{"id":479242,"date":"2016-01-02T05:21:00","date_gmt":"2016-01-02T10:21:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mereja.com\/amharic\/?guid=95b66852a44a7fbca9a199fb257eab43"},"modified":"2016-01-02T05:21:00","modified_gmt":"2016-01-02T10:21:00","slug":"%e1%88%90%e1%88%b3%e1%89%a5%e1%8a%95-%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%98%e1%8c%8d%e1%88%88%e1%8c%bd-%e1%8a%90%e1%8c%bb%e1%8a%90%e1%89%b5-%e1%8a%a5%e1%88%b5%e1%8a%a8-%e1%88%9b%e1%89%a0%e1%88%b3%e1%8c%a8%e1%89%b5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mereja.net\/amharic\/479242","title":{"rendered":"\u1210\u1233\u1265\u1295 \u12e8\u1218\u130d\u1208\u133d \u1290\u133b\u1290\u1275 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u121b\u1260\u1233\u1328\u1275"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u201c\u1210\u1233\u1265\u1295 \u12e8\u1218\u130d\u1208\u133d \u1290\u133b\u1290\u1275 \u121d\u1295\u12f5\u1295 \u1290\u12cd? \u121b\u1260\u1233\u1328\u1275\u1295 \u12ab\u120b\u12ab\u1270\u1270\u1363 \u1215\u120d\u12cd\u1293 \u12e8\u1208\u12cd\u121d\u1361\u1361\u201d<\/span><\/i> ~ <\/span>\u1230\u120d\u121b\u1295 \u1229\u123d\u12f2<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n
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\u1369 – \u121b\u1260\u1233\u1328\u1275 <\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
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\u2039\u2039\u1260\u1218\u1235\u12a8\u1228\u121d \u12c8\u122d 1997\u1363 \u12e2\u120b\u1295\u12f5\u1235 \u1356\u1235\u1270\u1295 <\/i>\u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1208 \u12e8\u12f4\u1295\u121b\u122d\u12ad \u130b\u12dc\u1323 \u1290\u1265\u12e9 \u1218\u1210\u1218\u12f5 \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u121a\u1233\u1208\u1241 \u12ab\u122d\u1271\u1296\u127d\u1295 \u12ed\u12de \u12c8\u1323\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12da\u1205 \u1215\u1275\u1218\u1275 \u12dc\u1293 \u1260\u1218\u120b\u12cd \u12d3\u1208\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1270\u1230\u121b \u1260\u12e8\u1266\u1273\u12cd \u12eb\u1209 \u1219\u1235\u120a\u121e\u127d \u1241\u1323\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1260\u12a0\u12f0\u1263\u1263\u12ed \u1218\u130d\u1208\u133d \u1300\u1218\u1229\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1270\u1243\u12cb\u121a\u12ce\u1279 \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1276\u127b\u1278\u12cd \u1201\u1208\u1275 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1364 \u12a0\u1295\u12f0\u129b\u1363 \u1290\u1265\u12e9 \u1218\u1210\u1218\u12f5\u1295 \u1260\u121d\u1235\u120d \u1218\u130d\u1208\u133d \u1260\u12a5\u1235\u120d\u121d\u1293 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u12a0\u12ed\u1348\u1240\u12f5\u121d \u12e8\u121a\u120d\u1293\u1364 \u1201\u1208\u1270\u129b\u1363 \u12ab\u122d\u1271\u1296\u1279 \u1260\u1325\u1245\u1209 \u12a5\u1235\u120d\u121d\u1293\u1295 \u12a5\u1293 \u1219\u1235\u120a\u121e\u127d\u1295 \u12a8\u123d\u1265\u122d \u130b\u122d \u12a0\u1246\u122b\u129d\u1270\u12cd \u12ed\u1308\u120d\u133b\u1209 \u12e8\u121a\u120d \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361  \u1220\u120b\u121b\u12ca \u1230\u120d\u134e\u127d\u1293 \u1215\u12dd\u1263\u12ca \u1270\u1243\u12cd\u121e\u12ce\u127d \u1260\u130b\u12dc\u1323\u12cd \u12a0\u12d8\u130b\u1306\u127d \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u12f4\u1295\u121b\u122d\u12ad \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u1270\u1240\u1230\u1240\u1230\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12a0\u1295\u12f3\u1295\u12f6\u1279 \u1215\u12ed\u12c8\u1275 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8\u1218\u1245\u1320\u134d \u12e8\u12d8\u1208\u1240 \u12a0\u1218\u133d \u12e8\u1270\u1240\u120b\u1240\u1208\u1263\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u1270\u1243\u12cd\u121e \u1230\u120d\u134e\u127d \u1290\u1260\u1229\u1361\u1361 \u12ab\u122d\u1271\u1296\u1279 \u130d\u1295 \u1260\u1218\u120b\u12cd \u12d3\u1208\u121d \u1260\u121a\u1308\u1299 \u1260\u120c\u120e\u127d \u130b\u12dc\u1326\u127d \u120b\u12ed \u1208\u12e2\u120b\u1295\u12f5\u1235 \u1356\u1235\u1270\u1295<\/i> \u130b\u12dc\u1320\u129e\u127d \u12e8\u121e\u122b\u120d \u12a0\u130b\u122d\u1290\u1275 \u1208\u121b\u1233\u12e8\u1275 \u1260\u121a\u120d \u1230\u1260\u1265 \u12f5\u130b\u121a \u1273\u1275\u1218\u12cd \u12ed\u1260\u120d\u1325 \u1270\u1230\u122b\u1329\u1361\u1361\u203a\u203a (Paul Sturges, 2006)<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u120c\u120b \u121d\u1233\u120c \u12a5\u1295\u12cd\u1230\u12f5\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12c8\u1295\u12f5 \u201c\u2039\u1234\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u121b\u1235\u1270\u121b\u122d \u12e8\u12a0\u1308\u122d\u1295 \u1200\u1265\u1275 \u121b\u1263\u12a8\u1295 \u1290\u12cd\u1364 \u1235\u1208\u12da\u1205 \u1234\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u121b\u1235\u1270\u121b\u122d \u12ab\u1208\u1265\u1295 \u12e8\u1264\u1275 \u12a0\u12eb\u12eb\u12dd\u1363 \u121d\u130d\u1265 \u121b\u1265\u1230\u120d \u12a5\u1293 \u120d\u1305 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f0\u130d \u12a5\u1293\u1235\u1270\u121d\u122d \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u120c\u120b \u2039\u12e8\u1290\u132d \u12ae\u120c\u1273\u203a \u1225\u122b \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1235\u12ed\u12dd \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u121b\u1235\u1270\u121b\u122d \u12e8\u1208\u1265\u1295\u121d\u203a \u12e8\u121a\u120d \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12eb\u12e8\u1275 \u1232\u1230\u1325 \u1260\u1274\u120c\u126a\u12e5\u1295 \u1270\u120b\u1208\u1348\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205\u1295 \u1270\u12a8\u1275\u120e \u12e8\u12a8\u1270\u121b\u12cd \u1234\u1276\u127d \u12e8\u1270\u1243\u12cd\u121e \u1230\u120d\u134d \u12a0\u12f0\u1228\u1309\u1361\u1361 \u12c8\u1295\u12f5 \u12a0\u123d\u12a8\u122d\u12ab\u122a\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u121a\u1290\u12f7\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1218\u12aa\u1296\u127d \u1230\u1263\u1260\u1229\u1361\u1361 \u12c8\u1295\u12f6\u127d\u1295 \u12a5\u12eb\u1233\u12f0\u12f1 \u12f0\u1260\u12f0\u1261\u1361\u1361\u201d \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u12e8\u1348\u1320\u122b \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12eb\u12e8\u1275 \u1230\u132a\u12cd \u1210\u1233\u1265 \u1234\u1276\u1279\u1295 \u12a0\u1260\u1233\u132d\u1277\u1278\u12cd \u12ed\u1206\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u130d\u1295 \u1208\u12a0\u1218\u1339 \u12a5\u1290\u122d\u1231\u1295 \u12a0\u1290\u1233\u1235\u1277\u1278\u12cb\u120d \u1265\u120e \u1218\u12f0\u121d\u12f0\u121d \u12a8\u1263\u12f5 \u12ed\u1206\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u121b\u133a\u12ce\u1279 \u1234\u1276\u127d \u1235\u121c\u1273\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1218\u1246\u1323\u1320\u122d\u1293 \u1210\u1233\u1261\u1295 \u1260\u1210\u1233\u1265 \u1218\u1218\u12a8\u1275 \u12ab\u120d\u127b\u1209 \u12f5\u12ad\u1218\u1271 \u12e8\u1290\u122d\u1231 \u12e8\u122b\u1233\u1278\u12cd \u12ed\u1206\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u12e8\u12f4\u1295\u121b\u122d\u12ad \u134d\u122d\u12f5\u1264\u1275 \u12e8\u1348\u1228\u12f0\u12cd\u121d\u1363 \u12a5\u1294 \u1260\u120b\u12ed\u129b\u12cd \u12a0\u1295\u1240\u133d \u12a0\u1218\u1338\u129e\u1279 \u1234\u1276\u127d \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1230\u1320\u1201\u1275\u1295 \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u1265\u12ed\u1295 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u201c\u12a5\u122d\u130d\u1325 \u1290\u12cd \u1235\u12d5\u120e\u1279 \u12e8\u1270\u12c8\u1230\u1291 \u1219\u1235\u120a\u121e\u127d\u1295 \u121b\u1260\u1233\u1328\u1273\u1278\u12cd \u12a0\u12ed\u12ab\u12f5\u121d\u1364\u1290\u1308\u122d \u130d\u1295 \u12e8\u12ab\u122d\u1271\u1296\u1279 \u12d3\u120b\u121b \u1219\u1235\u120a\u121e\u127d\u1295 \u121b\u1295\u12b3\u1230\u1235 \u12a0\u120d\u1290\u1260\u1228\u121d\u203a\u203a <\/span>\u1265\u120f\u120d \u134d\/\u1264\u1271<\/span><\/a>\u1361\u1361 \u1232\u12eb\u1265\u122b\u122b\u12cd\u121d\u1363 \u201c\u1235\u12d5\u120e\u1279\u1295 \u12a0\u1218\u133d \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u1266\u1295\u1265 \u12e8\u1218\u12c8\u122d\u12c8\u122d \u12f5\u122d\u130a\u1275 \u1260\u12a5\u1235\u120d\u121d\u1293 \u1225\u121d \u12a5\u12e8\u1270\u12f0\u1228\u1308 \u1290\u12cd\u1364\u201d \u1260\u121a\u120d \u1218\u1228\u12f3\u1275 \u12e8\u12ab\u122d\u1271\u1296\u1279 \u1270\u1218\u120d\u12ab\u127e\u127d \u12f5\u122d\u123b \u1290\u1260\u122d <\/span>\u1265\u120f\u120d<\/span><\/a>\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12f4\u1295\u121b\u122d\u12ad \u134d\u122d\u12f5 \u1264\u1275 \u1265\u12ed\u1295 \u1208\u12ab\u122d\u1271\u1292\u1235\u1276\u1279 \u12eb\u12f0\u120b \u1262\u1218\u1235\u120d\u121d \u12ab\u122d\u1271\u1292\u1235\u1276\u127d \u122b\u1233\u1278\u12cd \u120b\u12ed \u1245\u12f5\u1218 \u121d\u122d\u1218\u122b \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u1309 \u12ad\u1235\u1270\u1271 \u12a0\u1235\u1308\u12f5\u12f7\u1278\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u130d\u1295 \u12e8\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1210\u1233\u1265 (expression) \u12a0\u1295\u1263\u1262\u1363 \u1270\u1218\u120d\u12ab\u127d \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u12a0\u12f5\u121b\u132d \u12e8\u122b\u1231\u1295 \u1235\u121c\u1275 \u1218\u1246\u1323\u1320\u122d \u12f5\u122d\u123b \u12e8\u122b\u1231 \u1218\u1206\u1295 \u12ab\u120d\u127b\u1208 \u1262\u12eb\u1295\u1235 \u12e8\u1206\u1290 \u1230\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u121b\u12eb\u1260\u1233\u132d \u1210\u1233\u1265 \u121b\u134d\u1208\u1245 \u1260\u1323\u121d \u12a0\u1235\u1278\u130b\u122a \u1235\u1208\u121a\u1206\u1295\u1363 \u2039\u1260\u1290\u133b\u203a \u1240\u122d\u1276 \u1210\u1233\u1265\u1295 \u1218\u130d\u1208\u133d \u12e8\u121a\u1263\u1208\u12cd \u1309\u12f3\u12ed \u122b\u1231 \u12a0\u12ed\u1296\u122d\u121d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n

