{"id":452566,"date":"2015-05-20T02:28:00","date_gmt":"2015-05-20T06:28:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mereja.com\/amharic\/?guid=63825efeeb9901ca5ebea48d0feb1e85"},"modified":"2015-05-20T02:28:00","modified_gmt":"2015-05-20T06:28:00","slug":"%e1%8a%a2%e1%89%b5%e1%8b%ae%e1%8c%b5%e1%8b%ab%e1%8b%8d%e1%8b%ab%e1%8a%95-%e1%89%85%e1%8b%b1%e1%88%b3%e1%8a%95-%e1%89%a0%e1%8a%a2%e1%89%b5%e1%8b%ae%e1%8c%b5%e1%8b%ab-%e1%89%a3%e1%88%95%e1%88%8d","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mereja.net\/amharic\/452566","title":{"rendered":"\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u1245\u12f1\u1233\u1295 \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1263\u1215\u120d \u12cd\u1235\u1325\u1361- <\u12a0\u1266> \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u121b\u1233\u12eb"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u121b\u1295 \u1293\u1278\u12cd?<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
<\/a><\/b><\/div>\n

<\/p>\n

\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235\u1293 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275(EMML 3051) 18\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u126013\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12c8\u12f0 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12e8\u1308\u1261 \u130d\u1265\u133b\u12ca \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u1218\u1228\u1303\u12ce\u127d \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u12c8\u12f0 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1308\u1261 \u12e8\u121a\u1263\u1208\u12cd \u1260\u12d0\u1344 \u120b\u120a\u1260\u120b \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1275\u12cd\u120d\u12f5 \u1266\u1273\u1278\u12cd \u1260\u120b\u12d5\u120b\u12ed \u130d\u1265\u133d \u1295\u1212\u1233   <\/span>(\u12e8\u12a0\u1201\u1291 \u1263\u1215\u1262\u1275 \u12a0\u120d \u1210\u130b\u122b) \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 [\u1260\u122d\u130d\u1325 \u12a0\u1295\u12f3\u1295\u12f5 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12ca \u1218\u1206\u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1364 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u130d\u1295 \u12e8\u12c8\u120b\u1306\u127b\u1278\u12cd \u1235\u121d \u1260\u121a\u1308\u1263 \u1208\u1218\u1273\u12c8\u1245 \u1263\u1208\u1218\u127b\u1209 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u12a5\u1293\u1273\u1278\u12cd \u12a0\u1245\u120c\u1235\u12eb (\u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295)\u1363 \u12a0\u1263\u1273\u1278\u12cd\u121d \u1235\u121d\u12d6\u1295 (\u12ab\u1205\u1295) \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1270\u1263\u1209\u1293 \u12e8\u12da\u1205\u121d \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1271 \u12a8\u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u12e8\u1270\u1308\u1299 \u1208\u121b\u1208\u1275 \u1218\u1206\u1291\u1295 \u12eb\u1235\u1228\u12f3\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u1348 \u1273\u122a\u12ad\u121d \u2039\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u12c8\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u1265\u1339\u12d0\u1295 \u12c8\u1245\u12f1\u1233\u1295 \u1270\u12c8\u120d\u12f1 \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u203a \u12ed\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361EMML 5538,f 55]<\/span><\/div>\n
\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u12a8500 \u12d3\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u1260\u120b\u12ed \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u121d\u12f5\u122d \u120b\u12ed \u1218\u1296\u122b\u1278\u12cd\u1295\u1293 \u12a8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u1238\u12cb \u1263\u1208\u12cd \u12ad\u134d\u120d \u1270\u12d8\u12cb\u12cd\u1228\u12cd \u121b\u1235\u1270\u121b\u122b\u1278\u12cd\u1295\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205\u121d \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1275 \u12dd\u124b\u120b \u12f0\u1265\u1228 \u12a8\u12cb\u12ad\u1265\u1275 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235\u1295\u1293 \u121d\u12f5\u1228 \u12a8\u1265\u12f5 \u1308\u12f3\u121b\u1275\u1295 \u1218\u1275\u12a8\u120b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1273\u12ab\u1278\u12cd \u12eb\u1233\u12eb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12eb\u1228\u1349\u1275 \u1260\u12d0\u1344 \u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u1293\u129d \u12d8\u1218\u1295 (1414-1418\u12d3\u121d) \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u133b\u12f5\u1241 \u1260\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u12a0\u1261\u12ec\u1363 \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122b\u12cd \u12a0\u1261\u1290\u1363 \u1260\u12a6\u122e\u121e\u12ce\u127d \u12d8\u1295\u12f5 \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12a0\u1266 \u1260\u1218\u1263\u120d \u12ed\u1273\u12c8\u1243\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12cb\u1293\u12ce\u1279 \u1308\u12f3\u121e\u127b\u1278\u12cd \u1201\u1208\u1275 \u1232\u1206\u1291 \u12dd\u124b\u120b \u1260\u12a6\u122e\u121d\u12eb \u12ad\u120d\u120d\u1363 \u121d\u12f5\u1228 \u12a8\u1265\u12f5 \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u1260\u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u12ad\u120d\u120d \u12ed\u1308\u129b\u1209\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/div>\n

<\/a> <\/p>\n

\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
