134a\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1240\u132d \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u130d \u12e8\u12d5\u12a9\u120d \u12d5\u12f5\u120d \u12a5\u1293 \u12cd\u12ad\u120d\u1293 \u1218\u1295\u1308\u12f6\u127d \u12a8\u1270\u1228\u130b\u1308\u1321 \u12a8\u120b\u12ed \u12eb\u12e8\u1293\u1278\u12cd \u1348\u1270\u1293\u12ce\u127d \u12a0\u12ed\u1218\u1321\u121d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u120d\u12e9\u1290\u1271\u1295 \u1208\u121b\u1233\u12e8\u1275 \u122a\u127b\u122d\u12f5 \u1212\u120d \u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1209 \u12e8\u121a\u127a\u130b\u1295 \u1235\u1274\u1275 \u12e9\u1295\u1268\u122d\u1235\u1272 \u1355\u122e\u134c\u1230\u122d \u12e8\u1201\u1208\u1271\u1295 (\u12e8\u12d8\u12cd\u130d \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u12dc\u130d\u1290\u1275 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1276\u127d) \u120d\u12e9\u1290\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121a\u12a8\u1270\u1208\u12cd \u12eb\u1235\u1240\u121d\u1321\u1273\u120d\u1361- “\u12e8\u12d8\u12cd\u130d \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1271 “\u12f0\u121d” \u1246\u1320\u122b \u1290\u12cd\u1364 \u1260\u12f0\u121d \u12e8\u1270\u1246\u1320\u1229\u1275 \u1215\u12dd\u1266\u127d \u12a0\u1308\u1228-\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12ed\u1296\u122b\u1278\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12dc\u130d\u1290\u1275 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u130d\u1295 \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1271 \u1215\u130b\u12ca \u12dc\u130d\u1290\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1364 \u12a0\u1308\u1228-\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271 \u1208\u12dc\u130e\u1279 \u12a0\u1308\u122d \u12ed\u1206\u1295\u120b\u1278\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 [\u2026] \u121d\u1295\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12b3\u1295 \u12e8\u12c8\u120d \u12d8\u12cd\u130d \u1218\u1296\u1229 \u12e8\u12a0\u1295\u12f5\u1295 \u12d8\u12cd\u130d \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u1260\u120c\u120e\u127d \u120b\u12ed \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1270\u1263\u1260\u1229 \u1262\u1228\u12f3\u1278\u12cd\u121d\u1363 \u120c\u120e\u127d \u12e8\u12d8\u12cd\u130d\u1363 \u12e8\u1218\u12f0\u1265\u1363 \u12e8\u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1270 \u1346\u1273\u1363 \u12a5\u1293 \u120c\u120e\u127d\u121d \u12ad\u134d\u134d\u120e\u127d \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1270\u1218\u1220\u1228\u1270\u12cd\u1295 \u120d\u12e9\u1290\u1273\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12eb\u1235\u1273\u122d\u1241 \u120a\u1228\u12f3\u1278\u12cd \u130d\u1295 \u12a0\u12ed\u127d\u120d\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12dc\u130d\u1290\u1275 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u1215\u130d \u12a5\u1293 \u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u1270\u1233\u1275\u134e \u12d5\u12f5\u120e\u127d\u1295 \u1260\u121b\u1218\u127b\u1278\u1275 \u1270\u134e\u12ab\u12ab\u122a \u1245\u122c\u1273\u12ce\u127d\/\u134d\u120b\u130e\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u1208\u121b\u1218\u1323\u1320\u1295 \u12ed\u1228\u12f3\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12d8\u12cd\u130d \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u120a\u134e\u12ab\u12a8\u1228\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u127d\u1208\u12cd \u1265\u1278\u129b\u12cd \u12a0\u121b\u122b\u132d \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12e8\u12dc\u130d\u1290\u1275 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1271\u121d \u12e8\u1270\u1208\u12eb\u12e9 \u12e8\u12d8\u12cd\u130d \u1261\u12f5\u1296\u127d \u130e\u1295 \u1208\u130e\u1295\u1363 \u1260\u1220\u120b\u121d \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u1218\u1270\u121b\u1218\u1295 \u120a\u1296\u1229 \u12e8\u121a\u127d\u1209\u1275 \u1320\u1295\u12ab\u122b\u1363 \u122d\u1275\u12d3\u12ca \u12a5\u1293 \u12a2\u12ae\u1296\u121a\u12eb\u12ca \u12cd\u12ad\u120d\u1293 \u1208\u1201\u1209\u121d \u121b\u1245\u1228\u1265 \u12e8\u121a\u127d\u120d \u12a0\u1308\u1228-\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1232\u1296\u122d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361”<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u12e8\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129e\u127d \u1263\u1215\u122d\u12eb\u1275<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u1306\u122d\u1305 \u12a6\u122d\u12cc\u120d \u1226\u1235\u1275 \u12e8\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129b \u1230\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u1340\u1263\u12ed \u1208\u1218\u1208\u12e8\u1275 \u121e\u12ad\u122f\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12a0\u1295\u12f5\u1295 \u1230\u12cd \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u1261\u12f5\u1295 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129b \u1235\u121c\u1275 \u1208\u1218\u1308\u121d\u1308\u121d \u1260\u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u1226\u1235\u1275 \u1340\u1263\u12ee\u127d \u1265\u127b \u1218\u1208\u12ab\u1275 \u1260\u1242 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 1\u129b\u12cd – <\/span>\u120c\u120b \u12eb\u1208\u121b\u1230\u1265 \u12a0\u1263\u12dc (obsession)<\/span> \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129e\u127d \u12a8\u122b\u1233\u1278\u12cd \u1261\u12f5\u1295 \u12e8\u1260\u120b\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u1309\u12f3\u12ed \u1260\u1240\u122d \u120c\u120b \u1290\u1308\u122d \u121b\u1230\u1265 \u12a0\u12ed\u127d\u1209\u121d\u1361\u1361 2\u129b\u12cd – <\/span>\u1260\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12a0\u124b\u121d \u12a0\u1208\u1218\u1345\u1293\u1275 (instablility)<\/span> \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129e\u127d \u12db\u122c \u12e8\u12eb\u12d9\u1275 \u12a0\u124b\u121d \u1290\u1308 \u120b\u12ed\u1296\u122d \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1273\u121b\u129d\u1290\u1273\u1278\u12cd \u1208\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1271 \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u1208\u122d\u12d5\u12ee\u1270\u12d3\u1208\u121e\u127d \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 3\u129b\u12cd – <\/span>\u1208\u1210\u1245 \u12a0\u1208\u1218\u1328\u1290\u1245 (indifference to facts)<\/span> \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12d3\u12ed\u1295 \u12f5\u122d\u130a\u1276\u127d \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1218\u1308\u1219\u1275 \u121b\u1295 \u12a0\u12f0\u1228\u130b\u1278\u12cd \u1260\u121a\u1208\u12cd \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u121d\u1295 \u1270\u12f0\u1228\u1308 \u1260\u121a\u1208\u12cd \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u12a5\u1293 \u12a8\u120b\u12ed \u12eb\u12e8\u1293\u1278\u12cd \u1290\u1308\u122e\u127d \u1260\u1219\u1209 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1233\u12e9\u1295 \u121d\u1295\u12f5\u1295 \u1290\u12cd? \u12e8\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u1245\u12f5\u1235\u1293 \u12c8\u12ed\u1235 \u122d\u12ad\u1230\u1275?<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u1245\u12f5\u1235\u1293 \u12e8\u1325\u1242\u1276\u127d \u1290\u12cd!<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u1230\u12ce\u127d \u12a8\u122b\u1233\u1278\u12cd \u12d5\u12a9\u120d \u120c\u120e\u127d\u1295 \u120a\u12c8\u12f1 \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u1209 \u12e8\u121a\u1208\u12cd \u12a5\u121d\u1265\u12db\u121d \u12a0\u1233\u121b\u129d \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u120c\u120e\u127d\u1295 \u120d\u1306\u127d \u12a8\u122b\u1233\u1278\u12cd \u120d\u1306\u127d \u12d5\u12a9\u120d \u12e8\u1218\u1240\u1260\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u1290\u1308\u122d\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u12da\u12eb\u12cd \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u121a\u12a8\u1270\u1209\u1275\u1295 \u12a5\u121d\u1290\u1275 \u12a8\u120c\u120e\u127d \u12e8\u1270\u123b\u1208 \u12a5\u1293 \u121d\u1293\u120d\u1263\u1275\u121d \u12a5\u12cd\u1290\u1270\u129b \u1290\u12cd \u1265\u1208\u12cd \u12ed\u1308\u121d\u1273\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u12da\u12eb\u12cd \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u12a5\u1290\u122d\u1231 \u12e8\u1270\u12c8\u1208\u12f1\u1260\u1275\u1295 \u121b\u1285\u1260\u1228\u1230\u1265\u1363 \u12e8\u121a\u12a8\u1270\u1209\u1275\u1295 \u12a5\u121d\u1290\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u1233\u1230\u1265 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u122b\u121d\u12f0\u12cd\u1295 \u1261\u12f5\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1275\u12ad\u12ad\u1208\u129b \u120c\u120b\u12cd\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1270\u1233\u1233\u1270 \u1218\u1241\u1320\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u12c8\u120d\u12f0\u12cd \u1290\u1308\u122d \u1290\u12cd – \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u1325\u1242\u1276\u127d \u130d\u1295 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u1273\u1325\u1228\u12cd \u12a0\u12ed\u1240\u1229\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1273\u1230\u1229\u1260\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u12cd\u122d\u1235 \u1245\u122d\u134a\u1275 \u1230\u1263\u1265\u1228\u12cd \u12cd\u132a\u12cd\u1295 \u12d3\u1208\u121d \u1208\u121b\u12e8\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u127d\u1209 \u1325\u1242\u1276\u127d \u12ed\u1296\u122b\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u1325\u1242\u1276\u127d \u12a5\u121d\u1290\u1274 \u12e8\u1270\u1233\u1233\u1270 \u1290\u12cd \u1265\u1208\u12cd \u120a\u1240\u12ed\u1229 \u12e8\u121a\u127d\u1209\u1275\u1295 \u12eb\u12ad\u120d \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1273\u1278\u12cd\u121d \u12e8\u1270\u1233\u1233\u1270 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1206\u1290 \u12a0\u121d\u1290\u12cd \u12c8\u12f0 \u120c\u120b \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u12d8\u1209\u1260\u1275 \u12d5\u12f5\u120d \u12a0\u1208\u1361\u1361 \u1201\u1209\u121d \u12a5\u121d\u1290\u1276\u127d \u1235\u1205\u1270\u1275 \u1293\u1278\u12cd \u1265\u1208\u12cd \u12a2-\u12a0\u121b\u1292 \u12e8\u121a\u1206\u1291\u1275\u1295 \u12eb\u12ad\u120d \u1201\u1209\u121d \u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1276\u127d \u12e8\u1270\u1233\u1233\u1271 \u1293\u1278\u12cd \u1265\u1208\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u121d\u1291\u1260\u1275 \u12d5\u12f5\u120d \u12ed\u1296\u122b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u121d\u1293\u120d\u1263\u1275 \u12ed\u1205 \u12a8\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1270\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12a5\u122d\u12ad\u1230\u1275 \u12c8\u1325\u1276 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1245\u12f5\u1235\u1293\u12cd \u121d\u12a9\u122b\u1265 \u1218\u12f3\u1228\u123b \u12ed\u1206\u1295 \u12ed\u1206\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u127d\u130d\u1229 \u2039\u1265\u12d9\u1283\u1295 \u12a5\u12da\u1205 \u121d\u12a9\u122b\u1265 \u12e8\u121a\u12f0\u122d\u1231\u1275 \u1218\u127c \u1290\u12cd?\u203a \u12e8\u121a\u1208\u12cd \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1271\u121d \u2039\u1265\u12d9\u1283\u1295 \u12ed\u1218\u12cd\u12d1\u203a \u12ed\u1263\u120b\u120d – \u1275\u12ad\u12ad\u120d \u1262\u1206\u1291\u121d \u1263\u12ed\u1206\u1291\u121d \u1265\u12d9\u1283\u1295 \u12ed\u1348\u122d\u12f3\u1209\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\n
\"\"<\/a><\/div>\n
\n
በዚህ ርዕስ ረዥም መጣጥፍ መጻፍ ከጀመርኩ ረዥም ግዜ ሆነኝ፡፡ እስካሁን አላለቀም፡፡ ምክንያቱ ግልጽ ነው፤ ጉዳዩ ስሜት የሚነካ እና በስሜት የሚነዳ ስለሆነ ፈርቼው ነው፡፡ የፖለቲካ ተዋስኦዋችንን በተከታተልኩት ቁጥር የተረዳሁት አንድ ነገር ቢኖር “ብሔርተኛ ነኝ” በሚሉ እና “ብሔርተኛ አይደለሁም” በሚሉት ሰዎች መካከል ያለው ልዩነት ብሔርተኝነትን የማመን እና የመሸሸግ ችሎታ ልዩነት ነው፡፡ ወይም ደግሞ አንዳንዴ ልዩነቱ ግለሰቦቹ የሚያራምዱት ብሔርተኝነት የሚያቅፋቸው ሰዎች ቁጥር የበዛ መሆኑ ‹ብሔርተኝነቱን› የመሸሸግ ዕድል ያገኛል፡፡ በጣም በተሳሳተ መደምደሚያ ላለመጀመር ያክል “ብሔርተኝነት” ደረጃው እና ልኩ ይለያይ ይሆናል እንጂ ሙሉ ለሙሉ ከውስጡ የወጣለት ሰው የማግኘት ዕድላችን ጠባብ ነው ብለን እንስማማ፡፡ የሆነ ሆኖ፣ ‹ብዙኃን ብሔርተኛ ናቸው› የሚል መደምደሚያ ይዤ ነው ይህንን የምር አጭር ያልሆነ መጣጥፍ፣ ረዘመብኝ ካልኳችሁ መጣጥፌ ጨልፌ እና ጨምቄ የማስነብባችሁ፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