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 <\/span>\u12a0\u121d\u1293 \u12e8\u1348\u1228\u1295\u1233\u12e9 <\/span>\u2039\u123c\u122d\u120e \u1206\u1265\u12f6\u203a<\/i> \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u1263\u12c8\u1323\u1278\u12cd \u12ab\u122d\u1271\u1296\u127d \u1270\u1260\u1233\u132d\u1270\u12cd \u130b\u12dc\u1320\u129e\u127d\u1295\u1363 \u12ab\u122d\u1271\u1292\u1235\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u12a5\u1293 \u1356\u120a\u1236\u127d\u1295 \u12e8\u1308\u12f0\u1209 \u1345\u1295\u1348\u129b-\u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1270\u129e\u127d \u1309\u12f3\u12ed\u121d \u120a\u1273\u12ed \u12e8\u121a\u127d\u1208\u12cd \u1260\u12da\u1201 \u12d3\u12ed\u1295 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1345\u1295\u1348\u129e\u1279 \u12e8\u12a5\u1290\u122d\u1231\u1295 \u12a5\u1234\u1275 \u12eb\u120b\u12a8\u1260\u1228\u1363 \u1260\u12a5\u1290\u122d\u1231 \u12a5\u1234\u1275 \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u1218\u1240\u1323\u1275 \u12a0\u1208\u1260\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u120d \u12a5\u122d\u121d\u1303 \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u12c8\u1230\u12f1\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u12ad\u1235\u1270\u1271 \u1208\u1210\u1233\u1265 \u1290\u133b\u1290\u1275 \u12a0\u122b\u121b\u1306\u127d \u1218\u122d\u12f6 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u130b\u1323\u121a\u12cd\u1295 \u1270\u12a8\u1275\u120e \u1270\u1240\u1323\u1325\u120e \u12e8\u1218\u1323\u12cd\u121d \u12cd\u12ed\u12ed\u1275 \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u122b\u1233\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1260\u122b\u1233\u1278\u12cd \u1233\u1295\u1231\u122d \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u1309 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1235\u1348\u122b\u122b \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1201\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u12a0\u130b\u1323\u121a\u12cd \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12cd\u1295 \u1328\u121d\u122e \u1208\u12a0\u121d\u1263\u1308\u1290\u1295 (authoritarian) \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1273\u1275 \u1355\u122e\u1353\u130b\u1295\u12f3 \u121d\u1279 \u1201\u1294\u1273\u1295 \u1348\u1325\u122f\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1210\u1233\u1265 \u12a5\u1295\u12f4\u1275 \u1218\u1308\u12f0\u1265 \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u1208\u1260\u1275 \u12ad\u1235\u1270\u1271\u1295 \u12a0\u1235\u1273\u12ad\u12a8\u12cd \u12f0\u1235\u12a9\u1228\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1273\u1275 \u120a\u12eb\u1235\u1270\u12cd\u1209\u1275 \u12eb\u120d\u1348\u1208\u1309\u1275 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u1262\u1296\u122d \u12a8\u12f4\u1295\u121b\u122d\u12ad \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u1353\u122a\u1235 \u12e8\u1270\u12a8\u1230\u1270\u12cd \u1290\u1308\u122d \u130b\u12dc\u1320\u129e\u127d \u1210\u1233\u1263\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1260\u1290\u133b\u1290\u1275 \u1232\u1308\u120d\u1339 \u12e8\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12a8\u1208\u120b \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121a\u12eb\u1235\u1348\u120d\u130b\u1278\u12cd \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u1210\u1233\u1263\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1260\u1260\u1290\u133b\u1290\u1275 \u12a8\u1218\u130d\u1208\u133d \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1246\u1320\u1261 \u12e8\u121a\u1218\u12ad\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u12a0\u120d\u1290\u1260\u1228\u121d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u120c\u120e\u127d\u1295 \u121b\u1260\u1233\u1328\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u12c8\u1230\u1291 \u12e8\u121b\u1285\u1260\u1228\u1230\u1265 \u12ad\u134d\u120e\u127d \u120b\u12ed \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u130d\u1208\u1230\u1266\u127d \u120b\u12ed \u1232\u12a8\u1230\u1275 \u12a8\u121e\u120b \u130e\u12f0\u120d \u12a8\u120b\u12ed \u1263\u12e8\u1290\u12cd \u1201\u1294\u1273 \u120a\u12eb\u120d\u134d \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u127d\u130d\u1229 \u12e8\u1270\u1260\u1233\u1328\u12cd \u12a0\u121d\u1263\u1308\u1290\u1295 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 (\u12e8\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1263\u1208\u1225\u120d\u1323\u1293\u1275) \u1232\u1206\u1291 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1290 \u12a4\u120d\u12eb\u1235 \u1308\u1265\u1229 (\u12a0\u121d\u1233\u1209 \u1308\/\u12aa\u12f3\u1295 \u12d5\u1295\u1241 \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u1260\u121a\u12eb\u12dd\u12eb \u12c8\u122d 2006 \u12e8\u133b\u1348\u12cd\u1295 \u133d\u1211\u134d \u1270\u12a8\u1275\u120e \u1305\u121b \u12e9\u1295\u1268\u122d\u1235\u1272 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u1260\u1270\u1290\u1233\u12cd \u12e8\u1270\u1243\u12cd\u121e \u1265\u1325\u1265\u1325 \u1233\u1262\u12eb) \u12e8\u1270\u12a8\u1348\u1270\u1263\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u12a0\u1218\u133d \u121b\u1290\u1233\u1233\u1275 \u12ad\u1235 \u1218\u1273\u12e8\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1296\u122d\u1260\u1275 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u12d3\u12ed\u1295 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1338\u1210\u134a\u12ce\u1279\u1295\u121d\u1363 \u1208\u133d\u1211\u1349 \u12e8\u133d\u1211\u134d \u121d\u120b\u123d \u1260\u1218\u1235\u1320\u1275 \u1348\u1295\u1273 \u1260\u1283\u12ed\u120d \u12e8\u1338\u1210\u134a\u12cd\u1295 \u1210\u1233\u1265\u1295 \u12e8\u1218\u130d\u1208\u133d \u1290\u133b\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u1243\u12c8\u1219\u1275\u1295\u1363 \u1201\u1208\u1271\u1295\u121d \u1260\u12ad\u1235 \u1260\u121b\u1235\u1270\u1293\u1308\u12f5 \u1309\u12f3\u12e9\u1295 \u1208\u1218\u134d\u1273\u1275 \u12a5\u12e8\u1323\u1228\u1363 \u1309\u12f3\u12e9 \u12a5\u1235\u12ab\u1201\u1295 \u1260\u12a5\u1295\u1325\u120d\u1325\u120d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1270\u1218\u1235\u1308\u1295 \u12f0\u1233\u1208\u129d \u1226\u1235\u1275 \u12d3\u1218\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u1348\u1228\u12f0\u1260\u1275 \u12e8\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1263\u1208\u1225\u120d\u1323\u1293\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u121b\u12eb\u1235\u12f0\u1235\u1275 \u12a0\u120d\u134e\u121d \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1260\u1233\u132d \u133d\u1211\u134d \u1235\u1208\u133b\u1348 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12da\u1205 \u133d\u1211\u134d \u1338\u1210\u134a \u12ad\u1231 \u12a8\u123d\u1265\u122d \u12c8\u12f0 \u2039\u1260\u133d\u1211\u134d \u12a0\u1218\u133d \u121b\u1290\u1233\u1233\u1275\u203a \u12e8\u1270\u1240\u12e8\u1228\u12cd \u1260\u1270\u1218\u1233\u1233\u12ed \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1270\u1320\u12eb\u1242\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u120c\u1208\u1263\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1263\u1208\u1225\u120d\u1323\u1293\u1275 \u1260\u1210\u1233\u1265 \u1232\u1260\u1233\u1329 \u12cd\u1324\u1271 \u12e8\u12a8\u134b \u12ed\u1206\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u136a – \u12e8\u1325\u120b\u127b \u1295\u130d\u130d\u122d \u12a5\u1293 \u12a0\u1218\u133d \u121b\u1290\u1233\u1233\u1275<\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
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\u12601987 \u1229\u12cb\u1295\u12f3 \u1260\u12d3\u1208\u121b\u127d\u1295 \u12e8\u1245\u122d\u1265 \u130a\u12dc \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1230\u1245\u1323\u132d \u12e8\u1206\u1290\u12cd\u1295 \u12dc\u1293 \u1208\u12d3\u1208\u121d \u12a0\u122d\u12f5\u1273\u1208\u127d\u1361\u1361 \u1260100 \u1240\u1293\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 800 \u123a\u1215 \u12eb\u1205\u120d \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u1270\u1328\u134d\u132d\u1348\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u132d\u134d\u1328\u134b\u12cd 70 \u1260\u1218\u1276 \u1271\u1275\u1232\u12ce\u127d (\u12c8\u12ed\u121d 20 \u1260\u1218\u1276 \u1229\u12cb\u1295\u12f3\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u12a0\u120d\u1240\u12cb\u120d)\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u132d\u134d\u1328\u134b\u12cd \u1218\u1290\u123e \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1273\u122a\u12ad \u1263\u1208\u1219\u12eb\u12ce\u127d \u1219\u1209 \u1208\u1219\u1209 \u1263\u12ed\u1235\u121b\u1219\u121d \u1260\u130e\u1233 \u1235\u121d \u12a0\u1218\u133d \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1240\u1323\u1320\u120d \u12eb\u12f0\u1228\u1308\u12cd \u130d\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u12f2\u12eb \u12e8\u1325\u120b\u127b \u1295\u130d\u130d\u122d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1206\u1290 \u1265\u12d9\u12ce\u1279 \u12ed\u1235\u121b\u121b\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u12d8\u122d \u132d\u134d\u1328\u134b\u12cd \u12d3\u1218\u1275 \u1240\u12f5\u121e \u12e8\u1270\u124b\u124b\u1218\u12cd \u122c\u12f2\u12ee-\u1274\u120c\u126a\u12e5\u1295 \u120a\u1265\u122c \u12f0\u1235 \u121a\u120d \u12ae\u120a\u1295\u1235<\/i> (\u12a0\u122d.\u1272.\u12a4\u120d.\u12a4\u121d.\u1232) \u12cb\u1290\u129b \u121a\u1293 <\/span>\u1270\u132b\u12cd\u1277\u120d<\/span><\/a>\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1295\u12f3\u1295\u12f5 \u1325\u1293\u1276\u127d \u1260\u12d8\u122d \u132d\u134d\u1328\u134b\u12cd \u12e8\u12da\u1205\u1295 \u121a\u12f2\u12eb \u1270\u124b\u121d \u121a\u1293 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 10 \u1260\u1218\u1276 \u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u1231\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u122c\u12f2\u12ee\u12cd \u1260\u1323\u121d \u1270\u12c8\u12f3\u1305 \u12a8\u1218\u1206\u1291 \u12e8\u1270\u1290\u1233 \u12a8\u12dc\u130e\u1279 \u130b\u122d \u1260\u12a0\u132d\u122d \u130a\u12dc \u1208\u1218\u12cb\u1203\u12f5 \u1260\u1245\u1277\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205 \u122c\u12f2\u12ee \u1290\u1260\u122d \u1271\u1275\u1232\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u201c\u1260\u1228\u122e\u201d \u1265\u120e \u1218\u1325\u122b\u1275 \u12e8\u1300\u1218\u1228\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u201c\u1260\u1228\u122e\u12ce\u1279\u1295 \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u121b\u1235\u12c8\u1308\u12f5 \u12a0\u1235\u1348\u120b\u130a \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361\u201d \u12a0\u1208\u1260\u1208\u12da\u12eb \u127d\u130d\u122d \u12eb\u1235\u12a8\u1275\u120b\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u122c\u12f2\u12ee\u12cd \u1260\u1270\u1328\u121b\u122a\u121d \u201c\u1260\u1228\u122e\u201d \u1265\u120e \u12e8\u1320\u122b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12dc\u130e\u127d \u121b\u1235\u12c8\u1308\u12f5 \u1235\u1208\u121b\u1235\u1348\u1208\u1309 \u1265\u127b \u1233\u12ed\u1206\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f4\u1275 \u1218\u12c8\u1308\u12f5 \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u1208\u1263\u1278\u12cd \u132d\u121d\u122d \u1270\u1295\u1275\u1297\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u132d\u134d\u1328\u134b\u12cd \u1348\u1343\u121a\u12ce\u127d \u1260\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12a5\u1303\u1278\u12cd \u1246\u1295\u1328\u122b\u1363 \u1260\u120c\u120b\u129b\u12cd \u122c\u12f2\u12ee \u12ed\u12d8\u12cd \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1290\u1260\u122d \u122a\u1356\u122d\u1275 \u1270\u12f0\u122d\u1313\u120d\u1361\u1361 <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u1260\u1229\u12cb\u1295\u12f3 \u132d\u134d\u1328\u134b \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u122c\u12f2\u12ee \u1265\u127b \u12a0\u120d\u1290\u1260\u1228\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u130b\u12dc\u1323\u121d \u12e8\u1260\u12a9\u1209\u1295 \u1270\u132b\u12cd\u1277\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12ab\u1295\u1309\u122b<\/i> \u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1208 \u1233\u121d\u1295\u1273\u12ca \u130b\u12dc\u1323 \u2039\u12e8\u1201\u1271 \u12d0\u1225\u122d\u1271 \u1275\u12d5\u12db\u12db\u1275\u203a \u12e8\u1270\u1230\u1298 \u1270\u12c8\u12f3\u1305 \u130b\u12dc\u1323 \u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u130b\u12dc\u1323\u12cd \u1260\u12ed\u134b \u1201\u1271\u12ce\u127d \u12a8\u1271\u1275\u1232\u12ce\u127d \u130b\u122d \u121d\u1295\u121d \u12c8\u12f3\u1305\u1290\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u120c\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u12a0\u12cd\u1307\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1320\u120b\u1275 \u1293\u1278\u12cd \u1260\u121a\u120d \u121a\u1235\u1276\u127d \u1260\u1263\u120e\u127b\u1278\u12cd\u1363 \u130e\u1228\u1264\u1275 \u1260\u130e\u1228\u1264\u1271 \u120b\u12ed \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u12e8\u121b\u1295\u1290\u1275 \u1320\u120b\u1275\u1290\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u1270\u1218\u1225\u122d\u1270\u12cd \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1290\u1231 \u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u1313\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u12e8\u1229\u12cb\u1295\u12f3 \u121a\u12f2\u12eb\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u1325\u120b\u127b \u1355\u122e\u1353\u130b\u1295\u12f3 \u12a5\u1293 \u12d8\u1218\u127b \u12cd\u1324\u1271 \u12a5\u120d\u1242\u1275 \u1206\u1297\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u121a\u12f2\u12eb\u12ce\u1279 \u12c8\u12f0\u12d8\u122d \u132d\u134d\u1328\u134b \u12e8\u12f0\u1228\u1231\u1275 \u1260\u1226\u1235\u1275 \u12f0\u1228\u1303\u12ce\u127d \u1290\u12cd\u1364 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u121a\u12f2\u12eb\u12cd\u1295 \u1260\u1270\u1233\u1233\u1270 \u1218\u1295\u1308\u12f5 \u1270\u1320\u1245\u121e\u1260\u1273\u120d – \u1260\u1325\u120b\u127b \u1355\u122e\u1353\u130b\u1295\u12f3 \u1208\u12d8\u122d \u132d\u134d\u1328\u134b \u121b\u12d8\u130b\u1303 \u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u130e\u1273\u120d (1)\u1363 \u1260\u132d\u134d\u1328\u134b\u12cd \u12c8\u1245\u1275 \u12a0\u1218\u1341\u1295 \u12a0\u1240\u1323\u1325\u120f\u120d (2)\u1363 \u12a8\u12da\u12eb\u121d \u12e8\u1325\u134b\u1271 \u1218\u1320\u1295 \u1260\u1275\u12ad\u12ad\u120d \u1208\u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u12ed\u12f0\u122d\u1235 \u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u1313\u120d (3)\u1361\u1361 <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u12a0\u1201\u1295 \u12e8\u1229\u12cb\u1295\u12f3 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12eb\u1295\u1295 \u1218\u1325\u134e \u1320\u1263\u1233 \u12e8\u1323\u1208\u1260\u1275\u1295 \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u1208\u121b\u1325\u134b\u1275 \u1260\u121b\u1230\u1265 \u12e8\u1201\u1208\u1271\u1295\u121d \u130e\u1233\u12ce\u127d \u121b\u1295\u1290\u1275 \u12ad\u12f7\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1229\u12cb\u1295\u12f3 \u12a0\u1295\u12f1 \u120c\u120b\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u12a5\u12a8\u120c \u130e\u1233 \u12a0\u1263\u120d \u1290\u12cd \u1265\u120e \u1260\u12ed\u134b \u1218\u1293\u1308\u122d \u12a0\u12ed\u1348\u1240\u12f5\u1208\u1275\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205\u1295\u1295 \u12e8\u12d8\u122d \u132d\u134d\u1328\u134b\u1295 \u1260\u121b\u1348\u1295 \u1348\u1295\u1273 \u1210\u1233\u1265\u1295 \u12e8\u1218\u130d\u1208\u133d \u1290\u133b\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u12eb\u1348\u1290 \u12a5\u122d\u121d\u1303 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1206\u1290 \u12a0\u1325\u129a\u12ce\u127d \u12ed\u12a8\u122b\u12a8\u122b\u1209\u1361\u1361 (Yakar\u00e9-Oul\u00e9 (Nani) Jansen, 2014) \u1208\u1229\u12cb\u1295\u12f3 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u130d\u1295 \u1309\u12f3\u12e9 \u130d\u122b \u12a0\u130b\u1262 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1208\u1229\u12cb\u1295\u12f3 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1265\u127b \u1233\u12ed\u1206\u1295 \u1208\u1265\u12d9\u12ce\u127d \u120c\u120e\u127d\u1295 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u121b\u1260\u1233\u1328\u1275 \u1260\u121a\u12f0\u122d\u1230\u12cd \u1210\u1233\u1265\u1295 \u12e8\u1218\u130d\u1208\u133d \u1290\u133b\u1290\u1275\u1363 \u1260\u1325\u120b\u127b \u1295\u130d\u130d\u122d \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u12a0\u1218\u133d \u1245\u1235\u1240\u1233 \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u120d\u12e9\u1290\u1275 \u1218\u1228\u12f3\u1275 \u12a0\u1235\u1278\u130b\u122a \u1348\u1270\u1293 \u12ed\u1206\u1295\u1263\u1278\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u121d \u132d\u121d\u122d \u12e8\u1348\u1228\u1218\u127d\u12cd \u12e8\u1232\u126a\u120d \u12a5\u1293 \u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab\u12ca \u1218\u1265\u1276\u127d \u12d3\u1208\u121d\u12d0\u1240\u134d <\/span>\u1243\u120d\u12aa\u12f3\u1295<\/span><\/a> \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121a\u1208\u12cd \u201c\u121b\u1295\u129b\u12cd\u121d \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u1260\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1363 \u12d8\u122d\u1363 \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1270\u1218\u1220\u1228\u1270 \u12e8\u121b\u130d\u1208\u120d\u1363 \u1320\u120b\u1275\u1290\u1275 \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u12a0\u1218\u133d \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1290\u1233\u1233 \u1218\u120d\u12d5\u12ad\u1275 \u1260\u1215\u130d \u1218\u12a8\u120d\u12a8\u120d \u12a0\u1208\u1260\u1275\u1361\u1361\u201d \u1206\u1296\u121d \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1295\u130d\u130d\u122d \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u1218\u120d\u12d5\u12ad\u1275 \u12e8\u1325\u120b\u127b \u120a\u1263\u120d \u12e8\u121a\u127d\u1208\u12cd \u12e8\u1275\u129b\u12cd \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u120b\u12ed \u1232\u12f0\u122d\u1235 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1206\u1290 \u1218\u130d\u1263\u1262\u12eb \u12e8\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u12a0\u1235\u1240\u12f5\u1218\u1295 \u1263\u12e8\u1293\u1278\u12cd \u121d\u1233\u120c\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u121a\u12f2\u12eb \u12a5\u1293 \u12a0\u1218\u133d\u1295 \u130d\u1295\u1299\u1290\u1275 \u1235\u1295\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1275\u1364 \u12a0\u1260\u1233\u132d \u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1209 \u12ed\u12d8\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u12ed\u12d8\u12cd \u12e8\u12c8\u1321 \u12e8\u1215\u1275\u1218\u1275 \u12cd\u1324\u1276\u127d\u1363 \u12a0\u1218\u133d \u12a0\u120d\u1240\u1230\u1240\u1231\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u120d\u1241\u1295\u121d \u12e8\u1270\u1243\u12cd\u121e \u12a0\u1218\u133d \u1270\u1240\u1235\u1245\u1236\u1263\u1278\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1229\u12cb\u1295\u12f3\u12cd \u12e8\u12d8\u122d \u132d\u134d\u1328\u134b \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u1260\u1270\u1243\u122b\u1292\u12cd \u12a0\u1218\u1339 \u12e8\u1270\u12ab\u1204\u12f0\u12cd \u1260\u121a\u12f2\u12eb\u12ce\u1279 \u12e8\u1325\u120b\u127b\u1293 \u1325\u134b\u1275 \u1235\u1265\u12a8\u1275 \u1218\u122a\u1290\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u1201\u1208\u1275 \u121d\u1233\u120c\u12ce\u127d \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u120d\u12e9\u1290\u1275 \u1218\u1228\u12f3\u1275 \u12a8\u1263\u12f5 \u120b\u12ed\u1206\u1295 \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12a0\u1218\u133d \u1245\u1235\u1240\u1233 \u12a8\u1218\u12f0\u1228\u1309 \u1260\u134a\u1275 \u1208\u1218\u12a8\u120b\u12a8\u120d \u12eb\u1295\u1295 \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u12a0\u12dd\u121b\u121a\u12eb \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u12f2\u12eb \u1270\u124b\u121d \u1240\u12f5\u121e \u1218\u1246\u1323\u1320\u122d \u130d\u1295 \u12a8\u1263\u12f5 \u12ed\u1206\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u121b\u12ed\u127b\u120d \u130d\u1295 \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205\u1295\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u127b\u120d-\u12a8\u1263\u12f5 \u12e8\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1225\u122b \u12ad\u134d\u1270\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1228\u12f1 \u12a0\u121d\u1263\u1308\u1290\u1296\u127d \u121a\u12f2\u12eb\u1295 (\u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u1210\u1233\u1265\u1295 \u12e8\u1218\u130d\u1208\u133d \u1290\u133b\u1290\u1275\u1295) \u1208\u121b\u1348\u129b \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1275 \u12ed\u1320\u1240\u1219\u1260\u1273\u120d\u1363 \u12a5\u12e8\u1270\u1320\u1240\u1219\u1260\u1275\u121d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1260\u1265\u1214\u122d \u120b\u12ed \u12eb\u1270\u12ae\u1229 \u12a0\u1295\u12f1\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1320\u1208\u1239\u1363 \u120c\u120b\u12cd\u1295 \u1270\u1260\u12f3\u12ed \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u1309 \u12e8\u1241\u122d\u123e \u1273\u122a\u12ae\u127d\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12eb\u12cd\u121d \u1260\u1260\u130e \u1232\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1273\u1278\u12cd\u1293 \u1232\u1273\u1308\u1233\u1278\u12cd \u12ed\u1273\u12eb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1308\u12e2\u12cd \u1353\u122d\u1272 \u12a0\u1218\u1220\u122b\u1228\u1275\u121d \u1206\u1290 \u12a0\u124b\u124b\u121d \u12e8\u1265\u1214\u122d \u1260\u12f3\u12ed-\u1270\u1260\u12f3\u12ed \u130d\u1295\u1299\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u12a0\u1320\u134b\u1208\u1201 \u1260\u121a\u120d \u1225\u121d \u1235\u1208\u1206\u1290 \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1276\u1279 \u1275\u1228\u12ab\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u1270\u1235\u121b\u1219\u1275 \u12ed\u1218\u1235\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u130d\u1295 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1208\u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u12a0\u12f0\u1308\u129b \u12a0\u12dd\u121b\u121a\u12eb \u120b\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u1210\u1233\u1266\u127d\/\u133d\u1211\u134e\u127d \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u1275\u12d5\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1245\u1295\u1323\u1275 \u1273\u12ad\u120d \u12a5\u1295\u12b3\u1295 \u1235\u122d\u12d3\u1271\u1295 \u1208\u121a\u1270\u1279\u1275 \u12e8\u1208\u12cd\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1235\u1308\u1290\u12dd\u1260\u12cd \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1208\u1210\u1233\u1265 \u1290\u133b\u1290\u1275\u121d\u1363 \u12ed\u1201\u1295 \u1215\u12dd\u1266\u127d \u120b\u12ed \u1208\u121a\u12f0\u122d\u1230\u12cd \u12a0\u1218\u133d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121b\u12ed\u1328\u1290\u1245\u1364 \u12ed\u120d\u1241\u1295\u121d \u1208\u1225\u120d\u1323\u1291 \u1265\u127b \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121a\u1233\u1233 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1210\u1233\u1265\u1295 \u1260\u1218\u130d\u1208\u133d \u1290\u133b\u1290\u1275 \u12a5\u1293 \u12a0\u1218\u133d \u1260\u1218\u1240\u1235\u1240\u1235 \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u120d\u12e9\u1290\u1275 \u1320\u122d\u1276 \u1260\u1215\u130d\u1293 \u1218\u1218\u122a\u12eb \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12f0\u1290\u1308\u130d \u12e8\u121b\u12ed\u1348\u120d\u1308\u12cd\u121d \u1208\u12da\u12eb\u12cd \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u201c\u121b\u1295\u121d \u12a8\u1265\u1235\u132d\u1275 \u12e8\u1218\u1320\u1260\u1245 \u1218\u1265\u1275 \u12e8\u1208\u12cd\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205 \u1218\u1265\u1275 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8\u12db\u122c \u1263\u1290\u1260\u1265\u12b3\u1278\u12cd \u12f5\u1295\u130b\u130c\u12ce\u127d \u1201\u1209 \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u1270\u1260\u1233\u132b\u127d\u1201\u1363 \u12e8\u122b\u1233\u127d\u1201 \u127d\u130d\u122d \u1290\u12cd\u1364 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u12a5\u12cd\u1290\u1271 \u1265\u12d9 \u1290\u1308\u122e\u127d \u1265\u12d9 \u1230\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u12eb\u1260\u1233\u132f\u1278\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361\u201d ~ <\/span><\/i>\u12a0\u1215\u1218\u12f5 \u1230\u120d\u121b\u1295 \u1229\u123d\u12f2!<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
—<\/span><\/div>\n
This article is published on Addis_Gets magazine, on Tahsas 3, 2008 issue. <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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“ሐሳብን የመግለጽ ነጻነት ምንድን ነው? ማበሳጨትን ካላካተተ፣ ሕልውና የለውም፡፡”<\/span><\/i> ~ <\/span>ሰልማን ሩሽዲ<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n
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፩ – ማበሳጨት <\/p>\n

