{"id":398402,"date":"2015-03-20T05:55:08","date_gmt":"2015-03-20T09:55:08","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/satenaw.com\/amharic\/?p=5445"},"modified":"2015-03-20T05:55:08","modified_gmt":"2015-03-20T09:55:08","slug":"%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ad%e1%8a%9b-%e1%89%8b%e1%8a%95%e1%89%8b-%e1%8a%a8%e1%8b%a8%e1%89%b5-%e1%8b%88%e1%8b%b4%e1%89%b5%e1%8d%a4-%e1%89%b0%e1%8c%8d%e1%8b%b3%e1%88%ae%e1%89%b6%e1%89%b9-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mereja.net\/amharic\/398402","title":{"rendered":"\u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12a8\u12e8\u1275 \u12c8\u12f4\u1275\u1364 \u1270\u130d\u12f3\u122e\u1276\u1279\u1293 \u1218\u134d\u1275\u1214\u12ce\u1279 \u2013 \u12e8\u1263\u1215\u122d\u12f3\u122d \u12e9\u1292\u1268\u122d\u1232\u1272 \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u121b\u1260\u120d\u1338\u130a\u12eb \u1270\u124b\u121d\u1295 \u12a0\u1220\u122b\u122d \u1260\u1270\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1270 \u1208\u1270\u12d8\u130b\u1300\u12cd \u1309\u1263\u12a4 \u12e8\u1240\u1228\u1260"},"content":{"rendered":"
\u12e8\u1263\u1215\u122d\u12f3\u122d \u12e9\u1292\u1268\u122d\u1232\u1272 \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u121b\u1260\u120d\u1338\u130a\u12eb \u1270\u124b\u121d\u1295 \u12a0\u1220\u122b\u122d \u1260\u1270\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1270 \u1208\u1270\u12d8\u130b\u1300\u12cd \u1309\u1263\u12a4 \u12e8\u1240\u1228\u1260<\/b><\/div>\n
\u1263\u1215\u122d \u12f3\u122d<\/b><\/div>\n
\u12e8\u12ab\u1272\u1275 3-5 \u1240\u1295 2007 \u12d3\u121d<\/b><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1273\u122a\u12ab\u12ca \u1309\u12de<\/b><\/div>\n
\u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1295 \u1309\u12de \u1260\u12a0\u132d\u1229 \u1208\u1218\u1218\u120d\u12a8\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f5\u1295\u127d\u120d\u1363 \u12e8\u12da\u1205\u1295 \u1273\u120b\u1245 \u1309\u1263\u12a4 \u130a\u12dc\u1295\u121d \u120b\u1208\u1218\u12cd\u1230\u12f5 \u1260\u12a0\u121d\u1235\u1275 \u121d\u12d5\u122b\u134d \u121b\u12e8\u1271 \u12ed\u1320\u1245\u121b\u120d \u1263\u12ed \u1290\u129d\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1290\u122d\u1231\u121d<\/div>\n
1. <\/b>\u12a8\u1325\u1295\u1275 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 13\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8<\/b><\/b><\/div>\n
2. <\/b>\u12a813\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 16\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8<\/b><\/b><\/div>\n
3. <\/b>\u12a816\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235<\/b><\/b><\/div>\n
4. <\/b>\u12a8\u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235 \u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad<\/b><\/b><\/div>\n
5. <\/b>\u12a8\u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12a0\u1201\u1295<\/b><\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

<\/b><\/b>1. <\/b>\u12a8\u1325\u1295\u1275 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 13\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8<\/b><\/div>\n
\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1205 \u1260\u121a\u1263\u120d \u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u1218\u1290\u1308\u122d \u1300\u1218\u1228 \u1265\u120e \u1208\u121b\u1235\u1240\u1218\u1325 \u12a0\u1235\u1278\u130b\u122a \u1218\u1206\u1291\u1295 \u12eb\u1320\u1291\u1275 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u12ed\u1293\u1308\u122b\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1308\u129b\u1298\u1271\u1295 \u1260\u1270\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1270 \u12a5\u1235\u12ab\u1201\u1295 \u1266\u1273 \u12ed\u12d8\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u12a8\u122b\u12a8\u1229 \u1201\u1208\u1275 \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u12a0\u1218\u1208\u12ab\u12a8\u1276\u127d \u12a0\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb\u12cd\u1363 \u1260\u1230\u134a\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1290\u1308\u1228\u12cd\u1293 \u1208\u1265\u12d9 \u12d3\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u12e8\u1246\u12e8\u12cd \u12a0\u1218\u1208\u12ab\u12a8\u1275 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a8\u120c\u120e\u127d \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u1270\u1240\u12ed\u1326 \u121d\u1293\u120d\u1263\u1275 \u12604\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u12a8\u12a0\u12a9\u1235\u121d \u12c8\u12f0 \u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u1260\u1218\u1321 \u12d8\u121b\u127e\u127d\u1293 \u12a0\u12dd\u121b\u127e\u127d \u12a0\u121b\u12ab\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u1348\u1320\u1228(pidgin theory) \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u120d \u1232\u1206\u1295 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u1218\u120b \u121d\u1275 \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u12a8\u1230\u121c\u1295 \u12c8\u12f0 \u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u12a5\u12e8\u1270\u1235\u134b\u134b \u12e8\u1218\u1323\u1364 \u12a8\u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u1275\u1295\u123d \u1208\u12e8\u1275 \u12eb\u1208 \u1234\u121b\u12ca \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1260\u121a\u1293\u1308\u1229 \u12a0\u12dd\u121b\u127e\u127d\u1293 \u12e8\u12a9\u123d\u1363 \u12e8\u12a6\u121e\u1293 \u12e8\u12d3\u1263\u12eb\u12ca \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u1260\u121a\u1293\u1308\u122d \u12d8\u121b\u127d \u1220\u122b\u12ca\u1275 \u12a0\u121b\u12ab\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u1348\u1320\u1228 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
\u12a0\u12dd\u121b\u127d\u1293 \u12d8\u121b\u127d \u1260\u12a0\u1308\u12ce\u127d \u121d\u12f5\u122d \u1232\u1240\u1218\u1321 \u120d\u12e9 \u120d\u12e9 \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12ed\u1293\u1308\u122d \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u12d8\u121b\u127d \u12e8\u12a0\u12dd\u121b\u127e\u1279\u1295 \u1234\u121b\u12ca \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1218\u1293\u1308\u122d \u12ed\u1300\u121d\u122b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1232\u1293\u1308\u122d \u130d\u1295 \u12a8\u122b\u1231 \u124b\u1295\u124b \u130b\u122d \u12a5\u12eb\u1235\u121b\u121b \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205\u121d \u12e8\u1270\u1290\u1223 \u12e8\u1234\u121b\u12ca \u1243\u120b\u1275\u1295 \u12a8\u122b\u1231 \u1243\u120b\u1275 \u12a5\u12eb\u1218\u1233\u1230\u1208\u1293 \u12a5\u12eb\u12f3\u1240\u1208 \u12ed\u1293\u1308\u122d \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205\u121d \u12e8\u1270\u1290\u1223 \u12e8\u1243\u120b\u1271 \u1245\u122d\u133d\u1293 \u12e8\u1218\u12cb\u1245\u1229 \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1275 \u1240\u1235 \u1260\u1240\u1235 \u12a5\u12e8\u1270\u1208\u12c8\u1320 \u1218\u1323\u1361\u1361 \u1234\u121b\u12ca \u1320\u1263\u12e9\u1295 \u12a5\u12e8\u1270\u12c8\u121d \u2039\u12a9\u123e \u12a6\u121b\u12ca\u203a \u12a5\u12e8\u1218\u1230\u1208 \u1218\u1323\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u12e8\u1246\u12e8\u121d \u122b\u1231\u1295 \u12e8\u127b\u1208 \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1206\u1296 \u1260\u1235\u134b\u1275 \u1260\u121a\u1290\u1308\u122d\u1260\u1275 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u1235\u121d \u2039\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u203a \u1270\u1263\u1208 \u12e8\u121a\u1208\u12cd \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u12e8\u12da\u1205\u1295 \u1218\u120b \u121d\u1275 \u12dd\u122d\u12dd\u122d \u12e8\u1348\u1208\u1308 \u12e8\u1263\u12e8 \u12ed\u121b\u121d\u1295(2000) \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u1264\u1295\u12f0\u122d\u1295(1983) \u121b\u1295\u1260\u1265 \u12ed\u1320\u1245\u1218\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
\u1201\u1208\u1270\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u120b \u121d\u1275 \u12a8\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb\u12cd \u130b\u122d \u1232\u1290\u133b\u1338\u122d \u12e8\u1245\u122d\u1265 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1232\u1206\u1295 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1260\u134a\u1275 \u12a8\u1290\u1260\u1228 \u12e8\u12a0\u122d\u130e\u1263 \u2013 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a5\u1293\u1275 \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1260\u1270\u1208\u121d\u12f6 \u12a8\u121a\u1273\u12c8\u1245\u1260\u1275 \u12e8\u1325\u1295\u1271 \u12a0\u121d\u1210\u122b \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u1260\u1235\u1270 \u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u12e8\u1270\u1308\u1298 \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u120d \u1290\u12cd(proto Amharic- argoba, theory)\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u1218\u120b \u121d\u1275 \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u1235\u1219\u1295 \u1260\u1275\u12ad\u12ad\u120d \u12db\u122c \u1208\u1218\u1325\u122b\u1275 \u1263\u1295\u127d\u120d\u121d \u122b\u1231\u1295 \u12e8\u127b\u1208 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u1293\u1308\u122d \u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u1290\u1260\u1228\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205 \u1218\u120b \u121d\u1275 \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12e8\u1270\u1208\u1218\u12f0 \u1275\u122d\u12ad\u1275 \u12e8\u121d\u1295\u1230\u121b\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee \u1234\u121b\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1270\u1293\u130b\u122a\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u12e8\u1230\u121c\u1295 \u2013 \u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u12e8\u134d\u120d\u1230\u1275 \u12a0\u1245\u1323\u132b \u1260\u1218\u1240\u12e8\u122d \u12a8\u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1230\u121c\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u130d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1208\u12da\u1205\u121d \u12cb\u1293 \u1218\u12a8\u122b\u12a8\u122a\u12eb\u12cd \u12a0\u1265\u12db\u129e\u1279 