የመጀመሪያው አንቀፄ እንደሚያመለክተው ‹ብዙኃን ብሔርተኞች ናቸው›፡፡ ‹ብሔርተኝነት ቅዱስ ነው ወይስ እርኩስ?› የሚል ጥያቄ ማንሳት ‹ብዙኃን ቅዱስ ናቸው ወይስ እርኩስ?› የሚል ጥያቄ እንደማንሳት ያስፈራል፡፡ ቢሆንም እንጋፈጠዋለን። <\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

ብሔርተኝነት ሲበየን<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

ብዙዎቹ ዓለም ዐቀፍ ዩንቨርስቲዎች ውስጥ ያሉ ምሁራን ለብሔርተኝነት ያላቸው ንቀት የትየለሌ ነው፡፡ ንቀቱ አንድም ብሔርተኝነት ‹ማኅበራዊ ፈጠራ› (social fabrication) ነው ከሚል የመነጨ ሲሆን፣ በሌላ በኩል የሰው ልጅን ያክል ባለ ብሩሕ አእምሮ በአጋጣሚ በበቀለበት ማኅበረሰብ ብቻ መበየን ከእውነታው የራቀ ስለሚሆን ነው፡፡ የሆነ ሆኖ የብሔርተኝነት የመዝገበ ቃላት ፍቺው “ተመሳሳይ ባሕል ያላቸው ሕዝቦች ፖለቲካዊ ነጻነት መፈለግ” ወይም “በአገር በጣም የመኩራት ስሜት” ነው (P.H. Collin (2014))፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

ኢንሳይክሎፔዲያ ብሪታኒካ ብሔርተኝነትን የሚበይነው እኔንም በሚያስማማ መልኩ ነው፡- “የአንድ ግለሰብ ታማኝነት እና ቁርጠኝነት ከሌሎች ግለሰቦች እና ቡድኖች ፍላጎት በላይ ለብሔረ-መንግሥቱ (nation state) ማድላት ላይ የተመሠረተ ርዕዮተዓለም ነው”። በዚህ መሠረት ቀጣዮቹን ርዕሰ ጉዳዮች እያነሳን እንጥላለን፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

ሰዎች ለምን ብሔርተኛ ይሆናሉ?<\/span><\/div>\n

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ለዚህ ጥያቄ ቀላል መልስ እሰጣለሁ፡፡ ብዙ ሰዎች ብሔርተኛ የሚሆኑት ፈቅደው እና አቅደው ሳይሆን ባጋጣሚ ነው፡፡ አጋጣሚው የሚጀምረው ‹የት እና ከማን ተወለዱ?› ከሚለው ጥያቄ ነው፡፡ ሰዎች ብሔርተኝነትን በንባብ እና በውይይት ሊያዳብሩት ይችላሉ እንጂ የሚጀምሩት ግን በውርስ ነው፡፡ የሆነ ሆኖ ብሔርተኝነት ራሳቸውን በአንድ የብሔር አባልነት የሚጠሩ ሰዎች እስኪኖሩ ድረስ አይኖርም፡፡ የሆኑ በአንድ አካባቢ የሚኖሩ እና የሚያስተሳስራቸው ማኅበራዊ አጀንዳ ያላቸው ሰዎች ራሳቸውን በአንድ ማንነት ለይተው መጥራት ሲጀምሩ ወይም በሌሎች በዚያ ማንነት መጠራት ሲጀምሩ ብሔርተኝነት ተጀመረ ማለት ይቻላል፡፡ ይሁን እንጂ ብሔርተኝነት በስሎ እና ጎርምቶ የሚወጣው እነዚያ ሰዎች ራሳቸውን ከሌሎች የተሻሉ እንደሆኑ ሲያስቡ፣ እና\/ወይም በማንነታቸው ሳቢያ በሌሎች እየተጠቁ እንደሆኑ ሲያስቡ ነው፡፡ ብሔርተኝነት የሚጎመራው የጋራ ማንነት ላይ ጥቃት ያደርሳሉ ተብለው የሚታሰቡ የተለየ ማንነት እንዳላቸው የሚታመኑ ጠላቶች ሲኖሩ ነው፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n

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ከዚህ ውጪ ግን ብሔርተኞች በብሔርተኝነታቸው (ምርጫ) ውስጥ ጥቅማቸውን ሳይታወቃቸውም ቢሆን ያሰላሉ፡፡ ብዙ ግዜ ተጠቃሚ ከሚያደርጋቸው ስብስብ ውጪ በሆነ ብሔርተኝነት ውስጥ የታቀፉ ብሔርተኞችን አናገኝም፡፡ በርግጥ በዓለም ዙሪያ ሥር የሰደደ “የብሔርተኞች አምባገነንነት” አለ። የአንድ ዘውግ\/ብሔር ብሔርተኞች በሚበዙበት አካባቢ ሌሎች ድምፆች ሁሉ ስለሚደቆሱ ፀጥ ይላሉ። ሆኖም ሰዎች የሚመርጡት የብሔርተኝነት ስብስብ የበለጠ የሚጠቅማቸውን ስብስብ ነው። ስለዚህ ሌላኛው ሰዎች ለምን ብሔርተኛ ይሆናሉ ለሚለው ጥያቄ መልስ የሚሆነው በውስጡ የሚያፈሩት ጥቅም ስላለ ነው ማለት ይቻላል፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n

