{"id":424525,"date":"2015-04-07T05:30:00","date_gmt":"2015-04-07T09:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mereja.com\/amharic\/?guid=e5403cb70c31ce23d7f61b51f77c88fc"},"modified":"2015-04-07T05:30:00","modified_gmt":"2015-04-07T09:30:00","slug":"%e1%8c%8d%e1%89%a5%e1%88%a8-%e1%88%95%e1%88%9b%e1%88%9b%e1%89%b5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mereja.net\/amharic\/424525","title":{"rendered":"\u130d\u1265\u1228 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u1260\u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u12e8\u1338\u120e\u1275 \u1215\u12ed\u12c8\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1273\u120b\u1245 \u1266\u1273 \u12ab\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u1245\u12f1\u1233\u1275 \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275 \u12a0\u1295\u12f1 \u2039\u1218\u133d\u1210\u1348 \u130d\u1265\u1228 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275\u203a \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1271 \u2039\u130d\u1265\u122d\u203a \u12e8\u121a\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u2039\u12a0\u1308\u120d\u130d\u120e\u1275\u203a \u1265\u1208\u12cd \u12ed\u1270\u1228\u1309\u1219\u1275\u1293 \u2039\u130d\u1265\u1228 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275\u203a \u121b\u1208\u1275 \u2039\u1260\u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275 \u12c8\u1245\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1348\u1338\u121d \u12a0\u1308\u120d\u130d\u120e\u1275\u203a \u121b\u1208\u1275 \u1290\u12cd \u12ed\u120b\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u1290\u1262\u12e9 \u12a2\u1233\u12ed\u12eb\u1235 \u2039\u12a5\u122d\u1231 \u1215\u1218\u121b\u127d\u1295\u1295 \u1270\u1238\u12a8\u1218\u203a(\u12a2\u1233 53\u00f74) \u1260\u121b\u1208\u1275 \u12e8\u1308\u1208\u1320\u12cd \u1283\u12ed\u1208 \u1243\u120d \u1208\u1230\u1219\u1291\u121d \u1206\u1290 \u1208\u1218\u133d\u1210\u1349 \u1235\u12eb\u121c \u1218\u1290\u123b \u1218\u1206\u1291\u1295\u1295 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1271 \u12ed\u1308\u120d\u1323\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u1210\u12cb\u122d\u12eb\u1275\u121d \u1260\u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1275 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u134b\u1278\u12cd \u2039\u12c8\u12a0\u1295\u1275\u1219\u1230 \u1270\u12d0\u1240\u1261 \u12c8\u130d\u1260\u1229 \u1270\u12dd\u12ab\u1228 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1272\u1201 – \u12a5\u1293\u1295\u1270 \u130d\u1295 \u1270\u1320\u1260\u1241\u1363 \u12e8\u1215\u121b\u121b\u1271\u1295\u121d \u1218\u1273\u1230\u1262\u12eb \u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u1309\u203a \u1265\u1208\u12cd \u12f0\u1295\u130d\u1308\u12cb\u120d (\u130d\u1265\u1228 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275\u1363 1996\u13639)\u1361\u1361 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u12a0\u1348\u12c8\u122d\u1245\u121d \u2039\u12ed\u1275\u1263\u1228\u12ad \u12a5\u130d\u12da\u12a0\u1265\u1214\u122d \u12d8\u1230\u1218\u12e8 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1270 \u12c8\u120d\u12f1 \u12ad\u1265\u1228 \u12c8\u1235\u1265\u1210\u1270 – \u12e8\u120d\u1301\u1295 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275 \u12ad\u1265\u122d\u1293 \u121d\u1235\u130b\u1293 \u1265\u120e \u12e8\u1320\u122b \u12a5\u130d\u12da\u12a0\u1265\u1214\u122d \u12ed\u1218\u1235\u1308\u1295\u203a \u1265\u120e \u1308\u120d\u1326 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 (\u12dd\u1292 \u12a8\u121b\u1201\u136310) <\/span><\/div>\n