1.      <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u12a8\u12cd\u132d \u1218\u1325\u1270\u12cd \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12a8\u1296\u1229 \u1245\u12f1\u1233\u1295 \u12a0\u1295\u12f1 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u1273\u12c8\u1241\u1275 \u1245\u12f1\u1233\u1295 \u12a8\u12a0\u1218\u1323\u1323\u1278\u12cd\u1293 \u12a0\u1297\u1297\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u12a0\u1295\u133b\u122d \u1260\u1226\u1235\u1275 \u12ed\u1218\u12f0\u1263\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1270\u12c8\u120d\u12f0\u12cd\u1293 \u1296\u1228\u12cd \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12eb\u1228\u1349(\u12a0\u1265\u12db\u129e\u1279 \u1245\u12f1\u1233\u1295 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u121d\u12f5\u1265 \u1293\u1278\u12cd)\u1363 \u12a8\u12cd\u132d \u1218\u1325\u1270\u12cd\u1293 \u1296\u1228\u12cd \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12eb\u1228\u1349(\u1230\u120b\u121b \u12a8\u1223\u1274 \u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295\u1363\u121b\u1285\u1260\u1228 \u133b\u12f5\u1243\u1295\u1363 \u1270\u1230\u12d3\u1271 \u1245\u12f1\u1233\u1295\u1363 \u12a0\u1263 \u120a\u1263\u1296\u1235\u1363 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235\u1363 \u12a5\u1328\u130c \u12d5\u1295\u1263\u1246\u121d) \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1270\u12c8\u120d\u12f0\u12cd \u12cd\u132d \u1296\u1228\u12cd \u12eb\u1228\u1349(\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u12a4\u12ce\u1235\u1323\u1274\u12ce\u1235\u1363 \u1219\u1234 \u1338\u120a\u121d\u1363 \u1219\u1234 \u1210\u1260\u123b\u12cd(\u1219\u1233 \u12a0\u120d \u1210\u1260\u123d)\u1363\u1308\u1265\u1228 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1276\u1235(\u12a0\u1265\u12f1\u120d \u1218\u1232\u1215))\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u1260\u12cd\u132d \u1200\u1308\u122d \u1270\u12c8\u120d\u12f0\u12cd \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1218\u1325\u1270\u12cd \u1296\u1228\u12cd \u12ab\u1228\u1349\u1275 \u1245\u12f1\u1233\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u1218\u12f0\u1261 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
2 <\/b><\/span>1<\/span>.  <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1260\u1241\u121d \u12a8\u121a\u1233\u1209 \u1325\u1295\u1273\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u1225\u12d5\u120e\u127d \u12a0\u1295\u12f1 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u12e8\u130d\u12f5\u130d\u12f3\u1293 \u12e8\u1265\u122b\u1293 \u120b\u12ed \u1225\u12d5\u120e\u127d \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u1208\u1265\u127b\u1278\u12cd \u1260\u1241\u121d \u1260\u12a0\u1265\u12db\u129e\u1279 \u12a0\u1265\u12eb\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1293\u1275 \u12a8\u121a\u1233\u1209\u1275 \u12a0\u122b\u1275 \u1245\u12f1\u1233\u1295 (\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275\u1363 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u12a4\u12ce\u1235\u1323\u1274\u12ce\u1235\u1363 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235\u1293 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u12a0\u1228\u130b\u12ca) \u12a0\u1295\u12f1 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1241\u121d \u1225\u12d5\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u12a8\u12c8\u120e \u1308\u1290\u1270 \u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263 \u1260\u121a\u1308\u1299 \u12a0\u1265\u12eb\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1293\u1275 \u130d\u12f5\u130d\u12f3 \u120b\u12ed \u12ed\u1308\u129b\u120d\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
3 2.<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u12a8\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u1240\u1325\u1208\u12cd \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u12a8\u1260\u1229 \u133b\u12f5\u1245 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12601990 \u12d3\u121d \u1260\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u12e8\u1230\u1260\u12ab \u1309\u1263\u12a4 \u12e8\u12a0\u1265\u12eb\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1293\u1275 \u1245\u133d \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u1260\u1218\u120b \u1200\u1308\u122a\u1271 \u12a82620 \u1260\u120b\u12ed \u1260\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u1235\u121d \u12e8\u121a\u1320\u1229 \u12a0\u1265\u12eb\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1293\u1275 \u1290\u1260\u1229\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
4 3.<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u12e8\u1295\u1309\u1225 \u12d0\u12cb\u1305 \u1245\u12f5\u1235\u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12ab\u12c8\u1300\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u1245\u12f1\u1233\u1295 \u12a0\u1295\u12f1 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12d3\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u1260\u1218\u130b\u1262\u1275\u1293 \u1260\u1325\u1245\u121d\u1275 5\u1363 \u1260\u1325\u1245\u121d\u1275 27 \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u1273\u1285\u1223\u1225 29 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1206\u1295 \u1295\u1309\u1225 \u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u1293\u129d \u12d0\u12cd\u1307\u120d\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
5 4. <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u126014\/15\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12e8\u1338\u120e\u1275 \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275 \u12e8\u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1270 \u1338\u120e\u1275 \u1245\u12f0\u121d \u1270\u12a8\u1270\u120d \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u12a8\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u1240\u1325\u1208\u12cd \u1208\u121d\u120d\u1303 \u12e8\u121a\u1320\u1229\u1275 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