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‹ብሔርተኝነት› ወ ‹አርበኝነት›<\/span><\/div>\n

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ብሔርተኝነትን የሚጠየፉ ትርክቶች ድምፅ እያገኙ ሲመጡ ራሳቸውን በአርበኝነት የሚገልጹ ሰዎች እየታዩ ነው፡፡ የሜርየም ዌብስተር መዝገበ ቃላት አርበኝነት “ከብሔርተኝነት ጋር እንደ አንድ የሚቆጠር ነገር ግን አንድ ያልሆነ ፅንሰ ሐሳብ ነው” ይላል። ብዙዎቹ የአገር ፍቅር (አርበኝነት) በብሔርተኝነት ሊቆጠር አይገባውም ብለው የሚያስቡ ጸሐፍት ‘አርበኝነት ከትውልድ ቀዬ፣ አካባቢ ወይም ስፍራ፣ ሕዝብ፣ ታሪክ፣ ሃይማኖት፣ ፖለቲካ፣ ባሕል እና ወግ ጋር ያለ ስሜታዊ ትስስር የሚፈጥረው ተቆርቋሪ-ተከላካይነት ነው። አርበኝነት የወገኔን ጥቅም አላስነካም ባይነት ነው’ ይላሉ። ‘ብሔርተኝነት ማለት ምናልባትም አርበኝነት ልኩን ሲያልፍ ነው’ የሚሉም አሉ። ሲድኒ ጄ. ሀሪስ የተባለ አሜሪካዊ ጋዜጠኛ ‘Strictly Personal Prijudices’ በተሰኘ መጽሐፉ የተጠቀመው አገላለጽ የብዙዎቹን ንፅፅር ለማጠቃለል ይረዳል፡- “በአርበኝነት እና በብሔርተኝነት መካከል ያለው ልዩነት፣ አርበኛ አገሩ በምታደርገው ነገር ሲኮራ፣ ብሔርተኛ ግን አገሩ ምንም ብታደርግ ምን የሚኮራባት ነው፤ የመጀመሪያው የኃላፊነት ስሜት ሲፈጥር፥ የኋለኛው ግን ወደ ጦርነት የሚነዳ ጭፍን ትዕቢት ነው” ብሏል።<\/span><\/div>\n

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ነገር ግን ብሔርተኝነትን ከአርበኝነት ጋር ለይተው የማይመለከቱትም አሉ። ለምሳሌ ከፈረንሳዩ አብዮት ቀድሞ በጽሑፍ ዓለም አብዮቱን የለኮሰው ቮልቴር: “አንድ ሰው የአንዱ ጥሩ አርበኛ ለመሆን የቀሪው ሰው ዘር በሙሉ ጠላት መሆን ያለበት መሆኑ የሚያሳዝን ነገር ነው” ማለቱ ተጠቅሷል።<\/span><\/div>\n

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‹ኅብረ-ብሔርተኝነት› ወ ‹ዘውጌ-ብሔርተኝነት›<\/span><\/div>\n

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ብሔርተኝነት ብዙ ግዜ ቋንቋ እና\/ወይም ሃይማኖትን ነው መሠረት የሚያደርገው፤ በእርግጥ ብዙ ጊዜ አንዱ በሌላው ይሸፈናል፡፡ ሆኖም ሌሎችም ብሔርተኝነቶች አሉ፡፡ ዶ\/ር ተሻለ ጥበቡ የብሔርተኝነት ዓይነቶችን በአምስት ይከፍሏቸዋል፤ 1ኛ – የዘውግ (በተለይ ቋንቋን መሠረት ያደረገ) ብሔርተኝነት፣ 2ኛ – የኅብረት ብሔርተኝነት (ለምሳሌ በአፍሪካዊነት፣ በአረብነት…)፣ 3ኛ – የአገረ-መንግሥት ብሔርተኝነት (በአንድ አገር ዜግነት ላይ የተመሠረተ)፣ 4ኛ – የሃይማኖት ብሔርተኝነት (ለምሳሌ የእስልምና፣ የሂንዱ፣ የክርስትና…) እና 5ኛ – የአካባቢ ብሔርተኝነት ናቸው (ለምሳሌ የሸዋ፣ የሐረርጌ ብሔርተኝነት…)፡፡ በነዚህ የተለያዩ ብሔርተኝነቶች ውስጥ ግልጽ መሥመር የለም ስለዚህ አንዱ ከሌሎቹ በግልጽ አይለዩም፡፡ ከዚያም በላይ ሁሉንም ዓይነት ባሕሪ ያላቸው ሊኖሩ ይችላሉ፡፡ በኢትዮጵያ ግን በይበልጥ የሚታወቁት ሁለቱ ናቸው – የዘውጌ እና የኅብረት ብሔርተኝነት (pan-ethiopia nationalism፡ የኢትዮጵያ ብሔርተኝነት)፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n