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\u130d\u1265\u1228 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275 \u12a8\u1260\u12d3\u1208 \u1206\u1233\u12d5\u1293 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u1260\u12d3\u1208 \u134b\u1232\u12ab \u12e8\u121a\u12a8\u1293\u12c8\u1290\u12cd\u1295 \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1275 \u12e8\u12eb\u12d8 \u1275\u120d\u1245 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1218\u133d\u1210\u1349 \u12e8\u1270\u12c8\u1230\u1290 \u12ad\u134d\u120d\u1293 \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1271 \u12a88\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u1240\u12f0\u121d \u1265\u120e \u1300\u121d\u122e \u1260\u130d\u1265\u133d \u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u1290\u1260\u1228\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1201\u1295 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u130d\u1265\u133d \u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u12e8\u1230\u1219\u1290 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d (\u1353\u123b) \u12eb\u12d8\u130b\u1301\u1275 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1308\u1265\u122d\u12a4\u120d 2\u129b(1131-1145) \u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1209\u1275 \u12e8\u130d\u1265\u133d \u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u1353\u1275\u122d\u12eb\u122d\u12ad \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1353\u1275\u122d\u12eb\u122d\u12ad \u1308\u1265\u122d\u12a4\u120d \u12a0\u12eb\u120c \u12e8\u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d \u1245\u12f1\u1235\u1293 \u12e8\u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u1275\u122d\u1313\u121c \u12d5\u12cd\u1240\u1275 \u12eb\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u1260\u121b\u1230\u1263\u1230\u1265 \u1208\u12e8\u1230\u12d3\u1271\u1293 \u1208\u12e8\u12a9\u1290\u1271 \u12e8\u121a\u1290\u1260\u1260\u12cd\u1295 \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1275\u1293 \u1295\u1263\u1265 \u12a0\u12d8\u130b\u1301\u1361\u1361 \u12c8\u12f0 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12e8\u1218\u1323\u12cd \u1260\u1230\u120b\u121b \u1218\u1270\u122d\u1309\u121d \u130a\u12dc \u1218\u1206\u1291\u1295 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u12ed\u1293\u1308\u122b\u1209\u1361\u1361(\u12dd\u1292 \u12a8\u121b\u1201\u1363 9) \u12a8\u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u1218\u12f5\u1283\u1294\u12d3\u1208\u121d \u1270\u12c8\u1235\u12f6 \u1260\u1265\u122a\u1272\u123d \u1219\u12dd\u12e8\u121d \u1260\u121a\u1308\u1298\u12cd \u130d\u1265\u1228 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u12a8\u12a0\u1263 \u1215\u122d\u12eb\u1246\u1235 \u12f5\u122d\u1233\u1295 \u1218\u1328\u1228\u123b \u120b\u12ed \u2039\u2039\u12d8\u1295\u1270 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u1348 \u12d8\u1270\u122d\u130e\u1218 \u1265\u1341\u12d5 \u12c8\u122d\u1271\u12d5 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u12a0\u1263 \u1230\u120b\u121b \u12ed\u133d\u1215\u134d \u1235\u121e \u12a5\u130d\u12da\u12a0\u1265\u1214\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1270 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u1348 \u1215\u12ed\u12c8\u1275\u203a \u12ed\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 (catalogue Ethiopian manuscripts in British Library, 140) <\/span><\/div>\n