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‹‹በመስከረም ወር 1997፣ ዢላንድስ ፖስተን <\/i>የተባለ የዴንማርክ ጋዜጣ ነብዩ መሐመድ ላይ የሚሳለቁ ካርቱኖችን ይዞ ወጣ፡፡ የዚህ ሕትመት ዜና በመላው ዓለም እንደተሰማ በየቦታው ያሉ ሙስሊሞች ቁጣቸውን በአደባባይ መግለጽ ጀመሩ፡፡ የተቃዋሚዎቹ ምክንያቶቻቸው ሁለት ናቸው፤ አንደኛ፣ ነብዩ መሐመድን በምስል መግለጽ በእስልምና ሃይማኖት አይፈቀድም የሚልና፤ ሁለተኛ፣ ካርቱኖቹ በጥቅሉ እስልምናን እና ሙስሊሞችን ከሽብር ጋር አቆራኝተው ይገልጻሉ የሚል ናቸው፡፡  ሠላማዊ ሰልፎችና ሕዝባዊ ተቃውሞዎች በጋዜጣው አዘጋጆች እና በዴንማርክ መንግሥት ላይ ተቀሰቀሰ፡፡ ከነዚህ ውስጥ አንዳንዶቹ ሕይወት እስከመቅጠፍ የዘለቀ አመጽ የተቀላቀለባቸው የተቃውሞ ሰልፎች ነበሩ፡፡ ካርቱኖቹ ግን በመላው ዓለም በሚገኙ በሌሎች ጋዜጦች ላይ ለዢላንድስ ፖስተን<\/i> ጋዜጠኞች የሞራል አጋርነት ለማሳየት በሚል ሰበብ ድጋሚ ታትመው ይበልጥ ተሰራጩ፡፡›› (Paul Sturges, 2006)<\/p>\n