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ኢትዮጵያዊነትነት እንደዘር የሚቆጥሩት ብሔርተኞች አሉ፡፡ ኢትዮጵያዊነትን እንደዜግነት ብቻ የሚቆጥሩት አሉ – ለነርሱ የኢትዮጵያ ብሔርተኝነት የአገረ-መንግሥት ብሔርተኝነት ብለው ነው የሚቆጥሩት – በዜግነት ብቻ የሚገኝ ብሔርተኝነት አድርገው፡፡ ይህ ግን ለሌሎች ገና መዳረሻ ነው፡፡ የሆነ ሆኖ የኢትዮጵያ ብሔርተኝነት የውጭ ጠላቶችን (ግብጽ፣ ቱርክ፣ ጣልያን፣ ሶማሊያ፣ ኤርትራ (ከተገነጠለች በኋላ)…) እና የውስጥ ጠላቶችን (የኤርትራ ብሔርተኝነት (ከመገንጠሏ በፊት)፣ የኦሮሞ ብሔርተኝነት፣ የኦጋዴን ብሔርተኝነት…) ማሰባሰቢያ መሣሪያ ያደርጋል፡፡ የዘውጌ ብሔርተኝነቶች ደግሞ የኢትዮጵያ ብሔርተኝነትን እንደጠላት መዝግበው፣ እንደጨቋኝ ይታገሉታል፡፡ ምክንያቱም የአንዱ መጠንከር የሌላውን ያቀጭጫል፡፡ የኢትዮጵያ ብሔርተኝነት ጎልቶ መውጣት፣ የዘውጌ ብሔርተኝነቶችን ያዳክማል፤ በተቃራኒውም የዘውጌ ብሔርተኝነቶች ጎልቶ መውጣት የኢትዮጵያ ብሔርተኝነቶችን ያዳክማል፡፡ ይህ በዐቃፊው እና ንዑስ ስብስቦቹ አማካይነት የተፈጠሩ ብሔርተኝነቶች መካከል የተፈጠረው ተቀናቃኝነት መንስዔው ዐቃፊው ብሔርተኛ መሠረቱን በዘውጌ ዓይን መመልከቱ ነው። የዘውጌ ብሔርተኞች የኢትዮጵያ ብሔርተኝነት ንዑስ ስብስብ መሆን ሲገባቸወ፥ ፈፅሞ የማይቀላቀሉ (mutually exclusive) ናቸው የሚሉ አሉ። <\/span><\/div>\n

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በርግጥ የዘውጌ ብሔርተኞች እርስበርሳቸውም ይቀናቀናሉ፤ አንዳቸው ሌላኛቸውን በጠላትነት ይመድባሉ፡፡ ለምሳሌ የአማራ ብሔርተኞች እና የትግራይ ብሔርተኞች ዓይንና ናጫ ናቸው፡፡ ከዚህ አንፃር የኦሮሞ ብሔርተኞች ከሌሎች ዘውጌ ብሔርተኞች ጋር ያላቸው ቅራኔ ከኢትዮጵያ ብሔርተኞች ጋር ያላቸው ቅራኔ አይበልጥም፡፡   <\/span><\/div>\n

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‹ዘር› ወ ‹ዜግነት› ወ ‹ማንነት<\/span>›<\/span><\/div>\n

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‹ዘር› ለሚለው ቃል ብያኔ ለመፈለግ መሞከር በራሱ ‹ዘረኝነት› ነው ብለው የሚከራከሩ አሉ፡፡ ይሁን እንጂ በኢትዮጵያ ከዚያም በታች ለመውረድ ስለሚቻል አያስፈራኝም፡፡ የአንድ ዘር ሰዎች በጥቅሉ የቆዳ ቀለም እና የፊት ቅርፅ ተመሳሳይነት ያላቸው ሰዎች ናቸው፡፡ ኢትዮጵያዊነትን እንደ ዘር የሚቆጥሩ ሰዎች የኢትዮጵያ ሶማሊ ከሶማሊ ሪፐብሊክ ሰዎች ጋር፣ የኢትዮጵያ ኑዌሮች ከሱዳን ኑዌሮች፣ የቦረና ኦሮሞዎች ከኬንያ ቦረናዎች፣ የኢትዮጵያ ትግራዋዮች ከኤርትራ ትግራዋዮች ጋር ልዩነት እንደሌላቸው ይዘነጉታል፡፡ ይህንን አልኩኝ እንጂ ሶማሊ ከአማራ ጋር ያለው ልዩነት ራሱ በዓይን የሚለይ አይደለም፡፡ የሆነ ሆኖ ዘር ሰፊ የሰዎች ስብስብ የያዘ ስለሆነ ከኢትዮጵያዊነትም ይሰፋል፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n