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee \u1234\u121b\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1264\u1270\u1230\u1266\u127d \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1299\u1275 \u1260\u12f0\u1261\u1261 \u12ad\u134d\u120d \u1260\u1218\u1206\u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1363 \u2039\u12e8\u121a\u1230\u12f0\u12f0\u12cd \u1325\u1242\u1271 \u1290\u12cd\u203a \u1260\u121a\u1208\u12cd \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1270 \u1210\u1233\u1265 \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee \u1234\u121b\u12ca \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u12a8\u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1230\u121c\u1295 \u12e8\u1348\u1208\u1231 \u1293\u1278\u12cd \u12ed\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a5\u1293\u1275 \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1293 \u122b\u1231 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u121d \u12a6\u122e\u121d\u129b \u126016\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u12f0\u1228\u1308\u12cd \u12a8\u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1230\u121c\u1295 \u12e8\u1270\u1313\u12d8 \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1290\u12cd \u12ed\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205\u1295\u1295 \u1218\u120b \u121d\u1275 \u1260\u121a\u1308\u1263 \u1208\u121b\u12c8\u1245 \u12e8\u130d\u122d\u121b \u12a0\u12cd\u130d\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d (The Origin of Amharic, 2009) \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u12a0\u12e8\u1208 \u1260\u12a8\u122a\u1295 (1997) \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275 \u1218\u1218\u120d\u12a8\u1271 \u12ed\u1320\u1245\u121b\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u12a5\u1235\u12a8 13\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u1260\u121a\u1308\u1263 \u120a\u1273\u12c8\u1245 \u12a0\u120d\u127b\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1242 \u1218\u1228\u1303\u12ce\u127d\u121d \u12a0\u120d\u1270\u1308\u1299\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed \u12a8\u12a0\u122d\u130e\u1263\u1363 \u12a8\u1210\u1228\u122a\u1293 \u12a8\u12db\u12ed \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u130b\u122d \u1260\u130b\u122b \u12e8\u121a\u12f0\u1228\u1309 \u12e8\u1225\u1290 \u120d\u1233\u1295 \u1325\u1293\u1276\u127d\u1363 \u12a8\u12da\u1205\u121d \u1263\u123b\u1308\u122d \u1265\u12d9 \u1320\u1263\u12eb\u1271\u1295 \u12a8\u121a\u130b\u1229\u1275 \u12e8\u12a9\u123d\u1293 \u12e8\u12a6\u121e \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u130b\u122d \u1260\u121b\u1290\u133b\u1338\u122d \u1262\u1320\u1293 \u12d5\u12cd\u1240\u1273\u127d\u1295 \u12a8\u12da\u1205 \u12e8\u1270\u123b\u1208 \u120a\u1206\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u127d\u120d\u1260\u1275 \u12d5\u12f5\u120d \u12a0\u1208\u12cd(\u1263\u12e8\u1363 2000\u1363 xviii & xix):: \u12e8\u1263\u1215\u122d\u12f3\u122d \u12e9\u1292\u1268\u122d\u1232\u1272 \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u121b\u1260\u120d\u1338\u130a\u12eb \u1270\u124b\u121d\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u1320\u1265\u1240\u12cd \u12a0\u1295\u12f1 \u1225\u122b\u121d \u12ed\u12bc\u12cd \u12ed\u1218\u1235\u1208\u129b\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
2. \u12a813\u129b\u12cd \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 16\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8<\/b><\/div>\n
\u12ed\u1205 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12a8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1240\u12f0\u121d\u1275 \u12d8\u1218\u1293\u1275 \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u12e8\u1270\u123b\u1209 \u1218\u1228\u1303\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u1270\u1308\u1299\u1260\u1275 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1260\u12a9\u120d \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1260\u12db\u1309\u12cc\u1293 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u1308\u1293 \u1260\u1218\u1323\u12cd \u2039\u1230\u120e\u121e\u1293\u12ca \u1225\u122d\u12c8 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275\u203a \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u120d\u1233\u1290 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1206\u1296 \u12e8\u12c8\u1323\u1260\u1275( \u1263\u12e8\u1363 2000\u1363 xvii-xviii\u1364 Girma, 2009,210) \u1232\u1206\u1295 \u1260\u120c\u120b \u1260\u12a9\u120d\u121d \u1260\u12cb\u1293\u1290\u1275 \u12ed\u1290\u1308\u122d\u1260\u1275 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262\u1293 \u12e8\u121a\u1290\u1308\u122d\u1260\u1275 \u12f0\u1228\u1303\u121d \u1260\u12cd\u120d \u1270\u1208\u12ed\u1276 \u1218\u1273\u12c8\u1245 \u12e8\u1300\u1218\u1228\u1260\u1275 \u12d8\u1218\u1295\u121d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12db\u130d\u12cc \u1290\u1308\u1225\u1273\u1275 \u12e8\u12a0\u12a9\u1235\u121d \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1320\u1295\u12ab\u122b \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u12a8\u1206\u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u12db\u122c\u12cd \u12a4\u122d\u1275\u122b\u1293 \u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u12ed\u120d\u1245 \u12f0\u1261\u1261\u1295 \u1260\u1218\u1320\u1240\u121d \u1320\u1295\u12ab\u122b \u12a0\u130b\u122d\u1293 \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u1208\u121b\u130d\u1298\u1275 \u1263\u12f0\u1228\u1308\u12cd \u1325\u1228\u1275 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1270\u1293\u130b\u122a\u12ce\u1279 \u12e8\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271\u1295 \u1266\u1273 \u12a5\u12eb\u1308\u1299 \u1232\u1218\u1321 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u121d \u120d\u1233\u1290 \u1295\u1309\u1225 \u1218\u1206\u1295 \u1300\u1218\u1228\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u1260\u1295\u1309\u1225 \u120b\u120a\u1260\u120b \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1218\u1206\u1291 \u12ed\u1273\u1218\u1293\u120d (Sergew,1972,278):: \u1260\u1290\u1308\u122b\u127d\u1295 \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1290\u1308\u1225\u1273\u1275 ( \u12a8\u1238\u12cb \u12c8\u12f0 \u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u12a8\u1218\u1323\u12cd \u12a8\u1220\u122d\u1340 \u12f5\u1295\u130d\u120d \u1260\u1240\u122d\u1363) \u12a0\u12f3\u12f2\u1235 \u1225\u122d\u12c8 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1232\u1218\u1220\u122d\u1271 \u12a8\u1230\u121c\u1291 \u12a5\u12e8\u122b\u1241 \u12c8\u12f0 \u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1218\u1321\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u12db\u130d\u12cc \u120b\u1235\u1273\u1295 \u12ed\u12de \u12c8\u120e\u1295 \u1260\u130c\u121d\u12f5\u122d\u1293 \u130e\u1303\u121d\u1295\u1363 \u12ed\u12a9\u1296 \u12a0\u121d\u120b\u12ad \u1238\u12cb\u1295 \u12ed\u12de \u12f3\u121e\u1275\u1295\u1363 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u1238\u12cb\u1295 \u12ed\u12de \u12f0\u1261\u1265\u1363 \u121d\u12d5\u122b\u1265\u1293 \u121d\u1225\u122b\u1245\u1295 \u1290\u12cd \u12f0\u1300\u1295 \u12eb\u12f0\u1228\u1309\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u12bc\u121d \u12e8\u1240\u12f5\u121e\u12cd \u1225\u122d\u12c8 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12a8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u1320\u1295\u12ab\u122b \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u1208\u1245\u1246 \u120c\u120b \u1320\u1295\u12ab\u122b \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u1208\u1218\u134d\u1320\u122d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u1260\u12d0\u1344 \u12ed\u12a9\u1296 \u12a0\u121d\u120b\u12ad \u130a\u12dc \u1260\u1325\u1260\u1260 \u12a5\u12f5 \u1225\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u1260\u1208\u1338\u1309\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u130b\u134b\u1275 \u1215\u12dd\u1266\u127d\u1295 \u12f5\u130b\u134d \u12a0\u130d\u129d\u1276 \u12e8\u12db\u130d\u12cc\u1295 \u1290\u1308\u1225\u1273\u1275 \u12f5\u120d \u1232\u1290\u1223\u1293 \u12a8\u12db\u130d\u12cc \u1290\u1308\u1225\u1273\u1275 \u12cb\u1293 \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u120b\u1235\u1273 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271\u1295 \u12e8\u130b\u134b\u1276\u127d \u12cb\u1293 \u1266\u1273 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1206\u1290\u12cd \u1238\u12cb \u1232\u12eb\u12db\u12cd\u122d \u1208\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12e8\u1260\u1208\u1320 \u12d5\u12f5\u120d \u1270\u1348\u1320\u1228\u1208\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12cd\u121d \u12ed\u1260\u120d\u1325 \u12a8\u12a6\u121e \u12a9\u123d\u1272\u12ad \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u130b\u122d \u1208\u1218\u1308\u1293\u1298\u1275\u1293 \u1208\u1218\u12c8\u122b\u1228\u1235 \u1260\u1243\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