6 5.<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1260\u1230\u12d3\u1273\u1275\u1293 \u12aa\u12f3\u1295 \u1338\u120e\u1275 \u130a\u12dc \u1308\u12f5\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u12a8\u121a\u1290\u1260\u1261 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u1245\u12f1\u1233\u1295 (\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275\u1363 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235\u1363 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u12a0\u1228\u130b\u12ca) \u12a0\u1295\u12f1 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
7 6. <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u12e8\u12a0\u122b\u12ca\u1275 \u12a0\u1263\u1276\u127d \u12a8\u121a\u1263\u1209\u1275(\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1233\u1219\u12a4\u120d \u12d8\u12cb\u120d\u12f5\u1263\u1363 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u12a0\u1228\u130b\u12ca\u1363 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1260\u122d\u1270\u120e\u121c\u12ce\u1235) \u12a0\u1295\u12f1 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u1260\u1215\u12dd\u1261 \u1263\u1215\u120d \u12cd\u1235\u1325\u1364 \u1208\u121d\u1295?<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u12a8\u120c\u120e\u127d \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u1245\u12f1\u1233\u1295 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12e8 \u1260\u1215\u12dd\u1261 \u1263\u1215\u120d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1266\u1273 \u12a0\u120b\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1215\u12dd\u1261 \u1263\u1215\u120d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1266\u1273 \u1260\u1218\u12eb\u12dd \u12a8\u1245\u12f5\u1235\u1275 \u12f5\u1295\u130d\u120d \u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d \u1240\u1325\u120e \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u1266\u1273 \u1233\u12ed\u12d9 \u12a0\u12ed\u1240\u1229\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12da\u1205\u1295 \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1275 \u1260\u122d\u130d\u1320\u129b\u1290\u1275 \u1218\u1293\u1308\u122d \u12a8\u1263\u12f5 \u12ed\u1218\u1235\u1208\u129b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12a5\u1294 \u130d\u121d\u1275 \u130d\u1295 \u12a8\u1201\u1208\u1275 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u12e8\u1218\u1290\u1328 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
1.      <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u1260\u123d\u121d\u130d\u120d\u1293\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1273\u12c8\u1241 \u133b\u12f5\u1245 \u1260\u1218\u1206\u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1293 \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u12d8\u1295\u12f5 \u123d\u121b\u130d\u120c \u12ab\u1208\u12cd \u12e8\u12a8\u1260\u122c\u1273 \u1225\u134d\u122b \u12e8\u1218\u1290\u1328 \u120a\u1206\u1295 \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
2.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1232\u1218\u1321 \u12a8\u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u120b\u120a\u1260\u120b\u1363 \u1232\u12eb\u122d\u1349 \u12a8\u1295\u1309\u1225 \u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u1293\u129d \u130b\u122d \u12a8\u1290\u1260\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u130d\u1295\u1299\u1290\u1275 \u1263\u1208\u1348 \u12a8\u1264\u1270 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271 \u122d\u1240\u12cd \u12e8\u1296\u1229 \u1215\u12dd\u1263\u12ca \u12a0\u1263\u1275 \u1260\u1218\u1206\u1293\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u1270\u1290\u1223 \u12e8\u1270\u1348\u1320\u1228 \u1215\u12dd\u1263\u12ca \u1245\u1261\u120d\u1290\u1275 \u120a\u1206\u1295 \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u121b\u1233\u12eb\u12ce\u127d<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\u1369. \u1260\u12ed\u1275\u1260\u1203\u120e\u127d<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
1.      <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u12a0\u1235\u1273\u122b\u1242\u1290\u1275\u1361- \u1290\u1265\u122d\u1293 \u12a0\u1295\u1260\u1233 \u12a0\u12ed\u1235\u121b\u1219\u121d\u1364 \u1260\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u1225\u12d5\u120d \u1225\u122d \u130d\u1295 \u1290\u1265\u122d\u1293 \u12a0\u1295\u1260\u1233 \u1270\u1235\u121b\u121d\u1270\u12cd \u12ed\u1273\u12eb\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u12e8\u1270\u1290\u1223 \u1208\u1218\u1273\u1228\u1245 \u12a0\u1235\u1278\u130b\u122a \u12e8\u1206\u1291 \u1230\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u1208\u121b\u1235\u1273\u1228\u1245 \u12e8\u121a\u1204\u12f1 \u123d\u121b\u130d\u120c\u12ce\u127d \u2039\u12a0\u1266\u1295 \u1206\u1290\u1295 \u1218\u1325\u1270\u1293\u120d\u203a \u12ed\u120b\u1209\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
2.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u12e8\u12a0\u1266 \u1320\u1260\u120d\u1361- \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1230\u12cd \u12a5\u12e8\u1270\u1218\u1308\u1260 \u1262\u12eb\u1295\u1240\u12cd \u2039\u12e8\u12a0\u1266 \u1320\u1260\u120d\u203a \u12a5\u12eb\u120d\u12ad \u12cd\u1283\u1295 \u1226\u1235\u1275 \u130a\u12dc \u1320\u1323\u12cd \u12ed\u1263\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