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\u1355\u122e\u134c\u1230\u122d \u130c\u1273\u1278\u12cd \u1283\u12ed\u120c \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121a\u1209\u1275 \u12a8\u1206\u1290 \u130d\u1265\u1228 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275\u1295 \u12a0\u1201\u1295 \u1263\u1208\u12cd \u1218\u120d\u12ad \u12eb\u12d8\u130b\u1301\u1275 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 14\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u1208\u1230\u1219\u1290 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1206\u1291 \u12e8\u1338\u120e\u1275 \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1275 \u1233\u12ed\u1296\u122f\u1275 \u1246\u12e8\u127d \u121b\u1208\u1275 \u12a0\u1235\u1278\u130b\u122a \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1230\u120b\u121b \u1218\u1270\u122d\u1309\u121d \u12e8\u1270\u12c8\u1230\u1290\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u1218\u133d\u1210\u1348 \u130d\u1265\u1228 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275 \u12f5\u122d\u1233\u1293\u1275 \u1260\u1218\u1270\u122d\u130e\u121d \u1240\u12f5\u121e \u1260\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u12e8\u1230\u1219\u1290 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275 \u12e8\u1338\u120e\u1275 \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1218\u1328\u1218\u122b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12ed\u1308\u120d\u1323\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1201\u1295 \u1263\u1209\u1295 \u12e8\u130d\u1265\u1228 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275 \u1245\u1305\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1230\u120b\u121b\u1295 \u1235\u121d \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1290\u1223\u12cd \u12a8\u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1271 \u12f0\u122d\u1233\u1293\u1275 \u1218\u1328\u1228\u123b \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1206\u1290\u12cd\u121d \u1208\u12da\u1205 \u120a\u1206\u1295 \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1230\u120b\u121b \u1218\u1270\u122d\u1309\u121d \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275\u1295 \u12a0\u1230\u1263\u1235\u1260\u12cd \u12e8\u1275\u122d\u1309\u121d \u1225\u122b \u12ed\u1220\u1229 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275 \u1260\u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u1235\u121b\u12f3 \u1260\u121d\u1275\u1308\u1298\u12cd \u12f0\u1265\u1228 \u12d5\u1295\u1241 \u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1230\u120b\u121b \u12e8\u130d\u1265\u1339\u1295 \u130d\u1265\u1228 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275 \u12ed\u12d8\u12cd\u1275 \u12e8\u1218\u1321 \u12ed\u1218\u1235\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12f0\u1265\u1228 \u12d5\u1295\u1241 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1229 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u1349\u1295 \u1218\u1290\u123b \u1260\u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130d\u1293 \u12a8\u1240\u12f0\u1218\u12cd \u12e8\u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u1338\u120e\u1275 \u130b\u122d \u1260\u121b\u1235\u121b\u1275 \u12a0\u1201\u1295 \u12e8\u121d\u1293\u12cd\u1240\u12cd\u1295 \u130d\u1265\u1228 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275 \u12a0\u12d8\u130b\u1305\u1270\u12cd\u120d\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