\u121d\u1295\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12b3\u1295 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12e8\u130d\u12a5\u12dd\u1295 \u12e8\u1225\u1290 \u133d\u1211\u134d\u1293 \u12e8\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1290\u1275 \u1263\u12ed\u1228\u12a8\u1265\u121d\u1364 \u12e8\u1264\u1270 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271 \u12e8\u1355\u122e\u1276\u12ae\u120d \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1263\u12ed\u1206\u1295\u121d \u12e8\u12d0\u1344 \u12d3\u121d\u12f0 \u133d\u12ee\u1295(1314-1344)\u1363 \u12e8\u12d0\u1344 \u12f3\u12ca\u1275(1375-1404)\u1363 \u12e8\u12d0\u1344 \u12ed\u1235\u1210\u1245(1413-1430)\u1363 \u12e8\u12d0\u1344 \u12d8\u122d\u12d0 \u12eb\u12d5\u1246\u1265(1434-1468)\u1293 \u12d0\u1344 \u1308\u120b\u12cd\u12f4\u12ce\u1235(1540-1559) \u12c8\u1273\u12f0\u122e\u127d \u12e8\u12d8\u1348\u1297\u1278\u12cd\u1293 \u2039\u12e8\u12c8\u1273\u12f0\u122e\u127d \u12d8\u1348\u1296\u127d\u203a \u12e8\u121a\u1263\u1209\u1275\u1295 \u130d\u1325\u121e\u127d \u1235\u1293\u12ed \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1260\u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u1208\u129b\u12cd \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12ed\u1260\u120d\u1325 \u12a5\u12e8\u12f3\u1260\u1228 \u1218\u121d\u1323\u1271\u1295 \u12eb\u1233\u12eb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u130a\u12dc \u1260\u1265\u12d9 \u12e8\u124b\u1295\u124b\u12cd \u1325\u1293\u1275 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u130d\u121d\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u121b\u12ed\u1308\u1263\u12cd\u1293 \u1208\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12f0\u1261\u1263\u12ca \u12d5\u12f5\u1308\u1275 \u12e8\u121b\u12ed\u1293\u1245 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u133d\u12d6 \u12eb\u12f0\u1228\u1308\u12cd \u12e8\u1200\u1308\u122b\u12ca \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1271 \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120d \u12c8\u12f0 \u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u12a5\u12e8\u1270\u1240\u12e8\u1228 \u1218\u121d\u1323\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u1245\u12f5\u1218 12\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u12e8\u1200\u1308\u122b\u12ca \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120b\u1275 \u12e8\u1206\u1291\u1275 \u2039\u1230\u121c\u1295 \u1234\u121b\u12ca\u203a \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u121a\u1290\u1308\u1229\u1263\u1278\u12cd \u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed\u1293 \u12a4\u122d\u1275\u122b \u1290\u1260\u1228\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1265\u12db\u129e\u1279 \u1308\u12f3\u121b\u1275\u1293 \u12a0\u12f5\u1263\u122b\u1275\u1363 \u121d\u1201\u122b\u1295\u1293 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275 \u12a5\u12da\u12eb \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275 \u12ed\u133b\u1349\u1293 \u12ed\u1270\u1228\u130e\u1219 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd\u121d \u12a5\u12da\u12eb\u12cd \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u12e8\u12a0\u12a9\u1235\u121d \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12608\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u1232\u12f3\u12a8\u121d \u12a8\u121d\u12a5\u1270 \u12d3\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u1260\u128b\u120b \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u12a2\u12e8\u1231\u1235 \u121e\u12a0 \u12a0\u121d\u1210\u122b \u12a5\u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1208 \u12ed\u1320\u122b \u1260\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u12e8\u1210\u12ed\u1245 \u12a5\u1235\u1322\u134b\u1296\u1235\u1295 \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u1264\u1275 \u12601243 \u12d3\u121d \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u1232\u1300\u121d\u1229 \u12e8\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u1209 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1200\u1308\u1228 \u12a0\u121d\u1210\u122b \u1218\u1323\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205\u121d \u12e8\u1270\u1290\u1223 \u1210\u12ed\u1245\u1295 \u1270\u12a8\u1275\u120e \u12c8\u1208\u1243 \u120c\u120b\u12cd \u12e8\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120d \u1206\u1290\u1361\u1361 \u12c8\u1208\u1243 \u2013 \u1210\u12ed\u1245\u121d \u12f0\u1261\u1261\u1295 \u12a8\u1230\u121c\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1293\u129d \u12e8\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275\u1293 \u12e8\u1263\u1215\u120d \u12f5\u120d\u12f5\u12ed \u1206\u1290\u1361\u1361 \u12e813\u1363 14\u1293 15\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u1245\u12f1\u1233\u1295 \u1308\u12f5\u120b\u1275\u1295 \u1235\u1295\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1275 \u12ed\u1205\u1295 \u12ed\u1308\u120d\u1321\u120d\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205 \u1218\u1225\u1218\u122d \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12e8\u121a\u1293\u1308\u122d \u121b\u1285\u1260\u1228\u1230\u1265 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u1260\u1275 \u1260\u1218\u1206\u1291 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12ed\u1260\u120d\u1325 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12eb\u12f5\u130d \u1228\u12f5\u1277\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u120b\u12d5\u120b\u12e9\u1295 \u1266\u1273 \u1262\u12ed\u12dd\u121d \u130d\u12a5\u12dd\u1295 \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1218\u121b\u122d\u121d \u12a0\u1295\u12f0\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u1295\u1308\u12f5 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u126013\u1293 14\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u1260\u1260\u130c\u121d\u12f5\u122d\u1363 \u1260\u130e\u1303\u121d\u1363 \u1210\u1228\u122d\u130c\u1293 \u1260\u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u12e8\u1270\u12f0\u1228\u1309\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1275\u1293 \u121b\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1276\u127d\u1293 \u12e8\u1308\u12f3\u121b\u1275\u1293 \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u1264\u1276\u127d \u12a0\u1270\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u1235\u1295\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1275 \u12e8\u12a0\u122d\u130e\u1263\u1295\u1363 \u12e8\u130b\u134b\u1275\u1295\u1363 \u12e8\u12db\u12ed\u1295\u1363 \u12e8\u1210\u1228\u122a\u1295\u1293 \u120c\u120e\u127d \u1234\u121b\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u12f1\u12ab \u1270\u12a8\u1275\u120e \u12a5\u1293\u1308\u1298\u12cb\u1208\u1295\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12da\u1205 \u12dd\u121d\u12f5\u1293 \u1309\u12f3\u12ed \u12ed\u1260\u120d\u1325 \u120a\u1320\u1293 \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1263 \u12ed\u1218\u1235\u1208\u129b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u126014\u129b\u12cd\u1293 \u126015\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12f0\u1265\u1228 \u120a\u1263\u1296\u1235\u1293 \u12a8\u1308\u12f3\u1219 \u130b\u122d \u1260\u1270\u1270\u12eb\u12eb\u12d8 \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12e8\u1270\u1218\u1220\u1228\u1271\u1275 \u12e8\u1238\u12cb\u1363 \u12e8\u130e\u1303\u121d\u1363 \u12e8\u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d\u1293 \u12e8\u12c8\u120e \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12cb\u1293 \u1218\u1290\u1308\u122a\u12eb\u12ce\u127d \u1206\u1290\u12cd \u12a5\u1293\u1308\u129b\u1208\u1295\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb\u12ce\u1279\u1295 \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u133d\u1211\u134e\u127d\u1295\u121d \u12e8\u121d\u1293\u1308\u1298\u12cd \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u12e8\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275\u1293 \u12e8\u1308\u12f3\u121b\u12ca \u1215\u12ed\u12c8\u1275 \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120b\u1275 \u12a8\u12a0\u122d\u130e\u1263\u1363 \u12a8\u12f3\u121e\u1275\u1293 \u12a8\u130b\u134b\u1275 \u1215\u12dd\u1266\u127d \u130b\u122d \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u130d\u1295\u1299\u1290\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1308\u1293 \u121b\u1325\u1293\u1271 \u12e8\u124b\u1295\u124b\u12cd \u12d5\u12f5\u1308\u1275 \u12a8\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120b\u1275\u1293 \u12a8\u120c\u120e\u127d \u1234\u121b\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u130b\u122d \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u1275\u130d\u130d\u12dd \u12eb\u1233\u12e8\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u1228\u1308\u12f5 \u1273\u12f0\u1230 \u1273\u121d\u122b\u1275 \u1260\u130b\u134b\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1220\u1229\u1275 \u121d\u1233\u120c \u12e8\u121a\u1206\u1295 \u1290\u12cd (Taddesse Tamrat, 1988)\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
3. <\/b>\u12a816\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235<\/b><\/div>\n
\u126016\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u12c8\u12f0 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12e8\u1218\u1321\u1275 \u12e8\u12ab\u1276\u120a\u12ad \u121a\u1235\u12ee\u1293\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u12a8\u12a6\u122d\u1276\u12f6\u12ad\u1235 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u130b\u122d \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u12ad\u122d\u12ad\u122d \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1295 \u1260\u1201\u1208\u1275 \u1218\u1295\u1308\u12f5 \u1320\u1245\u121e\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1260\u12a9\u120d \u121a\u1235\u12ee\u1293\u12cd\u12eb\u1291 \u12a8\u1290\u1263\u1229 \u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u12ed\u120d\u1245 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1295 \u1208\u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u121b\u1235\u1270\u121b\u122a\u12eb\u1290\u1275 \u1270\u1320\u1240\u1219\u1260\u1275(\u12a0\u121d\u1233\u1209 \u12a0\u12ad\u120a\u1209\u1363 1975)\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205\u121d \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12e8\u121b\u1235\u1270\u121b\u122a\u12eb \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1206\u1290\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205\u1295\u1295 \u1270\u12a8\u1275\u120e\u121d \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275\u121d \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u121b\u1235\u1270\u121b\u122d \u1300\u1218\u1229\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u12bc \u1208\u1215\u12dd\u1261 \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u121b\u1235\u1270\u121b\u122d \u12a0\u12f5\u130e\u1293 \u12f3\u1265\u122e \u1260\u128b\u120b \u120b\u12ed \u12c8\u12f0 \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120b\u1275 \u1260\u1218\u130d\u1263\u1275 \u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u120b\u12ed \u12a0\u1295\u12f5\u121d\u1273 \u1275\u122d\u1313\u121c\u12cd \u1295\u1263\u1261 \u1260\u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u1275\u122d\u1313\u121c\u12cd \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1206\u1295 \u12eb\u1235\u127b\u1208\u12cd\u121d \u12ed\u12bc\u12cd \u1202\u12f0\u1275 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u1260\u120c\u120b\u121d \u1260\u12a9\u120d \u121a\u1235\u12ee\u1293\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u1218\u120d\u12a5\u12ad\u1276\u127b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12a5\u12e8\u133b\u1349 \u1260\u121b\u1235\u1270\u120b\u1208\u134b\u1278\u12cd \u1290\u1263\u122d \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275\u121d \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1218\u120d\u1235 \u1218\u1235\u1320\u1275 \u1300\u1218\u1229\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u12bc \u1202\u12f0\u1275\u121d \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u1295 \u12e8\u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u1218\u133b\u134a\u12eb \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1206\u1295 \u12a0\u1235\u127b\u1208\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed\u121d \u1353\u12a4\u12dd \u1265\u12d9 \u12e8\u12ab\u1276\u120a\u12ad\u1295 \u12a5\u121d\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u120d\u1321 \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275 \u12c8\u12f0 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1270\u1228\u130e\u1219 \u12a0\u12f0\u1228\u1308 (The missionary Factor, Merid Wolde Aregay, 47, 1996)\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12a6\u122d\u1276\u12f6\u12ad\u1235 \u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275\u121d \u1208\u12da\u1205 \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a5\u1295\u1245\u1235\u1243\u1234 \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275\u1295 \u12a8\u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u1260\u1218\u1270\u122d\u130e\u121d\u1293 \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a0\u12f3\u12f2\u1235 \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275\u1295 \u1260\u1218\u133b\u134d \u1218\u120d\u1235 \u1230\u1321\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1290 \u12a0\u1295\u1240\u1338 \u12a0\u121a\u1295\u1363 \u1320\u1262\u1260 \u1320\u1262\u1263\u1295\u1363 \u1225\u1290 \u134d\u1325\u1228\u1275\u1363 \u121d\u1225\u1322\u1228 \u133d\u130c\u12eb\u1275 <\/b>\u12a8\u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u12c8\u12f0 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12e8\u1270\u1270\u1228\u130e\u1219\u1275 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1290\u1260\u122d ((Nostnitisn, 2003, 238):: \u12a5\u1290 \u2039\u1290\u1308\u1228 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275\u203a\u1293 \u2039\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1270 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275\u203a<\/i><\/b>\u121d \u1270\u12d8\u130b\u1301(Getachew Haile, 1980)\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1300\u122d\u1218\u1295 \u121a\u1232\u12ee\u1293\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u12a0\u121b\u12ab\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u12c8\u1295\u130c\u120d<\/i><\/b> \u12c8\u12f0 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1270\u1270\u122d\u1309\u121e \u12601647 \u1273\u1270\u1218 (\u12a0\u121d\u1233\u1209 \u12a0\u12ad\u120a\u1209\u1363 1976)\u1361\u1361 \u1209\u12f6\u120d\u134d\u121d \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1230\u12cb\u1235\u12cd\u1295 \u12601698 \u12a0\u1233\u1270\u1218\u1361\u1361 \u12a816\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12c8\u12f2\u1205\u121d \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u12d8\u1295\u12f5 \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1230\u12cb\u1235\u12cd\u1295 \u1218\u133b\u134d \u1270\u1300\u1218\u1228(Getachew Haile, 1970)::<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u121d\u1295\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12b3\u1295 \u12e8\u1243\u120d \u1218\u1228\u1303\u12ce\u127d\u1293 \u12a0\u1295\u12f3\u1295\u12f5 \u1218\u12db\u130d\u1265\u1275 (EMML 2117) \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12e8\u12a0\u1295\u12f5\u121d\u1273 \u1275\u122d\u1313\u121c \u1240\u12f0\u121d \u12eb\u1208 \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u1208\u12cd \u1262\u1308\u120d\u1321\u121d \u1295\u1263\u1265 \u1260\u130d\u12a5\u12dd\u1363 \u1275\u122d\u1313\u121c \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1206\u1296 \u12ed\u1260\u120d\u1325 \u1218\u1230\u1320\u1275 \u12e8\u1300\u1218\u1228\u12cd \u130d\u1295 \u126017\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12a5\u1293 \u126018\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u1260\u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u12a8\u12da\u1205\u121d \u1260\u1270\u1328\u121b\u122a \u121d\u1295\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12b3\u1295 \u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u12e8\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275\u1293 \u12e8\u1225\u1290 \u133d\u1211\u134d \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1290\u1271\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1320\u1260\u1240 \u1262\u1206\u1295\u1363 \u1260\u1265\u122b\u1293 \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u1293 \u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u130e\u1295 \u1208\u130e\u1295 \u1218\u1273\u12e8\u1275 \u12e8\u1300\u1218\u1229\u1275 \u12a817\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u1260\u128b\u120b \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u12cb\u1293\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u133d\u1211\u134d \u1266\u1273 (\u1308\u12f5\u1209\u1293\u1363 \u12dc\u1293 \u1218\u12cb\u12d5\u1209\u1295\u1363 \u1338\u120e\u1271\u1295\u1363 \u12c8\u12d8\u1270) \u1232\u12ed\u12dd \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12e8\u12d5\u1208\u1275 \u1270\u12d5\u1208\u1275 \u121b\u1285\u1260\u122b\u12ca \u1291\u122e\u12cd\u1295 \u1266\u1273 \u12eb\u12d8\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u12d9\u122a\u12eb \u12a0\u12f5\u1263\u122b\u1275 \u12e8\u121d\u1293\u1308\u129b\u1278\u12cd \u12e817\u129b\u12cd\u1363 18\u129b\u12cd\u1293 \u12a8\u12da\u12eb \u1260\u128b\u120b \u12eb\u1209\u1275 \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275 \u1260\u1285\u12f3\u130b\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u133d\u1349\u1275 \u12e8\u12cd\u122d\u1235\u1363 \u12e8\u122d\u1235\u1275\u1363 \u12e8\u123d\u12eb\u132d\u1293 \u130d\u12e5\u1363\u12e8\u12cd\u120d\u12f0\u1275\u1363 \u1218\u12db\u130d\u1265\u1275 \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12e8\u121a\u133b\u1349 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a8\u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u1240\u1325\u120e \u12e8\u133d\u1211\u134d \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1290\u1271 \u12a5\u12eb\u12f0\u1308\u1293 \u1260\u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u1205\u1290\u1271\u1293 \u1260\u1264\u1270 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271 \u1338\u1210\u134d\u1275\u121d \u12d8\u1295\u12f5 \u1270\u1240\u1263\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u12a5\u12eb\u1308\u1298 \u1218\u121d\u1323\u1271\u1295 \u12eb\u1233\u12e8\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1218\u1233\u134d\u1295\u1275 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275 \u12a5\u1290 \u122b\u1235 \u12d3\u120a\u1363 \u12f0\u1303\u127d \u12cd\u1264\u1363 \u12f0\u1303\u127d \u130e\u1239\u1363 \u12ed\u133b\u133b\u1349 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1290\u1260\u1228 \u12db\u122c \u1208\u12d8\u122d \u1270\u122d\u1348\u12cd \u12eb\u1308\u1298\u1293\u1278\u12cd \u12f0\u1265\u12f0\u1264\u12ce\u127b\u1278\u12cd \u12eb\u1233\u12e9\u1293\u120d(Rubenson, 1987)<\/div>\n
\u12e8\u12d0\u1344 \u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1225\u120d\u1323\u1295 \u1218\u121d\u1323\u1275 \u1208\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12d5\u12f5\u1308\u1275 \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u121d\u12d5\u122b\u134d \u12a8\u134d\u1277\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1260\u12a9\u120d \u12dc\u1293 \u1218\u12cb\u12d5\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u133b\u134d \u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130b\u1278\u12cd \u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u12ed\u12de\u1275 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd\u1295 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12e8\u1225\u1290 \u133d\u1211\u134d \u1218\u1295\u1308\u12f5 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1228\u12a8\u1260\u12cd \u12a0\u12f0\u1228\u1309\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u120c\u120b \u1260\u12a9\u120d \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12e8\u1264\u1270 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271\u1295 \u12e8\u1225\u122b \u130d\u1295\u1299\u1290\u1275 \u1260\u1295\u1309\u1225 \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1218\u133b\u134d \u1218\u1300\u1218\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u12e8\u1355\u122e\u1276\u12ae\u120d \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1290\u1271\u1295 \u1208\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12eb\u1235\u1228\u12ad\u1265 \u12a0\u12f0\u1228\u1308\u12cd\u1361\u1361 (\u12e8\u12d0\u1344 \u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235 \u12f0\u1265\u12f3\u1264\u12ce\u127d Sven Rubenson, Acta Aethiopica, vol. II)\u1260\u122d\u130d\u1325 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u1309\u12f3\u12ed \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1238\u12cb\u12cd \u1295\u1309\u1225 \u1223\u1215\u1208 \u1225\u120b\u1234\u121d \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12e8\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271\u1295 \u12e8\u1218\u133b\u133b\u134d \u1225\u122b \u1260\u1218\u1225\u122b\u1275 \u1273\u122a\u12a9\u1295 \u12ed\u130b\u122b\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12f0\u1265\u1270\u122b \u12d8\u1290\u1265 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u1348 \u1328\u12cb\u1273 \u1225\u130b\u12ca \u12c8\u1218\u1295\u1348\u1233\u12ca<\/i><\/b>\u121d \u12e8\u12da\u1205 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u134d\u122c \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12f0\u1265\u1270\u122b \u12d8\u1290\u1265 \u12e8\u133b\u1349\u1275 \u12e8\u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235 \u1273\u122a\u12ad<\/i><\/b>\u1363 \u12e8\u12a2\u12d8\u1295\u1260\u122d\u130d \u12e8\u12d3\u1208\u121d \u1273\u122a\u12ad<\/i><\/b>(1842) \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12e8\u1302\u12a6\u130d\u122b\u134a \u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d <\/i><\/b>(1842) \u12e8\u12da\u1205 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u121b\u1235\u1273\u12c8\u123b\u12ce\u127d \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd \u12e8\u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u121b\u1285\u1260\u122d\u121d \u12601842 \u12e8\u12a0\u122d\u1263\u12d5\u1271\u1295 \u12c8\u1295\u130c\u120d \u12e8\u130d\u12a5\u12dd\u1293 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a5\u1275\u121d \u12a0\u1233\u1270\u1218 (Pankhurst, 1976,3110)::<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