3.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u12e8\u12a0\u1266 \u1265\u1245\u120d\u1361- \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1230\u12cd \u12a8\u121b\u12eb\u12cd\u1240\u12cd \u1266\u1273 \u1235\u1219 \u1262\u1320\u122b\u1293 \u1260\u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12cd\u1240\u12cd\u1295 \u1230\u12cd \u1262\u12eb\u1323 \u12e8\u1320\u122b\u12cd \u1230\u12ed\u1323\u1295 \u120a\u1206\u1295 \u1235\u1208\u121a\u127d\u120d \u2039\u2039\u12e8\u12a0\u1266\u1295 \u1265\u1245\u120d \u12a5\u1348\u132b\u1208\u1201\u203a \u1260\u120d \u12ed\u1263\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
4.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u12e8\u12a0\u1266 \u1218\u1308\u1260\u122a\u12eb\u1361- \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1230\u12cd \u12a0\u1295\u12f5\u1295 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u12a0\u1325\u134d\u1276 \u1270\u1220\u12cd\u122e \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121b\u12ed\u1240\u1218\u1325 \u1208\u1218\u130d\u1208\u1325 \u2039\u2039\u12e8\u12a0\u1266\u1295 \u1218\u1308\u1260\u122a\u12eb \u12e8\u1260\u120b \u1232\u1208\u1348\u120d\u134d \u12ed\u12cd\u120b\u120d\u203a\u203a \u12ed\u1263\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
5.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u12a0\u1266 \u1230\u1325\u1361- \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1230\u12cd \u12e8\u121b\u12eb\u12cd\u1240\u12cd\u1295 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u1260\u130d\u121d\u1275 \u1232\u1293\u1308\u122d \u2039\u12a0\u1266 \u1230\u1325\u203a \u12ed\u1263\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
6.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1260\u12a0\u1266 \u12ed\u12e4\u1203\u1208\u1201\u1361- \u12a0\u122b\u12ca\u1275 \u12e8\u1264\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u1235\u1233\u1275\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u12ed\u1260\u1209\u1263\u1278\u12cd \u1308\u1260\u122c\u12ce\u127d \u2039\u1260\u12a0\u1266 \u12ed\u12e4\u1203\u1208\u1201\u203a \u1265\u1208\u12cd \u12ed\u1308\u12dd\u1277\u1278\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
7.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u12e8\u12a0\u1266 \u1218\u1295\u1308\u12f5\u1361- \u1260\u1230\u121c\u1295 \u1238\u12cb \u1218\u122b\u129b \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u1263\u1209 \u1215\u12dd\u1266\u127d \u12d8\u1295\u12f5 \u2039\u12e8\u12a0\u1266 \u1218\u1295\u1308\u12f5\u203a \u12e8\u121a\u1263\u120d \u1265\u1202\u120d \u12a0\u1208\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u121a\u12f3 \u12a8\u121a\u1308\u1298\u12cd \u12e8\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1218\u120d\u12a8 \u133c\u12f4\u1245 \u1308\u12f3\u121d \u1325\u1242\u1275 \u130a\u12dc \u1246\u12ed\u1270\u12cb\u120d \u12ed\u1263\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u128b\u120b \u12a8\u12da\u12eb \u1308\u12f3\u121d \u1232\u12c8\u1321 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1218\u120d\u12a8 \u133c\u12f4\u1245 \u2039\u2039\u12e8\u1275 \u120a\u1204\u12f1 \u1290\u12cd\u203a\u203a \u1265\u1208\u12cd \u1262\u1320\u12ed\u124b\u1278\u12cd \u2039\u12a5\u122d\u1231 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1218\u122b\u129d\u203a\u203a \u1265\u1208\u12cd \u1218\u1208\u1231\u120b\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u1270\u121b\u12cd \u2039\u2039\u1218\u122b\u129b\u203a. \u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1208\u12cd \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1275 \u1290\u12cd \u12ed\u1263\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1273\u12f5\u12eb \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1275 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1230\u12cd \u1218\u12f5\u1228\u123b\u12cd\u1295 \u1260\u12cd\u120d \u1233\u12eb\u12cd\u1240\u12cd \u1218\u1295\u1308\u12f5 \u1232\u1300\u121d\u122d \u1218\u1295\u1308\u12f1 \u2039\u12e8\u12a0\u1266 \u1218\u1295\u1308\u12f5\u203a \u12ed\u1263\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
8.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u12e8\u12a0\u1266 \u1241\u122b\u1361- \u1230\u12ed\u1323\u1295 \u1260\u1241\u122b \u1270\u1218\u1235\u120e \u12e8\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235\u1295 \u12d3\u12ed\u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u120a\u12eb\u12c8\u1323 \u1235\u1208\u1218\u1323 \u1260\u130e \u1290\u1308\u122d \u12e8\u12eb\u12d8 \u1218\u1235\u120e \u12e8\u121a\u1218\u1323 \u12ad\u1349 \u1230\u12cd \u2039\u12e8\u12a0\u1266 \u1241\u122b\u203a \u12ed\u1263\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
9.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1260\u12a0\u1266 \u1260\u1225\u120b\u1234\u1361- \u1260\u1215\u12dd\u1261 \u1265\u1202\u120d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12a8\u1225\u120b\u1234 \u130b\u122d \u1270\u12eb\u12ed\u12d8\u12cd \u1265\u12d9 \u130a\u12dc \u12e8\u121a\u1320\u1229\u1275 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u2039\u1260\u12a0\u1266 \u1260\u1225\u120b\u1234\u203a \u1232\u1263\u120d \u12a0\u1325\u1265\u1246 \u1218\u1208\u1218\u1295 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1215\u12dd\u1263\u12ca \u1218\u12dd\u1219\u122e\u127d\u121d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u2039\u1260\u12a0\u121d\u1235\u1275 \u12a0\u1266 \u1293\u1278\u12cd \u1260\u1230\u1263\u1275 \u1225\u120b\u1234\u203a \u12e8\u121a\u120d \u1210\u1228\u130d \u1260\u1270\u12f0\u130b\u130b\u121a \u12ed\u1230\u121b\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