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\u12a5\u1235\u12ab\u1201\u1295 \u1263\u1209\u1295 \u1218\u1228\u1303\u12ce\u127d \u1228\u1305\u121d \u12a5\u12f5\u121c \u12eb\u1235\u1246\u1320\u1229\u1275 \u12e8\u130d\u1265\u1228 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275 \u1245\u1305\u12ce\u127d \u126015\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12e8\u1270\u133b\u1349\u1275 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205\u121d \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u1226\u1235\u1271 \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u121b\u12ed\u12ad\u122e \u134a\u120d\u121d \u1264\u1270 \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12ed\u1308\u129b\u1209\u1361\u1361 (EMML 1765, 4434, 4752) EMML 1765 \u12e8\u1210\u12ed\u1245 \u12a5\u1235\u1322\u134b\u1296\u1235 \u1245\u1305 \u1232\u1206\u1295 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d \u120b\u12ed \u120d\u12e9 \u120d\u12e9 \u12f5\u122d\u1233\u1293\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u1270\u1228\u130e\u1219\u1275 \u12a0\u1263 \u1230\u120b\u121b \u1218\u1206\u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12ed\u1308\u120d\u1323\u120d\u1361\u1361 EMML 4434 \u12e8\u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u134d\u122c \u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d(\u121e\u1228\u1275) \u1232\u1206\u1295 EMML 4752 \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u1230\u121c\u1295 \u1238\u12cb \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1298\u12cd \u12e8\u1219\u123d \u12dc\u1293 \u121b\u122d\u1246\u1235 \u1295\u1265\u1228\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u1260\u130d\u1265\u1228 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12a8\u133e\u1218 \u12f5\u1313\u1293 \u121d\u12d5\u122b\u134d \u12e8\u1270\u12c8\u1230\u12f1 \u1338\u120e\u1276\u127d \u1218\u1296\u122b\u1278\u12cd\u1364 \u1260\u130d\u1265\u1339 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u120c\u1209 \u12a8\u1270\u12a0\u121d\u1228 \u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d\u1293 \u12ad\u1270\u12a0\u121d\u1228 \u12a2\u12e8\u1231\u1235 \u12e8\u121a\u1290\u1260\u1261 \u121d\u1295\u1263\u1263\u1275 \u1218\u1308\u1298\u1273\u1278\u12cd\u1364 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1201\u121d \u12e8\u1240\u1228\u1261\u1275 \u12e8\u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u12ad\u134d\u120e\u127d \u1260\u1245\u122d\u133d \u12ab\u120d\u1206\u1290 \u1260\u1240\u122d \u1260\u1265\u12db\u1275\u1293 \u1260\u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u1208\u12e9 \u1218\u1206\u1293\u1278\u12cd \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u12e8\u1218\u133d\u1210\u1349\u1295 \u1218\u1290\u123b \u12a8\u130d\u1265\u133d \u12c8\u1235\u12f0\u12cd \u1208\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1206\u1295 \u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u1308\u12cd \u121b\u12d8\u130b\u1300\u1273\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121a\u12eb\u1233\u12ed \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u120d\u1321 \u12a0\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u1208\u1265\u12d9 \u12d8\u1218\u1293\u1275 \u130d\u1265\u1228 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275 \u1260\u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u1265\u127b \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u129d \u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u12601990(?)