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ሌላ ምሳሌ እንውሰድ፡፡ አንድ ወንድ “‹ሴቶችን ማስተማር የአገርን ሀብት ማባከን ነው፤ ስለዚህ ሴቶችን ማስተማር ካለብን የቤት አያያዝ፣ ምግብ ማብሰል እና ልጅ አስተዳደግ እናስተምር እንጂ ሌላ ‹የነጭ ኮሌታ› ሥራ የሚያስይዝ ትምህርት ማስተማር የለብንም› የሚል አስተያየት ሲሰጥ በቴሌቪዥን ተላለፈ፡፡ ይህን ተከትሎ የከተማው ሴቶች የተቃውሞ ሰልፍ አደረጉ፡፡ ወንድ አሽከርካሪዎች የሚነዷቸውን መኪኖች ሰባበሩ፡፡ ወንዶችን እያሳደዱ ደበደቡ፡፡” በዚህ የፈጠራ ታሪክ ውስጥ የአስተያየት ሰጪው ሐሳብ ሴቶቹን አበሳጭቷቸው ይሆናል፡፡ ነገር ግን ለአመጹ እነርሱን አነሳስቷቸዋል ብሎ መደምደም ከባድ ይሆናል፡፡ አማጺዎቹ ሴቶች ስሜታቸውን መቆጣጠርና ሐሳቡን በሐሳብ መመከት ካልቻሉ ድክመቱ የነርሱ የራሳቸው ይሆናል፡፡<\/p>\n