\u136a. \u1260\u1263\u1215\u120b\u12ca \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1246\u1320\u122b<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\u12a0\u1266 \u1260\u1308\u1260\u122c\u12cd \u12e8\u12c8\u1245\u1275 \u12a0\u12a8\u134b\u1348\u120d \u12e8\u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1218\u12ad\u1348\u12eb \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
1.      <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1260\u1308\u1260\u122c\u12cd \u12e8\u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1246\u1320\u122b \u12ad\u1228\u121d\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1263\u12cd \u2039\u12e8\u1210\u121d\u120c \u12a0\u1266\u203a \u12d5\u1208\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u121a\u12c8\u1323\u12cd \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u2039\u12e8\u1325\u1245\u121d\u1275 \u12a0\u1266\u203a\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
2.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1260\u120d\u130d \u12ed\u1308\u1263\u120d \u12e8\u121a\u1263\u1208\u12cd \u1260\u12e8\u12ab\u1272\u1275 \u12a0\u1266 \u1235\u1208\u1206\u1290 \u1308\u1260\u122c\u12cd \u2039\u12e8\u12ab\u1272\u1275 \u12a0\u1266\u1295 \u12a0\u12ed\u1270\u1205 \u1270\u1230\u12f0\u12f5\u203a \u12ed\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12e8\u12ab\u1272\u1275 \u12a0\u1266 \u12dd\u1293\u1265 \u12ab\u120d\u1323\u1208 \u1260\u120d\u130d \u12e8\u1208\u121d \u121b\u1208\u1275 \u1235\u1208\u1206\u1290 \u1200\u1308\u122d\u1205\u1295 \u120d\u1240\u1245 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1364<\/span><\/div>\n
3.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1260\u1308\u1260\u122c\u12cd \u12d8\u1295\u12f5 \u12e8\u12c8\u1229 \u1218\u130d\u1262\u12eb \u12e8\u12a0\u1266 \u1240\u1295 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1240\u1320\u122e \u1232\u12ed\u12dd \u2039\u12a0\u1266 \u1260\u12cb\u1208 \u1260\u12da\u1205\u129b\u12cd \u1240\u1295\u203a \u1265\u120e \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
      <\/span>\u136b<\/span><\/b>. \u12a0\u1266\u1293 \u12d0\u122d\u1260\u129b\u1290\u1275 <\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\u12e8\u12a0\u1266<\/span> \u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u12ab\u1205\u1293\u1275 \u1260\u12a0\u1295\u12ae\u1260\u122d\u1363 \u1260\u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d\u1293 \u1260\u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263 \u1235\u121b\u1278\u12cd \u12a8\u12d0\u122d\u1260\u129b\u1290\u1275 \u130b\u122d \u12ed\u1290\u1223\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1226\u1235\u1271\u121d \u1266\u1273 \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1299\u1275 \u12e8\u12a0\u1266 \u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u12ab\u1205\u1293\u1275 \u1260\u12a0\u121d\u1235\u1275 \u12d3\u1218\u1271 \u12e8\u1323\u120d\u12eb\u1295 \u12c8\u1228\u122b \u1260\u130d\u120d\u133d \u12a0\u122d\u1260\u129e\u127d\u1295 \u12f0\u130d\u1348\u12cb\u120d\u1363 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1260\u1228\u1210 \u12c8\u122d\u12f0\u12cd\u121d \u1273\u130d\u1208\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u121d\u12ad\u12eb\u1275\u121d \u1226\u1235\u1271\u121d \u12a0\u1265\u12eb\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1293\u1275 \u1260\u1323\u120d\u12eb\u1295 \u12dd\u122d\u134a\u12eb\u1293 \u12a0\u12f0\u130b \u12f0\u122d\u1236\u1263\u1278\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1226\u1235\u1271\u121d \u12ab\u1205\u1293\u1275 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1260\u1228\u1210 \u1232\u1308\u1261 \u12e8\u1308\u1320\u1219\u1275 \u130d\u1325\u121d\u121d \u1260\u1225\u1290 \u1243\u120b\u127d\u1295 \u1270\u120b\u120d\u134e \u12a5\u129b \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12f0\u122d\u1237\u120d\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
\u12a0\u1295\u12ae\u1260\u122d\u1361-<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/div>\n
\u12a0\u1261\u12ec\u1295 \u1265\u12ec \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u12ed\u1205\u1295 \u1201\u1209 \u121b\u12ed<\/span><\/div>\n
\u12a0\u1308\u122c \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d \u12c8\u12ed \u12e0\u121b\u1293 \u12a0\u12f3\u1263\u12ed<\/span><\/div>\n
\u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d<\/span><\/div>\n
\u134a\u1275 \u12a0\u1266 \u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d\u1361-<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/div>\n
\u12a5\u1295\u12b3\u1295 \u12a5\u1294 \u1300\u130d\u1293\u12cd \u12e8\u134a\u1275 \u12a0\u1266 \u120d\u1305<\/span><\/div>\n
\u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122c \u1208\u1323\u120d\u12eb\u1295 \u12a0\u12ed\u1230\u1320\u12cd\u121d \u12a5\u1305<\/span><\/div>\n
\u1240\u1260\u1293 \u12a0\u1266\u1363 \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263\u1361-<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/div>\n
\u12c8\u130d\u1305\u120d\u129d \u12f5\u1313 \u12c8\u130d\u1305\u120d\u129d \u1245\u1294<\/span><\/div>\n
\u12c8\u1295\u12f6\u127d \u12a8\u12cb\u1209\u1260\u1275 \u12a5\u12cd\u120b\u1208\u1201 \u12a5\u1294 <\/span><\/div>\n