\u12d3\u121d \u1260\u120a\u1240 \u1218\u12d8\u121d\u122b\u1295 \u120b\u12d5\u12a8 \u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d \u12c8\u120d\u12f0 \u12a2\u12e8\u1231\u1235(\u12d8\u12a0\u1230\u120b) \u12c8\u12f0 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1270\u1270\u122d\u1309\u121e \u1260\u1275\u1295\u1223\u12a4 \u121b\u1233\u1270\u121a\u12eb \u12f5\u122d\u1305\u1275 \u1273\u1275\u121f\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u1260\u130d\u1265\u1228 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1226\u1235\u1275 \u1290\u1308\u122e\u127d \u12a0\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb\u12cd \u1338\u120e\u1275 \u1232\u1206\u1295 \u2039\u12d0\u121b\u1291\u12a4\u120d \u12a0\u121d\u120b\u12aa\u12e8 \u1208\u12a8 \u1283\u12ed\u120d \u12ad\u1265\u122d \u12c8\u1235\u1265\u1210\u1275 \u12c8\u12a5\u12d8\u12dd \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u1208\u12d3\u1208\u121d\u203a \u12a5\u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1208 \u12e8\u121a\u1338\u1208\u12e8\u12cd\u1293 \u12ab\u1205\u1293\u1275\u1293 \u121d\u12a5\u1218\u1293\u1295 \u1260\u12e8\u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u1209 \u12e8\u121a\u12f0\u130d\u1219\u1275 \u12f3\u12ca\u1275 \u12e8\u12da\u1201 \u1218\u1308\u1208\u132b \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1201\u1208\u1270\u129b\u12cd \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u1235\u130d\u12f0\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb\u12cd \u1230\u12d3\u1275\u1363 \u1260\u1226\u1235\u1275\u1363 \u1260\u1235\u12f5\u1235\u1275\u1363 \u1260\u12d8\u1320\u129d\u1293 \u126011 \u1230\u12d3\u1275 \u12a8\u1338\u120e\u1275 \u130b\u122d \u12e8\u121a\u12f0\u1228\u130d \u1235\u130d\u12f0\u1275 \u12a0\u1208\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12d5\u1208\u1270 \u12d3\u122d\u1265 \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12e812 \u1230\u12d3\u1275 \u1338\u120e\u1275\u1293 \u1235\u130d\u12f0\u1275 \u12a0\u1208\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u130d\u1265\u1228 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275 \u1275\u120d\u1241\u1295 \u1266\u1273 \u12e8\u121a\u12ed\u12d8\u12cd \u1226\u1235\u1270\u129b\u12cd \u12ad\u134d\u120d \u1295\u1263\u1261 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
\u1260\u1230\u1219\u1290 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275 \u1260\u1218\u133d\u1210\u1348 \u130d\u1265\u1228 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275 \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1290\u1260\u1261 \u1265\u12d9 \u121d\u1295\u1263\u1263\u1275 \u12a0\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205\u1295\u121d \u1260\u12a0\u122b\u1275 \u1218\u12f5\u1260\u1295 \u1218\u1218\u120d\u12a8\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u127d\u120b\u1208\u1295\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