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የዴንማርክ ፍርድቤት የፈረደውም፣ እኔ በላይኛው አንቀጽ አመጸኞቹ ሴቶች ላይ የሰጠሁትን ዓይነት ብይን ነው፡፡ “እርግጥ ነው ስዕሎቹ የተወሰኑ ሙስሊሞችን ማበሳጨታቸው አይካድም፤ነገር ግን የካርቱኖቹ ዓላማ ሙስሊሞችን ማንኳሰስ አልነበረም›› <\/span>ብሏል ፍ\/ቤቱ<\/span><\/a>፡፡ ሲያብራራውም፣ “ስዕሎቹን አመጽ ወይም ቦንብ የመወርወር ድርጊት በእስልምና ሥም እየተደረገ ነው፤” በሚል መረዳት የካርቱኖቹ ተመልካቾች ድርሻ ነበር <\/span>ብሏል<\/span><\/a>፡፡ የዴንማርክ ፍርድ ቤት ብይን ለካርቱኒስቶቹ ያደላ ቢመስልም ካርቱኒስቶች ራሳቸው ላይ ቅድመ ምርመራ እንዲያደርጉ ክስተቱ አስገድዷቸዋል፡፡ ነገር ግን የአንድ ሐሳብ (expression) አንባቢ፣ ተመልካች ወይም አድማጭ የራሱን ስሜት መቆጣጠር ድርሻ የራሱ መሆን ካልቻለ ቢያንስ የሆነ ሰውን የማያበሳጭ ሐሳብ ማፍለቅ በጣም አስቸጋሪ ስለሚሆን፣ ‹በነጻ› ቀርቶ ሐሳብን መግለጽ የሚባለው ጉዳይ ራሱ አይኖርም፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n