\u136c. \u1235\u121d\u1293 \u12a0\u1266<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12a0\u1201\u1295 \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u1263\u1208\u12cd \u1263\u1215\u120d \u12a8\u12a5\u130d\u12da\u12a0\u1265\u1214\u122d\u1293 \u12a8\u1245\u12f5\u1235\u1275 \u12f5\u1295\u130d\u120d \u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d \u1235\u121e\u127d \u12cd\u132d \u1235\u121b\u1278\u12cd \u1235\u121d \u12e8\u121a\u1206\u1290\u12cd \u12a0\u1266 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u2039\u12a0\u1266 \u1290\u123d\u1363 \u12a0\u1266 \u1290\u1205\u203a \u12e8\u121a\u120d \u1235\u121d \u12a0\u1208\u1295\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u120c\u120e\u1279 \u1245\u12f1\u1233\u1295 \u130d\u1295 \u12e8\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12d8\u122d\u134d \u12ed\u1328\u1218\u122d\u1260\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12c8\u1208\u1270\u1363 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121a\u1208\u12cd \u12eb\u1208\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
\u136d. \u12a0\u1266\u1293 \u1320\u1260\u120d<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\u12e8\u1308\u1320\u122d \u1230\u12cd \u1275\u12f3\u122d \u1232\u12ed\u12dd \u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb \u12e8\u121a\u1320\u1323\u12cd \u12a0\u1266\u1295 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1266\u1295 \u1240\u12f5\u121e \u12e8\u1320\u1323 \u1275\u12f3\u1229 \u12ed\u1220\u121d\u122b\u120d\u1363 \u12a8\u1230\u12cd\u121d \u130b\u122d \u1260\u1230\u120b\u121d \u12ed\u1296\u122b\u120d \u1270\u1265\u120e \u12ed\u1273\u1218\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
\u136e. \u12a0\u1266 \u12e8\u1245\u1294 \u1218\u121b\u122a\u12eb<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\u2039\u12a0\u1266 \u1245\u1294\u203a \u1208\u1245\u1294 \u1270\u121b\u122a \u12e8\u1218\u121b\u122a\u12eb \u1201\u1208\u1275 \u1264\u1275 \u1245\u1294 \u1290\u12cd<\/span><\/div>\n
\u2039\u12a0\u1266 \u12cd\u122d\u12dd\u12cd \u12a5\u121d\u1290 \u12a9\u1209 \u1260\u1208\u1321<\/span><\/div>\n
\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12a5\u1295\u1300\u122b \u1260\u1328\u12cd \u12a5\u1235\u1218 \u1260\u121b\u1208\u12f3 \u1208\u121d\u1320\u1321 <\/span><\/div>\n
\u121b\u1320\u1243\u1208\u12eb <\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\u12a8\u120b\u12ed \u12eb\u12e8\u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1225\u1290 \u1243\u120b\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u1218\u1228\u1303\u12ce\u127d \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u1235\u1293\u12f0\u122d\u130d \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u12a8\u120c\u120e\u127d \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u1245\u12f1\u1233\u1295 \u1260\u120b\u12ed \u1260\u1215\u12dd\u1261 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1263\u1215\u120b\u12ca \u1266\u1273 \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u12eb\u1233\u12e8\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12da\u1205 \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1271 \u121d\u1293\u120d\u1263\u1275 \u2039\u123d\u121d\u130d\u120d\u1293\u1278\u12cd\u203a \u123d\u121d\u130d\u120d\u1293\u1295 \u12a8\u121a\u12eb\u12a8\u1265\u1228\u12cd \u1263\u1215\u120b\u127d\u1295 \u130b\u122d \u1270\u1235\u121b\u121d\u1276 \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u12a0\u1265\u12db\u129b\u12cd \u1273\u122a\u12ab\u1278\u12cd \u12a8\u1264\u1270 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12e8\u122b\u1240 \u1218\u1206\u1291 \u1215\u12dd\u1263\u12ca \u1245\u1261\u120d\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u1235\u120b\u1235\u1308\u1298\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u120a\u1206\u1295 \u12ed\u127d\u120d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1206\u1290 \u12a5\u1295\u1303\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u1228\u1308\u12f5 \u12a8\u12a5\u122d\u1233\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u120b\u1240 \u1263\u1215\u120b\u12ca \u1266\u1273 \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u12d8\u1295\u12f5 \u12eb\u120b\u1275 \u1245\u12f5\u1235\u1275 \u12f5\u1295\u130d\u120d \u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d \u1293\u1275(\u12e8\u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d \u1218\u1240\u1290\u1275\u1363 \u12e8\u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d \u12a0\u122b\u1235\u1363 \u12e8\u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d \u1348\u1228\u1235\u1363 \u12e8\u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d \u130d\u122d\u12dd\u1363 \u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d \u1260\u123d\u120d\u121d \u1273\u12cd\u1323\u123d\u1363 \u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d \u1275\u1245\u1228\u1265\u123d\u1363 \u12c8\u12d8\u1270)\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
\u12ed\u1205 \u12e8\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u1218\u1295\u1348\u1235 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u1263\u1215\u120b\u12ca \u1266\u1273 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u1245\u12f1\u1233\u1295 \u1260\u12a5\u121d\u1290\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12ab\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u1266\u1273 \u1260\u1270\u1328\u121b\u122a \u1260\u1215\u12dd\u1261 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12eb\u120b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1200\u1308\u122b\u12ca \u1225\u134d\u122b \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1233\u12ed\u1363 \u12a5\u1290\u122d\u1231\u1295 \u1260\u1270\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1270 \u12e8\u121d\u1295\u1220\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u1225\u122b\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u1275 \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u12e8\u1215\u12dd\u1261\u1295 \u1273\u122a\u12ab\u12ca\u1293 \u1263\u1215\u120b\u12ca \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u132d\u121d\u122d \u120a\u12eb\u1295\u1339 \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u120a\u1295\u12f1 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121a\u127d\u1209 \u12f0\u130d\u1218\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f5\u1293\u1235\u1265 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1218\u1208\u12ad\u1270\u1295 \u121b\u1233\u12eb \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