1.      <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d \u1245\u12f1\u1235<\/b>\u1361- \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed\u121d \u1260\u12cb\u1293\u1290\u1275 \u12a8\u1265\u1209\u12ed \u12aa\u12f3\u1295 \u12a8\u12a6\u122a\u1275\u1363 \u12a8\u1325\u1260\u1265 \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275(\u121d\u1233\u120c\u1363 \u1218\u1283\u12eb \u1218\u1283\u12ed\u1363 \u1325\u1260\u1260 \u1230\u120e\u121e\u1295\u1363 \u1232\u122b\u12ad\u1363 \u12a2\u12ee\u1265)\u1363 \u12a8\u1218\u133d\u1210\u1348 \u12a2\u12eb\u1231\u1363 \u12a8\u1218\u133d\u1210\u1348 \u1229\u1275\u1293 \u12a8\u120c\u120e\u127d\u121d \u12e8\u121a\u1240\u122d\u1261 \u12a8\u1230\u121e\u1291 \u130b\u122d \u12e8\u121a\u1204\u12f1 \u121d\u1295\u1263\u1263\u1275 \u12a0\u1209\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
2.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1275\u122d\u1313\u121c<\/b>\u1361- \u12e8\u120d\u12e9 \u120d\u12e9 \u12e8\u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u12ad\u134d\u120e\u127d \u1275\u122d\u1313\u121c \u12ed\u1290\u1260\u1263\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12e8\u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u12a0\u1348\u12c8\u122d\u1245 \u12e8\u12d5\u1265\u122b\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u1275\u122d\u1313\u121c \u1275\u120d\u1245 \u1266\u1273 \u12a0\u1208\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u12a5\u122d\u1231\u121d \u130b\u122d \u12e8\u12a4\u1332\u134b\u1295\u12ee\u1235\u1363 \u12e8\u12a0\u1275\u1293\u1274\u12ce\u1235\u1363 \u12e8\u1244\u122d\u120e\u1235\u1293 \u12e8\u12eb\u12d5\u1246\u1265 \u12d8\u1225\u1229\u130d \u1275\u122d\u1313\u121c\u12eb\u1275 \u12ed\u1230\u121b\u1209\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
3.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u121d\u12d5\u12f3\u1295<\/b>\u1361- \u1260\u130d\u1265\u1228 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275 \u12e8\u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295\u1295 \u120d\u12e9 \u12a5\u1234\u1276\u127d \u12e8\u121a\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1271 \u121d\u12ad\u122e\u127d \u12ed\u1240\u122d\u1263\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u1235\u1208 \u134d\u1245\u122d\u1363 \u12ed\u1245\u122d\u1273\u1363 \u12c8\u1308\u1295\u1295 \u1218\u122d\u12f3\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1271 \u121d\u1295\u1263\u1263\u1275 \u12a0\u1209\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
4.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1270 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275<\/b>\u1361- \u1260\u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1270 \u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u12a8\u1270\u12d8\u130b\u1301\u1293 \u12a5\u121d\u1265\u12db\u121d \u12a8\u121b\u1293\u1308\u129b\u1278\u12cd \u12f5\u122d\u1233\u1293\u1275 \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u1260\u130d\u1265\u1228 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u121d\u1295\u1230\u121b\u1278\u12cd \u12a0\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u1348 \u12f6\u122d\u1216\u1363 \u120b\u1203 \u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d \u1208\u12da\u1205 \u121b\u1233\u12eb \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u1270\u1208\u1218\u12f1\u1275 \u121d\u1295\u1263\u1263\u1275 \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u1235\u1295\u12ad\u1233\u122d\u1363 \u1270\u12a0\u121d\u1228 \u12a2\u12e8\u1231\u1235\u1293 \u1270\u12a0\u121d\u1228 \u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d \u12ed\u1320\u1240\u1233\u1209\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/span> <\/span> <\/span>\u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed \u1260\u12a0\u1201\u1291 \u130a\u12dc \u1218\u133d\u1210\u1349 \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12e8\u121a\u1290\u1260\u1265 \u1260\u1218\u1206\u1291 \u121d\u12a5\u1218\u1293\u1295 \u1201\u120b\u127d\u1295 \u1260\u121b\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u120d \u1265\u1293\u12f3\u121d\u1325 \u1260\u120c\u120b \u130a\u12dc \u12e8\u121b\u1293\u1308\u129b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u1273\u122a\u12ae\u127d\u1363 \u121d\u1225\u1322\u122b\u1275\u1293 \u121d\u1295\u1263\u1263\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u121d\u1293\u12f3\u121d\u1325\u1260\u1275 \u12d5\u12f5\u120d \u12ed\u1206\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u129b\u1295 \u130d\u1265\u1228 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275 \u12a8\u130d\u1265\u133d \u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u130b\u122d \u1208\u121b\u1290\u133b\u1338\u122d \u12ed\u12bc\u1295 \u1218\u1225\u1218\u122d \u1260\u1218\u12a8\u1270\u120d \u12e8\u12a5\u1290\u122d\u1231\u1295 \u130d\u1265\u1228 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275 \u1260\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b \u1218\u1218\u120d\u12a8\u1275 \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 http:\/\/ixoyc.net\/data\/Fathers\/118.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n
\u1218\u120d\u12ab\u121d \u1230\u1219\u1290 \u1215\u121b\u121b\u1275\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n

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በቤተ ክርስቲያን የጸሎት ሕይወት ውስጥ ታላቅ ቦታ ካላቸው ቅዱሳት መጻሕፍት አንዱ ‹መጽሐፈ ግብረ ሕማማት› ነው፡፡ ሊቃውንቱ ‹ግብር› የሚለውን ‹አገልግሎት› ብለው ይተረጉሙትና ‹ግብረ ሕማማት› ማለት ‹በሕማማት ወቅት የሚፈጸም አገልግሎት› ማለት ነው ይላሉ፡፡ ነቢዩ ኢሳይያስ ‹እርሱ ሕመማችንን ተሸከመ›(ኢሳ 53÷4) በማለት የገለጠው ኃይለ ቃል ለሰሙኑም ሆነ ለመጽሐፉ ስያሜ መነሻ መሆኑንን ሊቃውንቱ ይገልጣሉ፡፡ ሐዋርያትም በሥርዓት መጽሐፋቸው ‹ወአንትሙሰ ተዐቀቡ ወግበሩ ተዝካረ ሕማማቲሁ – እናንተ ግን ተጠበቁ፣ የሕማማቱንም መታሰቢያ አድርጉ› ብለው ደንግገዋል (ግብረ ሕማማት፣ 1996፣9)፡፡ ቅዱስ ዮሐንስ አፈወርቅም ‹ይትባረክ እግዚአብሔር ዘሰመየ ሕማማተ ወልዱ ክብረ ወስብሐተ – የልጁን ሕማማት ክብርና ምስጋና ብሎ የጠራ እግዚአብሔር ይመስገን› ብሎ ገልጦ ነበር፡፡ (ዝኒ ከማሁ፣10) <\/span><\/div>\n
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ግብረ ሕማማት ከበዓለ ሆሳዕና እስከ በዓለ ፋሲካ የሚከናወነውን ሥርዓት የያዘ ትልቅ መጽሐፍ ነው፡፡ የመጽሐፉ የተወሰነ ክፍልና ሥርዓቱ ከ8ኛው መክዘ ቀደም ብሎ ጀምሮ በግብጽ ቤተ ክርስቲያን ነበረ፡፡ አሁን ያለውን የግብጽ ቤተ ክርስቲያን የሰሙነ ሕማማት መጽሐፍ (ፓሻ) ያዘጋጁት አቡነ ገብርኤል 2ኛ(1131-1145) የተባሉት የግብጽ ቤተ ክርስቲያን ፓትርያርክ ናቸው፡፡ ፓትርያርክ ገብርኤል አያሌ የመጽሐፍ ቅዱስና የሊቃውንት ትርጓሜ ዕውቀት ያላቸው ሊቃውንት በማሰባሰብ ለየሰዓቱና ለየኩነቱ የሚነበበውን ሥርዓትና ንባብ አዘጋጁ፡፡ ወደ ኢትዮጵያ የመጣው በሰላማ መተርጉም ጊዜ መሆኑን ኢትዮጵያውያን ሊቃውንት ይናገራሉ፡፡(ዝኒ ከማሁ፣ 9) ከጎንደር መድኃኔዓለም ተወስዶ በብሪቲሽ ሙዝየም በሚገኘው ግብረ ሕማማት ላይ ከአባ ሕርያቆስ ድርሳን መጨረሻ ላይ ‹‹ዘንተ መጽሐፈ ዘተርጎመ ብፁዕ ወርቱዕ ሃይማኖት አቡነ አባ ሰላማ ይጽሕፍ ስሞ እግዚአብሔር ውስተ መጽሐፈ ሕይወት› ይላል፡፡ (catalogue Ethiopian manuscripts in British Library, 140) <\/span><\/div>\n