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በሌላ በኩል ማንነት ተቀራራቢ ምስስሎች ላይ ተመሥርቶ የሚሰጥ ድልድል ነው፡፡ በቋንቋ (ኦሮሞ፣ ሶማሊ…)፣ በመኖሪያ አካባቢ (ጎጃሜ፣ አዲስ አበቤ…)፣ በሃይማኖት (ሙስሊም፣ ክርስቲያን…)፣ በሙያ (መሐንዲስ፣ ጋዜጠኛ…)፣ እና ወዘተ. አንድ አገር ወይም ዘውግ የእነዚህ ሁሉ ቅይጥ ሊሆን ይችላል፡፡ ዜግነት የተሻለ አስታራቂ ይሆናል፡፡ ዜግነት በተለየ ድንበር ውስጥ የሚኖሩና በተለየ የሕግ ድንጋጌ የሚተዳደሩ ዜጎችን በሙሉ የሚያሰባስብ ማንነት ነው፡፡ ዜግነት ኢትዮጵያዊነትን ለመበየን ጤናማ መንገድ ነው፡፡  <\/span><\/div>\n

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‹ዘውጌ\/ኅብረ-ብሔርተኝነት› ወ ‹የዜግነት ብሔርተኝነት›<\/span><\/div>\n

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ኢትዮጵያን እንደ አንድ ብሔር\/ዘር የሚመለከቱ ሰዎች አሉ፡፡ እንደብሔር ስብስቦች የሚያዩ ሰዎችም አሉ፡፡ አሁን የሚበዙት እንደብሔር ስብስብ የሚመለከቷት ሰዎች ናቸው፡፡ ኢትዮጵያን ኅብረ-ብሔራዊ ስብስብ አድርገው የሚመለከቱ ሰዎች የሚመለከቱበት ዓይን ዘውጌ ስለሆነ ኢትዮጵያዊነትን ለመግለጽ ሁሉም ባይቻልም፣ ብዙዎቹ የተሳተፉባቸውን ታሪካዊ ኩነቶች በማጉላት፣ ብዙዎቹን ቋንቋዎችንና ባሕሎችን በመዘርዘር ወዘተ ሲደክሙ ይስተዋላል፡፡ የኮታ ማሟላት እና በየኩነቱ ላይ ያንንም፣ ያቺንም ለመወከል ይፍጨረጨራሉ፤ መቼም ሙሉ ለሙሉ አይሳካላቸውም፡፡ ምክንያቱም አስተሳሰቡ ዘውጌ\/ዘር ተኮር ነው፡፡ አመለካከቱ የብሔርተኝነት ነው፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n

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የዜግነት ብሔርተኝነት ከዚህ የተሻለ የሚሆነው ለዜጎች ሁሉ የዕኩል ዕድል እና ውክልና መንገዶችን በሕግ በመደንገግ እና ይህንን ሕጋዊ ድንጋጌ በማስከበር ይበየናል፡፡ በዋሽንግተን ዲሲ አማርኛ ቋንቋ አንዱ የሥራ ቋንቋ የሆነበት ምክንያት የዜግነት ብሔርተኝታቸው በሕግ የበላይነት ስለተከበረ ነው፡፡ የቋንቋ ልዩነት እና የውክልና ጉዳይ ገና አጀንዳ ከመሆኑ በፊት እንዲቀጭ የሚያደርግ የዕኩል ዕድል እና ውክልና መንገዶች ከተረጋገጡ ከላይ ያየናቸው ፈተናዎች አይመጡም፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n

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ልዩነቱን ለማሳየት ሪቻርድ ሒል የተባሉ የሚቺጋን ስቴት ዩንቨርስቲ ፕሮፌሰር የሁለቱን (የዘውግ እና የዜግነት ብሔርተኝነቶች) ልዩነት እንደሚከተለው ያስቀምጡታል፡- “የዘውግ ብሔርተኝነት መሠረቱ “ደም” ቆጠራ ነው፤ በደም የተቆጠሩት ሕዝቦች አገረ-መንግሥት ይኖራቸዋል፡፡ የዜግነት ብሔርተኝነት ግን መሠረቱ ሕጋዊ ዜግነት ነው፤ አገረ-መንግሥቱ ለዜጎቹ አገር ይሆንላቸዋል፡፡ […] ምንም እንኳን የወል ዘውግ መኖሩ የአንድን ዘውግ ሰዎች በሌሎች ላይ እንዲተባበሩ ቢረዳቸውም፣ ሌሎች የዘውግ፣ የመደብ፣ የሥርዓተ ፆታ፣ እና ሌሎችም ክፍፍሎች ላይ የተመሠረተውን ልዩነታቸውን እንዲያስታርቁ ሊረዳቸው ግን አይችልም፡፡ የዜግነት ብሔርተኝነት የሕግ እና ፖለቲካ ተሳትፎ ዕድሎችን በማመቻቸት ተፎካካሪ ቅሬታዎች\/ፍላጎቶችን ለማመጣጠን ይረዳል፡፡ የዘውግ ብሔርተኝነትን ሊፎካከረው የሚችለው ብቸኛው አማራጭ ደግሞ የዜግነት ብሔርተኝነት ነው፡፡ ምክንያቱም የተለያዩ የዘውግ ቡድኖች ጎን ለጎን፣ በሠላም እና በመተማመን ሊኖሩ የሚችሉት ጠንካራ፣ ርትዓዊ እና ኢኮኖሚያዊ ውክልና ለሁሉም ማቅረብ የሚችል አገረ-መንግሥት ሲኖር ነው፡፡”<\/span><\/div>\n