4. <\/b>\u12a8\u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad<\/b><\/b><\/div>\n
\u12d0\u1344 \u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u12d0\u1344 \u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235 \u12e8\u1300\u1218\u1229\u1275\u1295\u1363 \u1295\u1309\u1225 \u1223\u1215\u1208 \u1225\u120b\u1234 \u1240\u12f0\u121d \u12e8\u1260\u1228\u1271\u1260\u1275\u1295\u1363 \u12e8\u1264\u1270 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271\u1295 \u1225\u122b \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u121b\u12a8\u1293\u12c8\u1295\u1295 \u12a0\u1320\u1295\u12ad\u1228\u12cd \u1240\u1320\u1209\u1260\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12d0\u1344 \u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u12f0\u1265\u12f3\u1264\u12ce\u127b\u1278\u12cd \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12ed\u133b\u1349 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 (Rubenson, 2000)<\/div>\n
\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12ed\u1260\u120d\u1325 \u12e8\u1218\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1275\u1293 \u12e8\u121b\u12f0\u130d \u12d5\u12f5\u1209\u1295 \u12eb\u1308\u1298\u12cd \u1260\u12d0\u1344 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12d0\u1344 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235\u1293 \u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u1201\u1209 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u1295 \u12e8\u1264\u1270 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271 \u12e8\u1225\u122b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u1308\u12cd\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205\u1295\u1295\u121d \u12e8\u12d0\u1344 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad\u1295 \u12d0\u12cb\u1306\u127d (\u1333\u12cd\u120e\u1235 \u129e\u129e\u1363 \u12f3\u130d\u121b\u12ca \u12d0\u1324 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad\u13631984) \u12f0\u1265\u12f3\u1264\u12ce\u127b\u1278\u12cd\u1295\u121d (\u1333\u12cd\u120e\u1235 \u129e\u129e\u1363 \u12e8\u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u12f0\u1265\u12f3\u1264\u12ce\u127d\u13632003) \u1218\u1218\u120d\u12a8\u1271 \u1320\u1243\u121a \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1208\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1226\u1235\u1275 \u12d5\u12f5\u120e\u127d\u1295 \u12a0\u121d\u1325\u1277\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u12e8\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb\u12cd<\/b>\u12e8\u12d0\u1344 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u12e8\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1225\u120d\u1323\u1295 \u12c8\u12f0 \u12f0\u1261\u1265\u1363 \u121d\u12d5\u122b\u1265\u1293 \u121d\u1225\u122b\u1245 \u1218\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1271 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1260\u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262\u12ce\u127d \u12ed\u1260\u120d\u1325 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1235\u134b\u134b \u1228\u12f5\u1276\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1260\u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262\u12ce\u127d \u1240\u12f5\u121e \u12a8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u1260\u1275 \u1266\u1273 \u120b\u1245 \u1263\u1208 \u1201\u1294\u1273 \u1218\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1275 \u1265\u127b \u1233\u12ed\u1206\u1295 \u12a8\u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262\u12ce\u127d\u121d \u1265\u12d9 \u1320\u1263\u12ee\u127d\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12c8\u1235\u12f5 \u1206\u1297\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1201\u1208\u1270\u129b\u12cd<\/b> \u12d5\u12f5\u120d \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12e8\u130b\u12dc\u1323\u1363 \u12e8\u1225\u1290 \u133d\u1211\u134d\u1293 \u12e8\u134d\u122d\u12f5 \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1218\u1206\u1291 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u12a5\u121d\u122e \u130b\u12dc\u1323 \u12e8\u1273\u1270\u1218\u12cd \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1326\u1262\u12eb \u120d\u1266\u1208\u12f5 \u12e8\u1270\u133b\u1348\u12cd \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1290\u12cd(1908)\u1364 \u12e8\u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u12d0\u12cb\u1306\u127d\u1293 \u12e8\u12d8\u1218\u1291 \u134d\u122d\u12f6\u127d \u12e8\u121a\u1230\u1321\u1275\u1293 \u12e8\u121a\u133b\u1349\u1275 \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1226\u1235\u1270\u129b\u12cd<\/b>\u12d5\u12f5\u120d \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1260\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u1218\u1230\u1320\u1275 \u1218\u1300\u1218\u1229 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12d0\u1344 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1260\u1270\u12a8\u1348\u1270\u12cd \u12e8\u12f3\u130d\u121b\u12ca \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u1264\u1275 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1260\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275\u1290\u1275 \u1218\u1230\u1320\u1275 \u1300\u1218\u1228\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u12bc\u121d \u1208\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1230\u12cb\u1235\u12cd\u1293 \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1270 \u133d\u1215\u1348\u1275 \u121b\u12f0\u130d \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u133d\u12d6 \u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u1313\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u122d\u130d\u1325 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u1228\u1308\u12f5 \u121a\u1232\u12ee\u1293\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u12a8\u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1240\u12f0\u121d \u1265\u1208\u12cd \u12e8\u1218\u1220\u1228\u1271\u1295 \u12f5\u1295\u130b\u12ed \u1325\u1208\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u1264\u1275 \u1260\u12a8\u1348\u1271\u1263\u1278\u12cd \u1266\u1273\u12ce\u127d \u1201\u1209 \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1295 \u12eb\u1235\u1270\u121d\u1229 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u1208\u121d\u1233\u120c \u120b\u12db\u122a\u1235\u1276\u127d \u12601870\u1293 80\u12ce\u1279 \u1260\u12a8\u1228\u1295\u1293 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262\u12cd \u1260\u12a8\u1348\u1277\u1278\u12cd \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u1264\u1276\u127d \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u121b\u1295\u1260\u1265\u1293 \u1218\u133b\u134d \u12eb\u1235\u1270\u121d\u1229 \u1290\u1260\u122d (Pankhurst, 1976,314)::<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
5. <\/b>\u12a8\u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12a0\u1201\u1295<\/b><\/b><\/div>\n
\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a8\u12d0\u1344 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1260\u128b\u120b \u12e8\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12e8\u1225\u122b \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1363 \u1265\u1214\u122b\u12ca \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1363 \u12e8\u121a\u12f2\u12eb\u1293 \u12e8\u1285\u1275\u1218\u1275 \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1363 \u12e8\u1225\u1290 \u133d\u1211\u134d\u1293 \u12e8\u121b\u1235\u1270\u121b\u122a\u12eb \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1206\u1297\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u12d0\u1228\u1265\u129b \u1240\u1325\u120e \u1260\u1235\u134b\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1290\u1308\u122d \u1234\u121b\u12ca \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12e8\u1206\u1290\u12cd \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b (Girma, 2009, 2) \u1260\u12a0\u1201\u1291 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12a880 \u1260\u1218\u1276 \u1260\u120b\u12ed \u1260\u121a\u1206\u1290\u12cd \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12ca \u12d8\u1295\u12f5 \u12e8\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u1201\u1208\u1270\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1206\u1296 \u12ed\u1290\u1308\u122b\u120d (Ibid; Meyer and Richter, 40):: \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122b\u1363 \u12e8\u12f0\u1261\u1265\u1363 \u12e8\u130b\u121d\u1264\u120b\u1293 \u12e8\u1264\u1292\u123b\u1295\u1309\u120d \u1309\u1219\u12dd \u12ad\u120d\u120e\u127d\u1363 \u12e8\u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263\u1293 \u12e8\u12f5\u122c\u12f3\u12cb \u1218\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f5\u122e\u127d \u12e8\u1225\u122b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a5\u1225\u122b\u12a4\u120d \u12a880 \u123a \u1260\u120b\u12ed \u1270\u1293\u130b\u122a\u12ce\u127d \u12a0\u1209\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a0\u121c\u122a\u12ab\u1363 \u1260\u12a0\u12cd\u122e\u1353\u1363 \u1260\u12a5\u1235\u12eb\u1293 \u1260\u12a0\u134d\u122a\u12ab \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1299 \u12a8\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u121a\u120a\u12ee\u1295 \u1260\u120b\u12ed \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u12ed\u1293\u1308\u1229\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12cb\u123d\u1295\u130d\u1270\u1295 \u12f2\u1232 \u12a8\u1270\u1293\u130b\u122a\u12cd \u1218\u1265\u12db\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u1290\u1223 \u12e8\u12a8\u1270\u121b\u12cd \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12e8\u1218\u1225\u122a\u12eb \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1270\u1240\u1265\u120e\u1273\u120d\u1361<\/div>\n