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\u120b\u1235 \u126c\u130b\u1235\u1363 \u1294\u126b\u12f3<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n

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አቡነ ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስ ማን ናቸው?<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
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አቡነ ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስና አቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖት(EMML 3051) 18ኛው መክዘ<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
አቡነ ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስ በ13ኛው መክዘ ወደ ኢትዮጵያ የገቡ ግብጻዊ ቅዱስ ናቸው፡፡ በኢትዮጵያ ቤተ ክርስቲያን መረጃዎች መሠረት ወደ ኢትዮጵያ ገቡ የሚባለው በዐፄ ላሊበላ ዘመን ነው፡፡ የትውልድ ቦታቸው በላዕላይ ግብጽ ንሒሳ   <\/span>(የአሁኑ ባሕቢት አል ሐጋራ) ነው፡፡ [በርግጥ አንዳንድ ሊቃውንት አቡነ ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስ ኢትዮጵያዊ መሆናቸው፤ ነገር ግን የወላጆቻቸው ስም በሚገባ ለመታወቅ ባለመቻሉ አቡነ ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስ እናታቸው አቅሌስያ (ቤተ ክርስቲያን)፣ አባታቸውም ስምዖን (ካህን) እንደተባሉና የዚህም ምክንያቱ ከቤተ ክርስቲያን የተገኙ ለማለት መሆኑን ያስረዳሉ፡፡ አንድ መጽሐፈ ታሪክም ‹አቡነ ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስ ወአቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖት ብጹዐን ወቅዱሳን ተወልዱ በኢትዮጵያ› ይላል፡፡EMML 5538,f 55]<\/span><\/div>\n
አቡነ ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስ ከ500 ዓመታት በላይ በዚህ ምድር ላይ መኖራቸውንና ከትግራይ እስከ ሸዋ ባለው ክፍል ተዘዋውረው ማስተማራቸውን፡፡ በዚህም ምክንያት ዝቋላ ደብረ ከዋክብት አቡነ ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስንና ምድረ ከብድ ገዳማትን መትከላቸውን ታካቸው ያሳያል፡፡ ያረፉት በዐፄ ሕዝብ ናኝ ዘመን (1414-1418ዓም) ነው፡፡ ጻድቁ በትግራይ አቡዬ፣ በአማራው አቡነ፣ በኦሮሞዎች ዘንድ ደግሞ አቦ በመባል ይታወቃሉ፡፡ ዋናዎቹ ገዳሞቻቸው ሁለት ሲሆኑ ዝቋላ በኦሮምያ ክልል፣ ምድረ ከብድ ደግሞ በደቡብ ክልል ይገኛሉ፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
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አቡነ ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስ በኢትዮጵያ ቤተ ክርስቲያን<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
1.      <\/span><\/span><\/span>ከውጭ መጥተው ኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ ከኖሩ ቅዱሳን አንዱ ናቸው፡፡ በኢትዮጵያ ቤተ ክርስቲያን የሚታወቁት ቅዱሳን ከአመጣጣቸውና አኗኗራቸው አንጻር በሦስት ይመደባሉ፡፡ ኢትዮጵያ ተወልደውና ኖረው ኢትዮጵያ ያረፉ(አብዛኞቹ ቅዱሳን በዚህ ምድብ ናቸው)፣ ከውጭ መጥተውና ኖረው ኢትዮጵያ ያረፉ(ሰላማ ከሣቴ ብርሃን፣ማኅበረ ጻድቃን፣ ተሰዓቱ ቅዱሳን፣ አባ ሊባኖስ፣ አቡነ ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስ፣ እጨጌ ዕንባቆም) ኢትዮጵያ ተወልደው ውጭ ኖረው ያረፉ(አቡነ ኤዎስጣቴዎስ፣ ሙሴ ጸሊም፣ ሙሴ ሐበሻው(ሙሳ አል ሐበሽ)፣ገብረ ክርስቶስ(አብዱል መሲሕ))፡፡ አቡነ ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስ በውጭ ሀገር ተወልደው ኢትዮጵያ መጥተው ኖረው ካረፉት ቅዱሳን የሚመደቡ ናቸው፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
2 <\/b><\/span>1<\/span>.  <\/span><\/span><\/span>በቁም ከሚሳሉ ጥንታውያን ሥዕሎች አንዱ ናቸው፡፡ በኢትዮጵያ ቤተ ክርስቲያን የግድግዳና የብራና ላይ ሥዕሎች መካከል ለብቻቸው በቁም በአብዛኞቹ አብያተ ክርስቲያናት ከሚሳሉት አራት ቅዱሳን (አቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖት፣ አቡነ ኤዎስጣቴዎስ፣ አቡነ ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስና አቡነ አረጋዊ) አንዱ ናቸው፡፡ የቁም ሥዕላቸው ከወሎ ገነተ ማርያም እስከ አዲስ አበባ በሚገኙ አብያተ ክርስቲያናት ግድግዳ ላይ ይገኛል፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
3 2.<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>ከአቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖት ቀጥለው በኢትዮጵያ ቤተ ክርስቲያን የሚከበሩ ጻድቅ ናቸው፡፡ በ1990 ዓም በነበረው የሰበካ ጉባኤ የአብያተ ክርስቲያናት ቅጽ መሠረት በመላ ሀገሪቱ ከ2620 በላይ በአቡነ ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስ ስም የሚጠሩ አብያተ ክርስቲያናት ነበሩ፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
4 3.<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>የንጉሥ ዐዋጅ ቅድስናቸውን ካወጀላቸው ቅዱሳን አንዱ ናቸው፡፡ በዓላቸው በመጋቢትና በጥቅምት 5፣ በጥቅምት 27 እና በታኅሣሥ 29 እንዲሆን ንጉሥ ሕዝብ ናኝ ዐውጇል፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
5 4. <\/span><\/span><\/span>በ14\/15ኛው መክዘ የጸሎት መጻሕፍት የሥርዓተ ጸሎት ቅደም ተከተል መሠረት ከአቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖት ቀጥለው ለምልጃ የሚጠሩት ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስ ናቸው፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
6 5.<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span>በሰዓታትና ኪዳን ጸሎት ጊዜ ገድላቸው ከሚነበቡ ኢትዮጵያውያን ቅዱሳን (አቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖት፣ አቡነ ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስ፣ አቡነ አረጋዊ) አንዱ ናቸው፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
7 6. <\/span><\/span><\/span>የአራዊት አባቶች ከሚባሉት(አቡነ ሳሙኤል ዘዋልድባ፣ አቡነ አረጋዊ፣ አቡነ በርተሎሜዎስ) አንዱ ናቸው፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
አቡነ ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስ በሕዝቡ ባሕል ውስጥ፤ ለምን?<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
አቡነ ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስ ከሌሎች ኢትዮጵያውያን ቅዱሳን በተለየ በሕዝቡ ባሕል ውስጥ ቦታ አላቸው፡፡ በሕዝቡ ባሕል ውስጥ ቦታ በመያዝ ከቅድስት ድንግል ማርያም ቀጥሎ ያለውን ቦታ ሳይዙ አይቀሩም፡፡ የዚህን ምክንያት በርግጠኛነት መናገር ከባድ ይመስለኛል፡፡ የእኔ ግምት ግን ከሁለት ነገር የመነጨ ነው፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
1.      <\/span><\/span><\/span>አቡነ ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስ በሽምግልናቸው የሚታወቁ ጻድቅ በመሆናቸውና በኢትዮጵያውያን ዘንድ ሽማግሌ ካለው የከበሬታ ሥፍራ የመነጨ ሊሆን ይችላል፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
2.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>ሲመጡ ከቅዱስ ላሊበላ፣ ሲያርፉ ከንጉሥ ሕዝብ ናኝ ጋር ከነበራቸው ግንኙነት ባለፈ ከቤተ መንግሥቱ ርቀው የኖሩ ሕዝባዊ አባት በመሆናቸው የተነሣ የተፈጠረ ሕዝባዊ ቅቡልነት ሊሆን ይችላል፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