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 <\/span>አምና የፈረንሳዩ <\/span>‹ሼርሎ ሆብዶ›<\/i> መጽሔት ባወጣቸው ካርቱኖች ተበሳጭተው ጋዜጠኞችን፣ ካርቱኒስቶችን እና ፖሊሶችን የገደሉ ፅንፈኛ-ሃይማኖተኞች ጉዳይም ሊታይ የሚችለው በዚሁ ዓይን ነው፡፡ ፅንፈኞቹ የእነርሱን እሴት ያላከበረ፣ በእነርሱ እሴት መሠረት መቀጣት አለበት የሚል እርምጃ ነው የወሰዱት፡፡ ክስተቱ ለሐሳብ ነጻነት አራማጆች መርዶ ነው፡፡ አጋጣሚውን ተከትሎ ተቀጣጥሎ የመጣውም ውይይት ሰዎች ራሳቸውን በራሳቸው ሳንሱር እንዲያደርጉ የሚያስፈራራ ነው፡፡ ይሁን እንጂ አጋጣሚው የኢትዮጵያውን ጨምሮ ለአምባገነን (authoritarian) መንግሥታት ፕሮፓጋንዳ ምቹ ሁኔታን ፈጥሯል፡፡ ሐሳብ እንዴት መገደብ እንዳለበት ክስተቱን አስታክከው ደስኩረዋል፡፡ እነዚህ መንግሥታት ሊያስተውሉት ያልፈለጉት ነገር ቢኖር ከዴንማርክ እስከ ፓሪስ የተከሰተው ነገር ጋዜጠኞች ሐሳባቸውን በነጻነት ሲገልጹ የመንግሥት ከለላ እንደሚያስፈልጋቸው እንጂ ሐሳባቸውን በበነጻነት ከመግለጽ እንዲቆጠቡ የሚመክራቸው አልነበረም፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
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ሌሎችን ማበሳጨት የተወሰኑ የማኅበረሰብ ክፍሎች ላይ ወይም ግለሰቦች ላይ ሲከሰት ከሞላ ጎደል ከላይ ባየነው ሁኔታ ሊያልፍ ይችላል፡፡ ችግሩ የተበሳጨው አምባገነን መንግሥት (የመንግሥት ባለሥልጣናት) ሲሆኑ ነው፡፡ እነ ኤልያስ ገብሩ (አምሳሉ ገ\/ኪዳን ዕንቁ መጽሔት ላይ በሚያዝያ ወር 2006 የጻፈውን ጽሑፍ ተከትሎ ጅማ ዩንቨርስቲ አካባቢ በተነሳው የተቃውሞ ብጥብጥ ሳቢያ) የተከፈተባቸው የአመጽ ማነሳሳት ክስ መታየት የሚኖርበት በዚህ ዓይን ነው፡፡ መንግሥት ጸሐፊዎቹንም፣ ለጽሑፉ የጽሑፍ ምላሽ በመስጠት ፈንታ በኃይል የጸሐፊውን ሐሳብን የመግለጽ ነጻነት የተቃወሙትን፣ ሁለቱንም በክስ በማስተናገድ ጉዳዩን ለመፍታት እየጣረ፣ ጉዳዩ እስካሁን በእንጥልጥል ነው፡፡ ተመስገን ደሳለኝ ሦስት ዓመት የተፈረደበት የመንግሥት ባለሥልጣናትን የማያስደስት አልፎም የሚያበሳጭ ጽሑፍ ስለጻፈ ነው፡፡ የዚህ ጽሑፍ ጸሐፊ ክሱ ከሽብር ወደ ‹በጽሑፍ አመጽ ማነሳሳት› የተቀየረው በተመሳሳይ ምክንያት ነው፡፡ ተጠያቂነት የሌለባቸው የመንግሥት ባለሥልጣናት በሐሳብ ሲበሳጩ ውጤቱ የከፋ ይሆናል፡፡<\/p>\n