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የብሔርተኞች ባሕርያት<\/span><\/div>\n

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ጆርጅ ኦርዌል ሦስት የብሔርተኛ ሰዎችን ፀባይ ለመለየት ሞክሯል፡፡ የአንድን ሰው ወይም ቡድን ብሔርተኛ ስሜት ለመገምገም በእነዚህ ሦስት ፀባዮች ብቻ መለካት በቂ ነው፡፡ 1ኛው – <\/span>ሌላ ያለማሰብ አባዜ (obsession)<\/span> ነው፡፡ ብሔርተኞች ከራሳቸው ቡድን የበላይነት ጉዳይ በቀር ሌላ ነገር ማሰብ አይችሉም፡፡ 2ኛው – <\/span>በአንድ አቋም አለመፅናት (instablility)<\/span> ነው፡፡ ብሔርተኞች ዛሬ የያዙት አቋም ነገ ላይኖር ይችላል፡፡ ታማኝነታቸው ለብሔርተኝነቱ እንጂ ለርዕዮተዓለሞች አይደለም፡፡ 3ኛው – <\/span>ለሐቅ አለመጨነቅ (indifference to facts)<\/span> ነው፡፡ በብሔርተኝነት ዓይን ድርጊቶች የሚገመገሙት ማን አደረጋቸው በሚለው እንጂ ምን ተደረገ በሚለው አይደለም፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n

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እነዚህ እና ከላይ ያየናቸው ነገሮች በሙሉ የሚያሳዩን ምንድን ነው? የብሔርተኝነትን ቅድስና ወይስ ርክሰት?<\/span><\/div>\n

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ቅድስና የጥቂቶች ነው!<\/span><\/div>\n

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ሰዎች ከራሳቸው ዕኩል ሌሎችን ሊወዱ ይችላሉ የሚለው እምብዛም አሳማኝ አይደለም፡፡ ሰዎች የሌሎችን ልጆች ከራሳቸው ልጆች ዕኩል የመቀበላቸው ነገርም እንደዚያው ነው፡፡ ሰዎች የሚከተሉትን እምነት ከሌሎች የተሻለ እና ምናልባትም እውነተኛ ነው ብለው ይገምታሉ፡፡ ብሔርተኝነትም እንደዚያው ነው፡፡ ሰዎች እነርሱ የተወለዱበትን ማኅበረሰብ፣ የሚከተሉትን እምነት እና አስተሳሰብ የሚያራምደውን ቡድን እንደትክክለኛ ሌላውን እንደተሳሳተ መቁጠራቸው የሚወልደው ነገር ነው – ብሔርተኝነት፡፡ ጥቂቶች ግን በዚህ ታጥረው አይቀሩም፡፡ የታሰሩበትን የውርስ ቅርፊት ሰባብረው ውጪውን ዓለም ለማየት የሚችሉ ጥቂቶች ይኖራሉ፡፡ ጥቂቶች እምነቴ የተሳሳተ ነው ብለው ሊቀይሩ የሚችሉትን ያክል ብሔርተኝነታቸውም የተሳሳተ እንደሆነ አምነው ወደ ሌላ ብሔርተኝነት የሚዘሉበት ዕድል አለ፡፡ ሁሉም እምነቶች ስህተት ናቸው ብለው ኢ-አማኒ የሚሆኑትን ያክል ሁሉም ብሔርተኝነቶች የተሳሳቱ ናቸው ብለው የሚያምኑበት ዕድል ይኖራል፡፡ ምናልባት ይህ ከብሔርተኝነት እርክሰት ወጥቶ ወደ ቅድስናው ምኩራብ መዳረሻ ይሆን ይሆናል፡፡ ችግሩ ‹ብዙኃን እዚህ ምኩራብ የሚደርሱት መቼ ነው?› የሚለው ነው፡፡ ምክንያቱም ‹ብዙኃን ይመውዑ› ይባላል – ትክክል ቢሆኑም ባይሆኑም ብዙኃን ይፈርዳሉ፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Read more ›<\/a><\/div>\n

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