ማሳያዎች<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
፩. በይትበሃሎች<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
1.      <\/span><\/span><\/span>አስታራቂነት፡- ነብርና አንበሳ አይስማሙም፤ በአቡነ ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስ ሥዕል ሥር ግን ነብርና አንበሳ ተስማምተው ይታያሉ፡፡ በዚህ የተነሣ ለመታረቅ አስቸጋሪ የሆኑ ሰዎችን ለማስታረቅ የሚሄዱ ሽማግሌዎች ‹አቦን ሆነን መጥተናል› ይላሉ፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
2.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>የአቦ ጠበል፡- አንድ ሰው እየተመገበ ቢያንቀው ‹የአቦ ጠበል› እያልክ ውኃን ሦስት ጊዜ ጠጣው ይባላል፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
3.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>የአቦ ብቅል፡- አንድ ሰው ከማያውቀው ቦታ ስሙ ቢጠራና በአካባቢው የሚያውቀውን ሰው ቢያጣ የጠራው ሰይጣን ሊሆን ስለሚችል ‹‹የአቦን ብቅል እፈጫለሁ› በል ይባላል፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
4.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>የአቦ መገበሪያ፡- አንድ ሰው አንድን ነገር አጥፍቶ ተሠውሮ እንደማይቀመጥ ለመግለጥ ‹‹የአቦን መገበሪያ የበላ ሲለፈልፍ ይውላል›› ይባላል፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
5.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>አቦ ሰጥ፡- አንድ ሰው የማያውቀውን ነገር በግምት ሲናገር ‹አቦ ሰጥ› ይባላል፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
6.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>በአቦ ይዤሃለሁ፡- አራዊት የቤት እንስሳትን እንዳይበሉባቸው ገበሬዎች ‹በአቦ ይዤሃለሁ› ብለው ይገዝቷቸዋል፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
7.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>የአቦ መንገድ፡- በሰሜን ሸዋ መራኛ አካባቢ ባሉ ሕዝቦች ዘንድ ‹የአቦ መንገድ› የሚባል ብሂል አለ፡፡ አቡነ ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስ ሚዳ ከሚገኘው የአቡነ መልከ ጼዴቅ ገዳም ጥቂት ጊዜ ቆይተዋል ይባላል፡፡ በኋላ ከዚያ ገዳም ሲወጡ አቡነ መልከ ጼዴቅ ‹‹የት ሊሄዱ ነው›› ብለው ቢጠይቋቸው ‹እርሱ ወደ መራኝ›› ብለው መለሱላቸው፡፡ ከተማው ‹‹መራኛ›. የተባለው በዚህ ምክንያት ነው ይባላል፡፡ ታድያ በዚህ ምክንያት አንድ ሰው መድረሻውን በውል ሳያውቀው መንገድ ሲጀምር መንገዱ ‹የአቦ መንገድ› ይባላል፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
8.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>የአቦ ቁራ፡- ሰይጣን በቁራ ተመስሎ የአቡነ ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስን ዓይናቸውን ሊያወጣ ስለመጣ በጎ ነገር የያዘ መስሎ የሚመጣ ክፉ ሰው ‹የአቦ ቁራ› ይባላል፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
9.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>በአቦ በሥላሴ፡- በሕዝቡ ብሂል ውስጥ ከሥላሴ ጋር ተያይዘው ብዙ ጊዜ የሚጠሩት ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስ ናቸው፡፡ ‹በአቦ በሥላሴ› ሲባል አጥብቆ መለመን ነው፡፡ በሕዝባዊ መዝሙሮችም ውስጥ ‹በአምስት አቦ ናቸው በሰባት ሥላሴ› የሚል ሐረግ በተደጋጋሚ ይሰማል፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
፪. በባሕላዊ ዘመን ቆጠራ<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
አቦ በገበሬው የወቅት አከፋፈል የዘመን መክፈያ ናቸው፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
1.      <\/span><\/span><\/span>በገበሬው የዘመን ቆጠራ ክረምት የሚገባው ‹የሐምሌ አቦ› ዕለት ነው፡፡ የሚወጣው ደግሞ ‹የጥቅምት አቦ›፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
2.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>በልግ ይገባል የሚባለው በየካቲት አቦ ስለሆነ ገበሬው ‹የካቲት አቦን አይተህ ተሰደድ› ይላል፡፡ በየካቲት አቦ ዝናብ ካልጣለ በልግ የለም ማለት ስለሆነ ሀገርህን ልቀቅ ነው፡፤<\/span><\/div>\n
3.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>በገበሬው ዘንድ የወሩ መግቢያ የአቦ ቀን ነው፡፡ ቀጠሮ ሲይዝ ‹አቦ በዋለ በዚህኛው ቀን› ብሎ ነው፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
      <\/span>፫<\/span><\/b>. አቦና ዐርበኛነት <\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
የአቦ<\/span> ቤተ ክርስቲያን ካህናት በአንኮበር፣ በጎንደርና በአዲስ አበባ ስማቸው ከዐርበኛነት ጋር ይነሣል፡፡ በሦስቱም ቦታ የሚገኙት የአቦ ቤተ ክርስቲያን ካህናት በአምስት ዓመቱ የጣልያን ወረራ በግልጽ አርበኞችን ደግፈዋል፣ ወደ በረሐ ወርደውም ታግለዋል፡፡ በዚህ ምክያትም ሦስቱም አብያተ ክርስቲያናት በጣልያን ዝርፊያና አደጋ ደርሶባቸዋል፡፡ የሦስቱም ካህናት ወደ በረሐ ሲገቡ የገጠሙት ግጥምም በሥነ ቃላችን ተላልፎ እኛ ዘመን ደርሷል፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
አንኮበር፡-<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/div>\n
አቡዬን ብዬ እንጂ ይህን ሁሉ ማይ<\/span><\/div>\n
አገሬ አይደለም ወይ ዠማና አዳባይ<\/span><\/div>\n
ጎንደር<\/span><\/div>\n
ፊት አቦ ጎንደር፡-<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/div>\n
እንኳን እኔ ጀግናው የፊት አቦ ልጅ<\/span><\/div>\n
ጎንደሬ ለጣልያን አይሰጠውም እጅ<\/span><\/div>\n
ቀበና አቦ፣ አዲስ አበባ፡-<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/div>\n
ወግጅልኝ ድጓ ወግጅልኝ ቅኔ<\/span><\/div>\n
ወንዶች ከዋሉበት እውላለሁ እኔ <\/span><\/div>\n
፬. ስምና አቦ<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
እስከ አሁን ድረስ ባለው ባሕል ከእግዚአብሔርና ከቅድስት ድንግል ማርያም ስሞች ውጭ ስማቸው ስም የሚሆነው አቦ ናቸው፡፡ ‹አቦ ነሽ፣ አቦ ነህ› የሚል ስም አለን፡፡ በሌሎቹ ቅዱሳን ግን የለም፡፡ ዘርፍ ይጨመርበታል፡፡ ወለተ፣ ገብረ እንደሚለው ያለ፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
፭. አቦና ጠበል<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
የገጠር ሰው ትዳር ሲይዝ መጀመሪያ የሚጠጣው አቦን ነው፡፡ አቦን ቀድሞ የጠጣ ትዳሩ ይሠምራል፣ ከሰውም ጋር በሰላም ይኖራል ተብሎ ይታመናል፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
፮. አቦ የቅኔ መማሪያ<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
‹አቦ ቅኔ› ለቅኔ ተማሪ የመማሪያ ሁለት ቤት ቅኔ ነው<\/span><\/div>\n
‹አቦ ውርዝው እምነ ኩሉ በለጡ<\/span><\/div>\n
አንድ እንጀራ በጨው እስመ በማለዳ ለምጠጡ <\/span><\/div>\n
ማጠቃለያ <\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
ከላይ ያየናቸውን ሥነ ቃላውያን መረጃዎች መሠረት ስናደርግ አቡነ ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስ ከሌሎች የኢትዮጵያ ቤተ ክርስቲያን ቅዱሳን በላይ በሕዝቡ ውስጥ ባሕላዊ ቦታ እንዳላቸው ያሳየናል፡፡ የዚህ ምክንያቱ ምናልባት ‹ሽምግልናቸው› ሽምግልናን ከሚያከብረው ባሕላችን ጋር ተስማምቶ ወይም አብዛኛው ታሪካቸው ከቤተ መንግሥት የራቀ መሆኑ ሕዝባዊ ቅቡልነትን ስላስገኘላቸው ሊሆን ይችል እንደሆነ እንጃ፡፡ በዚህ ረገድ ከእርሳቸው የላቀ ባሕላዊ ቦታ በኢትዮጵያውያን ዘንድ ያላት ቅድስት ድንግል ማርያም ናት(የማርያም መቀነት፣ የማርያም አራስ፣ የማርያም ፈረስ፣ የማርያም ግርዝ፣ ማርያም በሽልም ታውጣሽ፣ ማርያም ትቅረብሽ፣ ወዘተ)፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
ይህ የአቡነ ገብረ መንፈስ ቅዱስ ባሕላዊ ቦታ ኢትዮጵያውያን ቅዱሳን በእምነት ውስጥ ካላቸው ቦታ በተጨማሪ በሕዝቡ ውስጥ ያላቸውን ሀገራዊ ሥፍራ የሚያሳይ፣ እነርሱን በተመለከተ የምንሠራቸው ሥራዎች የት ድረስ የሕዝቡን ታሪካዊና ባሕላዊ መሠረት ጭምር ሊያንጹ ወይም ሊንዱ እንደሚችሉ ደግመን እንድናስብ የሚያመለክተን ማሳያ ነው፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
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ላስ ቬጋስ፣ ኔቫዳ<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n

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