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፪ – የጥላቻ ንግግር እና አመጽ ማነሳሳት<\/p>\n

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በ1987 ሩዋንዳ በዓለማችን የቅርብ ጊዜ ታሪክ ውስጥ ሰቅጣጭ የሆነውን ዜና ለዓለም አርድታለች፡፡ በ100 ቀናት ውስጥ 800 ሺሕ ያህል ሰዎች ተጨፍጭፈዋል፡፡ በጭፍጨፋው 70 በመቶ ቱትሲዎች (ወይም 20 በመቶ ሩዋንዳውያን አልቀዋል)፡፡ የጭፍጨፋው መነሾ ላይ የታሪክ ባለሙያዎች ሙሉ ለሙሉ ባይስማሙም በጎሳ ስም አመጽ እንዲቀጣጠል ያደረገው ግን የሚዲያ የጥላቻ ንግግር እንደሆነ ብዙዎቹ ይስማማሉ፡፡ ከዘር ጭፍጨፋው ዓመት ቀድሞ የተቋቋመው ሬዲዮ-ቴሌቪዥን ሊብሬ ደስ ሚል ኮሊንስ<\/i> (አር.ቲ.ኤል.ኤም.ሲ) ዋነኛ ሚና <\/span>ተጫውቷል<\/span><\/a>፡፡ አንዳንድ ጥናቶች በዘር ጭፍጨፋው የዚህን ሚዲያ ተቋም ሚና እስከ 10 በመቶ ያደርሱታል፡፡ ሬዲዮው በጣም ተወዳጅ ከመሆኑ የተነሳ ከዜጎቹ ጋር በአጭር ጊዜ ለመዋሃድ በቅቷል፡፡ ይህ ሬዲዮ ነበር ቱትሲዎችን “በረሮ” ብሎ መጥራት የጀመረው፡፡ “በረሮዎቹን ደግሞ ማስወገድ አስፈላጊ ነበር፡፡” አለበለዚያ ችግር ያስከትላሉ፡፡ ሬዲዮው በተጨማሪም “በረሮ” ብሎ የጠራቸውን ዜጎች ማስወገድ ስለማስፈለጉ ብቻ ሳይሆን እንዴት መወገድ እንዳለባቸው ጭምር ተንትኗል፡፡ የጭፍጨፋው ፈፃሚዎች በአንድ እጃቸው ቆንጨራ፣ በሌላኛው ሬዲዮ ይዘው እንደነበር ሪፖርት ተደርጓል፡፡ <\/p>\n