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ፕሮፌሰር ጌታቸው ኃይሌ እንደሚሉት ከሆነ ግብረ ሕማማትን አሁን ባለው መልክ ያዘጋጁት ኢትዮጵያውያን ሊቃውንት ናቸው፡፡ እስከ 14ኛው መክዘ የኢትዮጵያ ቤተ ክርስቲያን ለሰሙነ ሕማማት የሚሆኑ የጸሎት ሥርዓት ሳይኖሯት ቆየች ማለት አስቸጋሪ ነው፡፡ አቡነ ሰላማ መተርጉም የተወሰነውን የመጽሐፈ ግብረ ሕማማት ድርሳናት በመተርጎም ቀድሞ በነበረው የሰሙነ ሕማማት የጸሎት ሥርዓት ውስጥ መጨመራቸውን ይገልጣሉ፡፡ አሁን ባሉን የግብረ ሕማማት ቅጅዎች የአቡነ ሰላማን ስም የሚያነሣው ከሊቃውንቱ ደርሳናት መጨረሻ ላይ የሆነውም ለዚህ ሊሆን ይችላል፡፡ አቡነ ሰላማ መተርጉም ኢትዮጵያውያን ሊቃውንትን አሰባስበው የትርጉም ሥራ ይሠሩ የነበሩት በደቡብ ጎንደር ስማዳ በምትገኘው ደብረ ዕንቁ ማርያም ነበር፡፡ አቡነ ሰላማ የግብጹን ግብረ ሕማማት ይዘውት የመጡ ይመስላል፡፡ በደብረ ዕንቁ የነበሩ ሊቃውንት መጽሐፉን መነሻ በማድረግና ከቀደመው የቤተ ክርስቲያን ጸሎት ጋር በማስማት አሁን የምናውቀውን ግብረ ሕማማት አዘጋጅተውልናል፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
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እስካሁን ባሉን መረጃዎች ረጅም እድሜ ያስቆጠሩት የግብረ ሕማማት ቅጅዎች በ15ኛው መክዘ የተጻፉት ናቸው፡፡ ከእነዚህም መካከል ሦስቱ በኢትዮጵያ ማይክሮ ፊልም ቤተ መጻሕፍት ውስጥ ይገኛሉ፡፡ (EMML 1765, 4434, 4752) EMML 1765 የሐይቅ እስጢፋኖስ ቅጅ ሲሆን በዚህ መጽሐፍ ላይ ልዩ ልዩ ድርሳናትን የተረጎሙት አባ ሰላማ መሆናቸውን ይገልጣል፡፡ EMML 4434 የእንዳፍሬ ማርያም(ሞረት) ሲሆን EMML 4752 ደግሞ ሰሜን ሸዋ የሚገኘው የሙሽ ዜና ማርቆስ ንብረት ነው፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
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በግብረ ሕማማት ውስጥ ከጾመ ድጓና ምዕራፍ የተወሰዱ ጸሎቶች መኖራቸው፤ በግብጹ መጽሐፍ ላይ የሌሉ ከተአምረ ማርያምና ክተአምረ ኢየሱስ የሚነበቡ ምንባባት መገኘታቸው፤ እንዲሁም የቀረቡት የመጽሐፍ ቅዱስ ክፍሎች በቅርጽ ካልሆነ በቀር በብዛትና በዓይነት የተለዩ መሆናቸው ኢትዮጵያውያን ሊቃውንት የመጽሐፉን መነሻ ከግብጽ ወስደው ለኢትዮጵያ ቤተ ክርስቲያን እንዲሆን አድርገው ማዘጋጀታቸውን እንደሚያሳይ የሚገልጡ አሉ፡፡ ለብዙ ዘመናት ግብረ ሕማማት በግእዝ ብቻ የሚገኝ መጽሐፍ ነበር፡፡ በ1990(?)ዓም በሊቀ መዘምራን ላዕከ ማርያም ወልደ ኢየሱስ(ዘአሰላ) ወደ አማርኛ ተተርጉሞ በትንሣኤ ማሳተሚያ ድርጅት ታትሟል፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
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በግብረ ሕማማት ውስጥ ሦስት ነገሮች አሉ፡፡ የመጀመሪያው ጸሎት ሲሆን ‹ዐማኑኤል አምላኪየ ለከ ኃይል ክብር ወስብሐት ወእዘዝ እስከ ለዓለም› እየተባለ የሚጸለየውና ካህናትና ምእመናን በየመካከሉ የሚደግሙት ዳዊት የዚሁ መገለጫ ነው፡፡ ሁለተኛው ደግሞ ስግደት ነው፡፡ በመጀመሪያው ሰዓት፣ በሦስት፣ በስድስት፣ በዘጠኝና በ11 ሰዓት ከጸሎት ጋር የሚደረግ ስግደት አለ፡፡ በዕለተ ዓርብ ደግሞ የ12 ሰዓት ጸሎትና ስግደት አለው፡፡ ከግብረ ሕማማት ትልቁን ቦታ የሚይዘው ሦስተኛው ክፍል ንባቡ ነው፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
በሰሙነ ሕማማት በመጽሐፈ ግብረ ሕማማት መሠረት የሚነበቡ ብዙ ምንባባት አሉ፡፡ እነዚህንም በአራት መድበን መመልከት እንችላለን፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
1.      <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/span>መጽሐፍ ቅዱስ<\/b>፡- በተለይም በዋናነት ከብሉይ ኪዳን ከኦሪት፣ ከጥበብ መጻሕፍት(ምሳሌ፣ መኃያ መኃይ፣ ጥበበ ሰሎሞን፣ ሲራክ፣ ኢዮብ)፣ ከመጽሐፈ ኢያሱ፣ ከመጽሐፈ ሩትና ከሌሎችም የሚቀርቡ ከሰሞኑ ጋር የሚሄዱ ምንባባት አሉ፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
2.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>ትርጓሜ<\/b>፡- የልዩ ልዩ የመጽሐፍ ቅዱስ ክፍሎች ትርጓሜ ይነበባል፡፡ በተለይ ደግሞ የቅዱስ ዮሐንስ አፈወርቅ የዕብራውያን ትርጓሜ ትልቅ ቦታ አለው፡፡ ከእርሱም ጋር የኤጲፋንዮስ፣ የአትናቴዎስ፣ የቄርሎስና የያዕቆብ ዘሥሩግ ትርጓሜያት ይሰማሉ፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
3.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>ምዕዳን<\/b>፡- በግብረ ሕማማት የክርስቲያንን ልዩ እሴቶች የሚመለከቱ ምክሮች ይቀርባሉ፡፡ ስለ ፍቅር፣ ይቅርታ፣ ወገንን መርዳት የተመለከቱ ምንባባት አሉ፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
4.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>መጻሕፍተ ሊቃውንት<\/b>፡- በሊቃውንተ ቤተ ክርስቲያን ከተዘጋጁና እምብዛም ከማናገኛቸው ድርሳናት መካከል በግብረ ሕማማት ውስጥ የምንሰማቸው አሉ፡፡ መጽሐፈ ዶርሖ፣ ላሃ ማርያም ለዚህ ማሳያ ናቸው፡፡ ከተለመዱት ምንባባት ደግሞ ስንክሳር፣ ተአምረ ኢየሱስና ተአምረ ማርያም ይጠቀሳሉ፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/span> <\/span> <\/span>በተለይ በአሁኑ ጊዜ መጽሐፉ በአማርኛ የሚነበብ በመሆኑ ምእመናን ሁላችን በማስተዋል ብናዳምጥ በሌላ ጊዜ የማናገኛቸውን የቤተ ክርስቲያን ታሪኮች፣ ምሥጢራትና ምንባባትን የምናዳምጥበት ዕድል ይሆናል፡፡ የኛን ግብረ ሕማማት ከግብጽ ቤተ ክርስቲያን ጋር ለማነጻጸር ይኼን መሥመር በመከተል የእነርሱን ግብረ ሕማማት በእንግሊዝኛ መመልከት ይችላል፡፡ http:\/\/ixoyc.net\/data\/Fathers\/118.pdf<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n
መልካም ሰሙነ ሕማማት፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n

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