\u1270\u130d\u12f3\u122e\u1276\u1279\u1293 \u12e8\u1218\u134d\u1275\u1214 \u1210\u1233\u1266\u127d<\/b><\/div>\n
1. \u1270\u124b\u121b\u12ca \u1263\u1208\u1264\u1275 \u12e8\u120c\u1208\u12cd \u1218\u1206\u1291<\/div>\n
\u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1320\u1293\u1363 \u12f0\u1228\u1303\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12c8\u1323\u1363 \u12a0\u12f3\u12f2\u1235 \u1243\u120b\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u1218\u12d8\u130d\u1265\u1363 \u1235\u12eb\u121c \u1243\u120b\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12d8\u130b\u1305 \u12a5\u1294 \u1263\u12ed \u1270\u124b\u121d \u12e8\u1208\u12cd\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u130d\u12a5\u12dd\u1295 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u1228\u1308\u12f5 \u12e8\u1320\u1240\u1218\u12cd \u1201\u1208\u1275 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1260\u12a9\u120d \u12a5\u1294 \u1263\u12ed \u1270\u124b\u121d \u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u1205\u1290\u1275 \u12a0\u1208\u127a\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u120c\u120b\u121d \u1260\u12a9\u120d \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u1260\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275\u1290\u1275 \u12a8\u1325\u1295\u1275 \u1300\u121d\u122e \u12ed\u1230\u1323\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1294 \u1263\u12ed \u1270\u124b\u121d \u1218\u1296\u1229 \u12d5\u12cd\u1240\u1271 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12a8\u121b\u127d\u1363 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1320\u1260\u1245\u1293 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12f3\u1265\u122d \u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u130e\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275\u1290\u1275 \u1218\u1230\u1320\u1271 \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u1215\u130d\u1293 \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1271 \u12e8\u1273\u12c8\u1240\u1293 \u12e8\u1270\u1228\u12f3 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1206\u1295\u1363 \u12f0\u1228\u1303\u12cd\u1293 \u1218\u120d\u12a9 \u1260\u1270\u130d\u1263\u1266\u1275 \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1273\u12c8\u1245 \u1228\u12f5\u1276\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u1208\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b \u12a6\u12ad\u1235\u134e\u122d\u12f5\u1293 \u12ab\u121d\u1265\u122a\u1305 \u1260\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u1363 \u1210\u122d\u126b\u122d\u12f5 \u1260\u12a0\u121c\u122a\u12ab \u12e8\u12cb\u1209\u1208\u1275\u1295 \u12cd\u1208\u1273 \u1208\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u121a\u12cd\u120d\u1208\u1275 \u1270\u124b\u121d \u12e8\u1208\u12cd\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1232\u124b\u124b\u121d \u12a8\u120c\u120e\u127d \u130b\u122d \u1270\u12f0\u122d\u1266 \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u2039\u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d\u203a \u1260\u121a\u120d \u1270\u12a8\u1265\u1266 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1218\u12dd\u1308\u1260 \u1243\u120b\u1275 \u12dd\u130d\u1305\u1271\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12b3\u1295 \u1235\u1293\u12e8\u12cd \u1260\u12e8\u130a\u12dc\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1328\u121d\u122d\u1363 \u12e8\u121a\u123b\u123b\u120d\u1293 \u1245\u12f0\u121d \u1270\u12a8\u1270\u120d (Series) \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u124b\u1295\u124b \u12a0\u12ab\u12f3\u121a\u12ce\u127d\u121d \u12a0\u1295\u12f4 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1225\u122b \u12ed\u1220\u122b\u1209 \u12a8\u12da\u12eb \u12eb\u1246\u121b\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12e8\u130a\u12dc\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1348\u1320\u1229\u1275\u1295 \u1243\u120b\u1275 \u1218\u12dd\u130d\u1266 \u1208\u1218\u12dd\u1308\u1260 \u1243\u120b\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1260\u1243 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d \u12cc\u1265\u1235\u1270\u122d<\/b> \u12eb\u1208 \u12a0\u120b\u1308\u1298\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1235\u12eb\u121c \u1243\u120b\u1275 \u1232\u12eb\u1235\u1348\u120d\u1309 \u12e8\u121a\u1320\u12e8\u1245\u1363 \u1260\u124b\u1295\u124b\u12cd \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u121a\u12f0\u1228\u1309 \u1325\u1293\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12a8\u121b\u127d\u1363 \u12a5\u1294 \u1263\u12ed \u1270\u124b\u121d \u12a0\u120b\u1308\u1298\u121d\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u1260\u1218\u1206\u1291\u121d \u120d\u12ad \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u12da\u1205 \u12a0\u1201\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1270\u1230\u1260\u1230\u1265\u1295\u1260\u1275 \u12eb\u1208 \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12cd\u1295 \u121b\u1325\u1293\u1275\u1293 \u121b\u1260\u120d\u1338\u130d \u12cb\u1293 \u12d3\u120b\u121b\u12cd \u12e8\u1206\u1290 \u121d\u1201\u122b\u12ca\u1293 \u1233\u12ed\u1295\u1233\u12ca \u1270\u124b\u121d \u12eb\u1235\u1348\u120d\u130b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1270\u124b\u1219\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1201 \u12d0\u133d\u1218 \u1235\u121d \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u1265\u127b \u1233\u12ed\u1206\u1295 \u1260\u12a0\u12ab\u12f3\u121a\u12eb\u12ca \u1290\u133b\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1220\u122b\u1363 \u1208\u12cd\u1325 \u1208\u121b\u121d\u1323\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1270\u130b \u12e8\u12d5\u12cd\u1240\u1275 \u1266\u1273 \u1218\u1206\u1295 \u12ed\u1308\u1263\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u120c\u120e\u127d \u12e8\u130d\u120d\u1293 \u12e8\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12e9\u1292\u1268\u122d\u1232\u1272\u12ce\u127d\u1293 \u1270\u124b\u121b\u1275\u121d \u12ed\u1205\u1295\u1295 \u1218\u1230\u120d \u12a0\u12ab\u120b\u1275\u1295 \u12a5\u12e8\u1348\u1320\u1229 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed\u121d \u1260\u1234\u121b\u12ca \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d(\u12a0\u1295\u12f3\u1295\u12f6\u1279 \u12a5\u12e8\u1320\u1349 \u1260\u1218\u1206\u1291) \u120b\u12ed \u1325\u1293\u1275 \u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130d\u1293 \u1260\u12a0\u1265\u12db\u129b\u12cd \u12a8\u1200\u1308\u122a\u1271 \u12cd\u132d \u12e8\u121a\u12f0\u1228\u1308\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u1234\u121b\u12ca\u1293 \u12a6\u122d\u12e8\u1295\u1273\u120d \u1325\u1293\u1275\u1295 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1200\u1308\u122a\u1271 \u121b\u121d\u1323\u1275 \u12a0\u1208\u1263\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
2. <\/b>\u1245\u1261\u120d\u1290\u1275 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u1218\u1208\u12aa\u12eb \u12a0\u1208\u1218\u1296\u122d<\/b><\/div>\n
\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u1295 \u1260\u1218\u133b\u134d\u1293 \u1260\u1218\u1293\u1308\u122d \u1228\u1308\u12f5 \u1200\u1308\u122b\u12ca \u1245\u1261\u120d\u1290\u1275 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u12e8\u12a0\u1220\u122b\u122d \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u12a0\u1208 \u1208\u121b\u1208\u1275 \u12a0\u12eb\u1235\u12f0\u134d\u122d\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5\u1295 \u1225\u1290 \u133d\u1211\u134d \u1260\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b \u1235\u1295\u133d\u134d \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1271\u1295 \u1260\u1270\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1270 \u12e8\u121a\u1218\u1229\u1295 \u12e8\u1273\u12c8\u1241 \u12f0\u1228\u1303\u12ce\u127d\u1293 \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u12a0\u12cd\u132d\u12ce\u127d\u121d \u12a0\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u1228\u1308\u12f5 \u12e8\u127a\u12ab\u130e \u121b\u1291\u12cb\u120d<\/i><\/b>\u1270\u1320\u1243\u123d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12f5\u122d\u1305\u1276\u127d\u1363 \u12e8\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u1270\u124b\u121b\u1275\u1293 \u12e8\u1285\u1275\u1218\u1275 \u1270\u124b\u121b\u1275 \u1225\u122b\u127d\u1201\u1295 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u12a0\u1245\u122d\u1261 \u12ed\u120b\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u130d\u1295 \u1200\u1308\u122b\u12ca \u1245\u1261\u120d\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u12eb\u1270\u1228\u1348 \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u12a0\u12cd\u132d\u121d \u1206\u1290 \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u12a0\u1208\u12cd \u1208\u121b\u1208\u1275 \u12a0\u1235\u1278\u130b\u122a \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205 \u1218\u1206\u1291 \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12a0\u1320\u1243\u1240\u121b\u127d\u1295 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12c8\u1325 \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u12ed\u1206\u1295\u1363 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed\u121d \u1260\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u1270\u124b\u121b\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1230\u1320\u12cd \u12e8\u124b\u1295\u124b \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u12e8\u1218\u121d\u1205\u1229 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1208\u12eb\u12ed \u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u130e\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u121a\u12f2\u12eb\u12ce\u1279\u121d \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12c8\u1325 \u12e8\u1206\u1290 \u12a0\u1320\u1243\u1240\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u12ed\u12a8\u1270\u1209 \u1218\u1228\u1295 \u1208\u124b\u1278\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed \u1260\u1201\u1208\u1270\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1290\u1275 \u1208\u121a\u121b\u1228\u12cd \u1230\u12cd \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12a5\u1305\u130d \u12a0\u1235\u1278\u130b\u122a \u12ed\u1206\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u122d\u12a5\u1235\u1363 \u1260\u12d0\u1295\u1240\u133d\u1363 \u1260\u1218\u1228\u1303 \u12a0\u1230\u1323\u1325\u1363 \u1260\u12cb\u1264 \u12a0\u1218\u12d8\u130b\u1308\u1265\u1363 \u1260\u130d\u122d\u130c \u121b\u1235\u1273\u12c8\u123b \u12a0\u1230\u1323\u1325\u1363 \u1260\u134a\u12f0\u120d \u1218\u1320\u1295\u1363 \u12c8\u12d8\u1270 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u130d\u1263\u1263 \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u12eb\u1235\u1348\u120d\u1308\u1295 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u120c\u120b\u12cd \u1240\u122d\u1276 \u12e8\u12a0\u133b\u133b\u134d \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1271 \u12c8\u1325 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1206\u1295 \u1263\u1208\u1218\u1220\u122b\u1271 \u2039\u1320\u12cb\u1275\u1363 \u1325\u12cb\u1275\u1293 \u1321\u1203\u1275\u203a\u1363 \u2039\u1218\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u1275\u1293 \u1218\u1235\u1273\u12cd\u1275\u203a\u1363 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1230\u1209\u1275\u1295 \u1208\u1218\u1270\u122b\u1228\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12b3\u1295 \u12a0\u1245\u1276\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u121d\u1201\u122b\u1295\u1363 \u1270\u124b\u121b\u1275\u1363 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1273\u12ca \u12a0\u12ab\u120b\u1275\u1293 \u120c\u120e\u127d \u12a8\u1270\u130d\u1263\u1266\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u121a\u12f0\u122d\u1231\u1260\u1275\u1363 \u1260\u12d5\u12cd\u1240\u1273\u12ca\u1293 \u121d\u1201\u122b\u12ca \u12f0\u1228\u1303\u12cd\u1363 \u1260\u1263\u1215\u120b\u12ca\u1293 \u121b\u1285\u1260\u122b\u12ca \u12d0\u1245\u1219 \u12a8\u134d \u12eb\u1208 \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1270 \u133d\u1215\u1348\u1275\u1363 \u1218\u120d\u12ad\u12d0 \u134a\u12f0\u120d\u1363 \u1230\u12cb\u1235\u12cd\u1363 \u1235\u12eb\u121c \u1243\u120b\u1275\u1363 \u12e8\u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275\u1363 \u12e8\u1325\u1293\u1273\u12ca \u12c8\u1228\u1240\u1276\u127d\u1363 \u12e8\u121b\u1235\u1273\u12c8\u1242\u12eb\u12ce\u127d\u1363 \u12e8\u12dc\u1293\u12ce\u127d\u1363 \u12c8\u12d8\u1270 \u12a0\u133b\u133b\u134d \u12f0\u1295\u1265 \u120a\u1296\u1228\u1295 \u12ed\u1308\u1263\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205\u1295\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u1320\u1291\u1363 \u12e8\u121a\u1270\u1308\u1265\u1229\u1293 \u12e8\u121a\u12a8\u1273\u1270\u1209 \u1270\u124b\u121b\u1275\u121d \u12eb\u1235\u1348\u120d\u130b\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12e8\u130a\u12dc\u12cd\u121d \u121b\u1295\u12cb\u120e\u127d\u1295 \u121b\u12d8\u130b\u1300\u1275 \u12a0\u1208\u1263\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
3. <\/b>\u124b\u1295\u124b\u12cd\u1295 \u1230\u12cd \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1275 \u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130d<\/b><\/div>\n
\u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed \u12a8\u1245\u122d\u1265 \u12d8\u1218\u1293\u1275 \u12c8\u12f2\u1205 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u1295 \u12ed\u1293\u1308\u1229 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1229 \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1276\u127d\u1293 \u12e8\u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1275 \u1218\u122a\u12ce\u127d \u1208\u121a\u1348\u1325\u1229\u1275\u1293 \u1208\u1348\u1320\u1229\u1275 \u127d\u130d\u122d \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b\u121d \u12a0\u1265\u122e \u1270\u1320\u12eb\u1242 \u12a5\u12e8\u1206\u1290 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1275 \u1218\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1275 \u1208\u124b\u1295\u124b \u1218\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1275 \u1363 \u12e8\u124b\u1295\u124b \u1218\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1275\u121d \u1208\u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1275 \u1218\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1275 \u1218\u1325\u1240\u121b\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u12e8\u1275\u121d \u1200\u1308\u122d \u1290\u1263\u122b\u12ca \u1201\u1294\u1273 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u1340\u1210\u12ed \u12a0\u1275\u1320\u120d\u1245\u121d \u1263\u12ed\u1263\u120d \u1296\u122e \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b \u1260\u1270\u12a0\u121d\u122d \u12e8\u12d3\u1208\u121d \u1218\u1290\u130b\u1308\u122a\u12eb \u1263\u120d\u1206\u1290 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1295\u1302\u121b \u12e8\u127b\u12ed\u1293 \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1260\u1270\u1293\u130b\u122a\u12ce\u127d \u1265\u12db\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b\u1295 \u12ed\u1260\u120d\u1320\u12cd \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12a5\u1235\u120d\u121d\u1293\u1293 \u12e8\u12d3\u1228\u1265 \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u1218\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1275 \u1208\u12d0\u1228\u1265\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1218\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1275\u1293 \u121b\u12f0\u130d \u12eb\u1260\u1228\u12a8\u1271\u1275\u1295 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u133d\u12d6 \u121b\u1295\u121d \u12a0\u12ed\u12ad\u12f0\u12cd\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1290 \u1348\u1228\u1295\u1233\u12ed\u129b\u1293 \u1235\u1353\u1292\u123d \u12eb\u1208 \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u1218\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1275 \u12a0\u120d\u1270\u1235\u134b\u1349\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1201 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
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\u12db\u122c \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b \u12e8\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd \u1265\u127b \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12a0\u121c\u122a\u12ab\u1363 \u12e8\u1215\u1295\u12f5\u1363 \u12e8\u12a0\u134d\u122a\u12ab\u1363 \u12e8\u12ab\u1293\u12f3\u1293 \u12e8\u12a0\u12cd\u1235\u1275\u122b\u120d\u12eb\u121d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205\u121d \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1275 \u12e8\u12a0\u134d\u122a\u12ab \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b\u1363 \u12e8\u12a0\u121c\u122a\u12ab \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b\u1363 \u12e8\u1215\u1295\u12f5 \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b \u12ed\u1263\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12de\u127d \u120b\u12f0\u1228\u1231\u1275 \u1260\u12f0\u120d \u1270\u1320\u12eb\u1242 \u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130d \u130d\u1295 \u1235\u1215\u1270\u1275\u121d\u1363 \u1290\u12cd\u122d\u121d\u1363 \u1283\u1322\u12a0\u1275\u121d \u12ed\u1218\u1235\u1208\u129b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1201 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12e8\u1215\u12dd\u1266\u127d \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1206\u1297\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u12a0\u1295\u12f1 \u12e8\u1218\u1308\u1293\u129b \u12f5\u120d\u12f5\u12eb\u127d\u1295 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5\u1295 \u1200\u1308\u122d \u12eb\u1208 \u1218\u1308\u1293\u129b \u12f5\u120d\u12f5\u12ee\u127d \u1218\u1218\u1225\u1228\u1275 \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12a0\u12ed\u127b\u120d\u121d\u1361\u1364 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12eb\u12cd\u121d \u1266\u1273\u12cd \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u1208\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1225\u1290 \u133d\u1211\u134d \u12d5\u12f5\u1308\u1275 \u1273\u120b\u1241\u1295 \u1266\u1273 \u12e8\u121a\u12c8\u1235\u12f1\u1275 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1201\u1208\u1270\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u1206\u1291 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
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\u1260\u1218\u1206\u1291\u121d \u12ed\u1205 \u12a0\u1218\u1208\u12ab\u12a8\u1275 \u1260\u130a\u12dc \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1273\u1228\u121d \u1218\u1225\u122b\u1275 \u12eb\u1235\u1348\u120d\u130b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1290\u12cd\u1364 \u1295\u1309\u1225 \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1270 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1295\u1309\u1221\u1293 \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1270 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271 \u130d\u1295 \u1270\u1320\u1245\u1218\u12cd\u1260\u1275\u121d \u1320\u1245\u1218\u12cd\u1275\u121d \u120a\u1206\u1295 \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12db\u122c \u1323\u120d\u12eb\u1295\u129b \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12ed\u1230\u1323\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1323\u120d\u12eb\u1295\u129b \u134b\u123d\u1235\u1275 \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u121d\u1235\u1275 \u12d3\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u12cb\u130b\u1290\u12cd \u12a8\u1323\u120d\u12eb\u1295 \u12c8\u1273\u12f0\u122e\u127d\u1293 \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1275 \u130b\u122d \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u12a8\u1323\u120d\u12eb\u1295\u129b \u130b\u122d \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1293\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u121c\u122a\u12ab\u1296\u127d \u12e8\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u1295 \u12a0\u1308\u12db\u12dd \u1208\u121b\u1235\u12c8\u1308\u12f5 \u1273\u130d\u1208\u12cb\u120d\u1363 \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b\u1295 \u1218\u1320\u1240\u121d \u130d\u1295 \u12a0\u120b\u1246\u1219\u121d\u1364 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12eb\u12cd\u121d \u1208\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u121b\u12f0\u130d \u1273\u120b\u1241\u1295 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u133d\u12d6 \u12eb\u12f0\u1228\u1309\u1275 \u12e8\u12a0\u121c\u122a\u12ab \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275\u1363 \u1215\u12dd\u1265\u1293 \u1270\u124b\u121b\u1275 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