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በሩዋንዳ ጭፍጨፋ የነበረው ሬዲዮ ብቻ አልነበረም፡፡ ጋዜጣም የበኩሉን ተጫውቷል፡፡ ካንጉራ<\/i> የተባለ ሳምንታዊ ጋዜጣ ‹የሁቱ ዐሥርቱ ትዕዛዛት› የተሰኘ ተወዳጅ ጋዜጣ ነበረው፡፡ ጋዜጣው በይፋ ሁቱዎች ከቱትሲዎች ጋር ምንም ወዳጅነት እንደሌላቸው አውጇል፡፡ ጠላት ናቸው በሚል ሚስቶች በባሎቻቸው፣ ጎረቤት በጎረቤቱ ላይ በዚህ የማንነት ጠላትነት ላይ ተመሥርተው እንዲነሱ አድርጓል፡፡<\/p>\n

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የሩዋንዳ ሚዲያዎች የጥላቻ ፕሮፓጋንዳ እና ዘመቻ ውጤቱ እልቂት ሆኗል፡፡ ሚዲያዎቹ ወደዘር ጭፍጨፋ የደረሱት በሦስት ደረጃዎች ነው፤ መንግሥት ሚዲያውን በተሳሳተ መንገድ ተጠቅሞበታል – በጥላቻ ፕሮፓጋንዳ ለዘር ጭፍጨፋ ማዘጋጃ አድርጎታል (1)፣ በጭፍጨፋው ወቅት አመፁን አቀጣጥሏል (2)፣ ከዚያም የጥፋቱ መጠን በትክክል ለሕዝብ እንዳይደርስ አድርጓል (3)፡፡ <\/p>\n

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አሁን የሩዋንዳ መንግሥት ያንን መጥፎ ጠባሳ የጣለበትን ታሪክ ለማጥፋት በማሰብ የሁለቱንም ጎሳዎች ማንነት ክዷል፡፡ በሩዋንዳ አንዱ ሌላውን የእከሌ ጎሳ አባል ነው ብሎ በይፋ መናገር አይፈቀድለትም፡፡ ይህንን የዘር ጭፍጨፋን በማፈን ፈንታ ሐሳብን የመግለጽ ነጻነትን ያፈነ እርምጃ እንደሆነ አጥኚዎች ይከራከራሉ፡፡ (Yakaré-Oulé (Nani) Jansen, 2014) ለሩዋንዳ መንግሥት ግን ጉዳዩ ግራ አጋቢ ነው፡፡ ለሩዋንዳ መንግሥት ብቻ ሳይሆን ለብዙዎች ሌሎችን እስከ ማበሳጨት በሚደርሰው ሐሳብን የመግለጽ ነጻነት፣ በጥላቻ ንግግር እና በአመጽ ቅስቀሳ መካከል ያለውን ልዩነት መረዳት አስቸጋሪ ፈተና ይሆንባቸዋል፡፡<\/p>\n

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ኢትዮጵያም ጭምር የፈረመችው የሲቪል እና ፖለቲካዊ መብቶች ዓለምዐቀፍ <\/span>ቃልኪዳን<\/span><\/a> እንደሚለው “ማንኛውም ዓይነት በብሔር፣ ዘር፣ ወይም ሃይማኖት ላይ የተመሠረተ የማግለል፣ ጠላትነት ወይም አመጽ የሚያነሳሳ መልዕክት በሕግ መከልከል አለበት፡፡” ሆኖም አንድ ንግግር ወይም መልዕክት የጥላቻ ሊባል የሚችለው የትኛው ደረጃ ላይ ሲደርስ እንደሆነ መግባቢያ የለም፡፡ <\/p>\n

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አስቀድመን ባየናቸው ምሳሌዎች የሚዲያ እና አመጽን ግንኙነት ስንመለከት፤ አበሳጭ የተባሉ ይዘቶችን ይዘው የወጡ የሕትመት ውጤቶች፣ አመጽ አልቀሰቀሱም፡፡ ይልቁንም የተቃውሞ አመጽ ተቀስቅሶባቸዋል፡፡ የሩዋንዳው የዘር ጭፍጨፋ ደግሞ በተቃራኒው አመጹ የተካሄደው በሚዲያዎቹ የጥላቻና ጥፋት ስብከት መሪነት ነው፡፡ በነዚህ ሁለት ምሳሌዎች መካከል ያለውን ልዩነት መረዳት ከባድ ላይሆን ይችላል፡፡ የአመጽ ቅስቀሳ ከመደረጉ በፊት ለመከላከል ያንን ዓይነት አዝማሚያ ያለውን የሚዲያ ተቋም ቀድሞ መቆጣጠር ግን ከባድ ይሆናል፡፡ የማይቻል ግን አይደለም፡፡ ይህንን የሚቻል-ከባድ የመንግሥት ሥራ ክፍተት የሚረዱ አምባገነኖች ሚዲያን (ወይም ሐሳብን የመግለጽ ነጻነትን) ለማፈኛ እንደምክንያት ይጠቀሙበታል፣ እየተጠቀሙበትም ነው፡፡<\/p>\n

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ኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ ያለው መንግሥት በብሔር ላይ ያተኮሩ አንዱን የሚያጠለሹ፣ ሌላውን ተበዳይ የሚያደርጉ የቁርሾ ታሪኮችን እንዲያውም በበጎ ሲመለከታቸውና ሲታገሳቸው ይታያል፡፡ የገዢው ፓርቲ አመሠራረትም ሆነ አቋቋም የብሔር በዳይ-ተበዳይ ግንኙነትን አጠፋለሁ በሚል ሥም ስለሆነ እነዚህ ዓይነቶቹ ትረካዎች የተስማሙት ይመስላል፡፡ ነገር ግን መንግሥት ለእነዚህ አደገኛ አዝማሚያ ላላቸው ሐሳቦች\/ጽሑፎች ያለውን ትዕግሥት ቅንጣት ታክል እንኳን ስርዓቱን ለሚተቹት የለውም፡፡ ይህም የሚያስገነዝበው መንግሥት ለሐሳብ ነጻነትም፣ ይሁን ሕዝቦች ላይ ለሚደርሰው አመጽ እንደማይጨነቅ፤ ይልቁንም ለሥልጣኑ ብቻ እንደሚሳሳ ነው፡፡ ሐሳብን በመግለጽ ነጻነት እና አመጽ በመቀስቀስ መካከል ያለው ልዩነት ጠርቶ በሕግና መመሪያ እንዲደነገግ የማይፈልገውም ለዚያው ነው፡፡<\/p>\n

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“ማንም ከብስጭት የመጠበቅ መብት የለውም፡፡ ይህ መብት እስከዛሬ ባነበብኳቸው ድንጋጌዎች ሁሉ ላይ የለም፡፡ ከተበሳጫችሁ፣ የራሳችሁ ችግር ነው፤ እንደእውነቱ ብዙ ነገሮች ብዙ ሰዎችን ያበሳጯቸዋል፡፡” ~ <\/span><\/i>አሕመድ ሰልማን ሩሽዲ!<\/p>\n

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This article is published on Addis_Gets magazine, on Tahsas 3, 2008 issue. <\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
Read more ›<\/a><\/div>\n

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