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\u1260\u1273\u120b\u124b \u1265\u122a\u1273\u1295\u12eb \u12e8\u12cc\u120d\u1235\u1363 \u12e8\u12a0\u12e8\u122d\u120b\u1295\u12f5\u1293 \u12e8\u1235\u12ae\u1275\u120b\u1295\u12f5 \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u1290\u1260\u1229\u1363 \u12a0\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1270\u1235\u134b\u134b\u12cd \u130d\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1201\u1209\u121d \u1262\u1235\u134b\u1349 \u1218\u120d\u12ab\u121d \u12a0\u120d\u1290\u1260\u1228\u121d \u12c8\u12ed? \u1262\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u1218\u120d\u12ab\u121d \u1290\u1260\u122d \u1290\u12cd \u1218\u120d\u1231\u1361\u1361 \u130d\u1295 \u1260\u1273\u122a\u12ab\u12ca\u1363 \u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab\u12ca\u1363 \u121b\u1285\u1260\u122b\u12ca\u1293 \u120c\u120e\u127d \u121d\u12ad\u12eb\u1276\u127d \u12a0\u120d\u1206\u1290\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1270\u1235\u134b\u134b\u12cd \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12db\u122c \u120b\u12ed \u1206\u1290\u1295 \u12ab\u12e8\u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1320\u1245\u1218\u12cd \u120c\u120e\u127d\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1235\u134b\u1349 \u1218\u122d\u12f3\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u12e8\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b\u1295 \u12d5\u12f5\u1308\u1275 \u1218\u130d\u1273\u1275 \u12a0\u12ed\u1218\u1235\u1208\u129d\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1201 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275 \u12a0\u130b\u1323\u121a\u12ce\u127d \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12e8\u1215\u12dd\u1266\u127d \u1218\u1308\u1293\u129b \u1206\u1290\u1361\u1361 \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1273\u1271 \u12a0\u1208\u1349\u1361\u1361 \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12cd \u130d\u1295 \u12a0\u130d\u1265\u1276\u1363 \u1270\u130b\u1265\u1276\u1363 \u1270\u12cb\u120d\u12f6\u1363 \u12a8\u1234\u121b\u12ca\u1290\u1271 \u1320\u1263\u12ed \u12ed\u120d\u1245 \u12a9\u123e \u2013 \u12a6\u121f\u12ca \u1206\u1296 \u12a0\u1208\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12d0\u1228\u134d\u1270 \u1290\u1308\u1229\u1295 \u1260\u130d\u1225 \u1218\u12dd\u130b\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u12c8\u1230\u12f0\u12cd \u12a8\u12a9\u123d \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1234\u121b\u12ca \u1320\u1263\u12e9 \u12ed\u1205\u1295\u1295 \u12a0\u12ed\u1348\u1245\u12f5\u1208\u1275\u121d \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
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\u12e8\u12f6\u12ad\u1270\u122d \u1263\u12e8 \u12ed\u121b\u121d\u1295 \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1260\u1218\u1320\u1240\u121d \u12ed\u1205\u1295 \u133d\u1211\u134d \u120d\u12dd\u130b \u2039\u2039\u1260\u1218\u120d\u12ad\u12d0 \u121d\u12f5\u122b\u12ca \u1225\u122d\u132d\u1271 \u1265\u127b \u1233\u12ed\u1206\u1295 \u12a8\u134d \u1232\u120d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1270\u1308\u1208\u1320\u12cd \u1260\u1225\u1290 \u120d\u1233\u1293\u12ca \u1245\u122d\u133d\u1293 \u12ed\u12d8\u1271\u121d \u1265\u1214\u122b\u12ca \u1263\u1215\u122a \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1234\u121b\u12ca \u1265\u127b \u1233\u12ed\u1206\u1295 \u12a8\u120c\u120e\u127d \u12e8\u1234\u121d \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u1260\u1208\u1320 \u12a9\u123e-\u12a6\u121b\u12ca \u1260\u1218\u1206\u1291 \u12e8\u1201\u1209\u1295 \u12e8\u124b\u1295\u124b \u12d8\u122d\u134e\u127d \u1263\u1215\u122a\u12eb\u1275 \u12a0\u12ab\u1276 \u120a\u12ed\u12dd \u127d\u120f\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1208\u12da\u1205 \u1290\u12cd \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a8\u120c\u120e\u127d \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u1260\u1260\u1208\u1320 \u1265\u1214\u122b\u12ca \u1263\u1215\u122a \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u121d\u1295\u1208\u12cd\u203a\u203a (\u1263\u12e8 \u12ed\u121b\u121d\u13632000\u1363 xviii)<\/div>\n
\u12e8\u12da\u1205 \u1270\u124b\u121d \u1218\u1218\u1225\u1228\u1275\u1363 \u121b\u12f0\u130d\u1293 \u1218\u1260\u120d\u1338\u130d \u12a0\u1235\u1348\u120b\u130a\u1290\u1275\u121d \u12ed\u12bc\u12cd \u12ed\u1218\u1235\u1208\u129b\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/div>\n
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\u12cb\u1264<\/b><\/b><\/div>\n
\u1263\u12e8 \u12ed\u121b\u121d\u1363 2000\u1363 \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1230\u12cb\u1235\u12cd\u1363<\/i><\/b> \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263\u1363 \u12a5\u120c\u1292 \u121b\u1270\u121a\u12eb \u1264\u1275<\/div>\n
\u12a0\u121d\u1233\u1209 \u12a0\u12ad\u120a\u1209\u1363 1976\u1363 \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1225\u1290 \u133d\u1211\u134d \u1273\u122a\u12ad\u1363<\/i><\/b> (\u12eb\u120d\u1273\u1270\u121d)\u1363 \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263 \u12e9\u1292\u1268\u122d\u1232\u1272<\/div>\n
\u1333\u12cd\u120e\u1235 \u129e\u129e\u13632003\u1363 \u12a0\u1324 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u1260\u1200\u1308\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1270\u133b\u133b\u134f\u1278\u12cd \u12f0\u1265\u12f3\u1264\u12ce\u127d<\/i><\/b>\u1363 \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263\u1363 \u12a0\u1235\u1274\u122d \u1290\u130b \u12a0\u1233\u1273\u121a \u12f5\u122d\u1305\u1275<\/div>\n
\u1333\u12cd\u120e\u1235 \u129e\u129e\u1363 2003\u1363 \u12a0\u1324 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u1260\u12cd\u132d \u1200\u1308\u122b\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u133b\u133b\u134f\u1278\u12cd \u12f0\u1265\u12f3\u1264\u12ce\u127d<\/i><\/b>\u1363 \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263\u1363 \u12a0\u1235\u1274\u122d \u1290\u130b \u12a0\u1233\u1273\u121a \u12f5\u122d\u1305\u1275<\/div>\n
\u1333\u12cd\u120e\u1235 \u129e\u129e\u1363 1984\u1363 \u12a0\u1324 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad<\/i><\/b>\u1363 \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263\u1363 \u12a2\u121c\u12ed \u1355\u122a\u1295\u1270\u122d<\/div>\n
Ayele Bekerie, 1997, Ethiopic an African Writing System,<\/i><\/b> Red Sea press, New Jersey<\/div>\n
Bender, M.L, 1983,The Origin of Amharic, Journal of Ethiopian Languages and Literature<\/i><\/b>, 1, 41-50<\/div>\n
Getachew Haile. 1980. Some notes on A text in Old Amharic of Roger Cowley<\/i><\/b>. (In \u201cBulletin of school of Oriental and African Studies\u201d) Vol. 43:3, pp. 578-580<\/div>\n
Getachew Haile. 1970. Archaic Amharic Forms,<\/i><\/b> (in \u201cproceedings of third international conference of Ethiopian studies\u201d.) section B, Chicago: pp. 111-124<\/div>\n
Girma Awgichew, 2009, The Origin of Amharic,<\/i><\/b> French center for Ethiopian studies.<\/div>\n
Merid Wolde Aregay, 1996, The Legacy of Jesuit Missi0nary activities in Ethiopia<\/i><\/b>, (in \u201cThe Missionary factor in Ethiopia\u201d), p.31-56<\/div>\n
Meyer, Ronny and Richter, Renate. 2003. Language use in Ethiopia from a network perspective<\/i><\/b>. (Results of a socio linguistic survey conducted among high school students). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.<\/div>\n
Nosnitsin, Denis. 2003. Amharic Litrature: Beginning of Amharic Written Tradition<\/i><\/b>. In Hulig, Siegbert (ed.) Encyclopedia Ethiopica, vol . 1, pp. 238-240, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.<\/div>\n
Pankhurst, Richard. 1976. Historical Background of Education in Ethiopia<\/i><\/b>. (In \u201cM.L. Bender, et al (eds.) Languages in Ethiopia\u201d). Pp. 305-323. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/div>\n
Sergew Hable Sellassie. 1972, Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1972<\/i><\/b>. Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University.<\/div>\n
Sven Rubenson(Ed.). 1987, 1994 & 2000. Acta \u00c6thiopica (vols. I, II & III)<\/div>\n
Taddesse Tamrat. 1998, Ethnic Interaction and Integration in Ethiopian History: The case of the Gafat<\/i><\/b>, JES, vol. xxi, p. 121- 153<\/div>\n
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The post \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12a8\u12e8\u1275 \u12c8\u12f4\u1275\u1364 \u1270\u130d\u12f3\u122e\u1276\u1279\u1293 \u1218\u134d\u1275\u1214\u12ce\u1279 – \u12e8\u1263\u1215\u122d\u12f3\u122d \u12e9\u1292\u1268\u122d\u1232\u1272 \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u121b\u1260\u120d\u1338\u130a\u12eb \u1270\u124b\u121d\u1295 \u12a0\u1220\u122b\u122d \u1260\u1270\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1270 \u1208\u1270\u12d8\u130b\u1300\u12cd \u1309\u1263\u12a4 \u12e8\u1240\u1228\u1260<\/a> appeared first on \u1233\u1270\u1293\u12cd (Satenaw) -Latest Ethiopian News & Breaking News<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

የባሕርዳር ዩኒቨርሲቲ የአማርኛ ቋንቋ ማበልጸጊያ ተቋምን አሠራር በተመለከተ ለተዘጋጀው ጉባኤ የቀረበ ባሕር ዳር የካቲት 3-5 ቀን 2007 ዓም የአማርኛ ቋንቋ ታሪካዊ ጉዞ የአማርኛ ቋንቋን ጉዞ በአጭሩ ለመመልከት እንድንችል፣ የዚህን ታላቅ…<\/p>\n

The post የአማርኛ ቋንቋ ከየት ወዴት፤ ተግዳሮቶቹና መፍትሔዎቹ – የባሕርዳር ዩኒቨርሲቲ የአማርኛ ቋንቋ ማበልጸጊያ ተቋምን አሠራር በተመለከተ ለተዘጋጀው ጉባኤ የቀረበ<\/a> appeared first on ሳተናው (Satenaw) -Latest Ethiopian News & Breaking News<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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