{"id":398292,"date":"2015-03-20T01:50:00","date_gmt":"2015-03-20T05:50:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mereja.com\/amharic\/?guid=e12a9cbc23d6f50f9506a26eac5e82e6"},"modified":"2015-03-20T01:50:00","modified_gmt":"2015-03-20T05:50:00","slug":"%e1%8b%a8%e1%8a%a0%e1%88%9b%e1%88%ad%e1%8a%9b-%e1%89%8b%e1%8a%95%e1%89%8b-%e1%8a%a8%e1%8b%a8%e1%89%b5-%e1%8b%88%e1%8b%b4%e1%89%b5%e1%8d%a4-%e1%89%b0%e1%8c%8d%e1%8b%b3%e1%88%ae%e1%89%b6%e1%89%b9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mereja.net\/amharic\/398292","title":{"rendered":"\u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12a8\u12e8\u1275 \u12c8\u12f4\u1275\u1364 \u1270\u130d\u12f3\u122e\u1276\u1279\u1293 \u1218\u134d\u1275\u1214\u12ce\u1279"},"content":{"rendered":"
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 click here for pdf<\/a><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/b>\u12e8\u1263\u1215\u122d\u12f3\u122d \u12e9\u1292\u1268\u122d\u1232\u1272 \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u121b\u1260\u120d\u1338\u130a\u12eb \u1270\u124b\u121d\u1295 \u12a0\u1220\u122b\u122d \u1260\u1270\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1270 \u1208\u1270\u12d8\u130b\u1300\u12cd \u1309\u1263\u12a4 \u12e8\u1240\u1228\u1260<\/span><\/b> <\/div>\n
 \u1263\u1215\u122d \u12f3\u122d<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
 \u12e8\u12ab\u1272\u1275 3-5 \u1240\u1295 2007 \u12d3\u121d<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n


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\u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1273\u122a\u12ab\u12ca \u1309\u12de<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1295 \u1309\u12de \u1260\u12a0\u132d\u1229 \u1208\u1218\u1218\u120d\u12a8\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f5\u1295\u127d\u120d\u1363 \u12e8\u12da\u1205\u1295 \u1273\u120b\u1245 \u1309\u1263\u12a4 \u130a\u12dc\u1295\u121d \u120b\u1208\u1218\u12cd\u1230\u12f5 \u1260\u12a0\u121d\u1235\u1275 \u121d\u12d5\u122b\u134d \u121b\u12e8\u1271 \u12ed\u1320\u1245\u121b\u120d \u1263\u12ed \u1290\u129d\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1290\u122d\u1231\u121d<\/span><\/div>\n
1.    <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>\u12a8\u1325\u1295\u1275 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 13\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
2.   <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>\u12a813\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 16\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
3.   <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>\u12a816\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
4.   <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>\u12a8\u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235 \u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
5.   <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>\u12a8\u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12a0\u1201\u1295<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
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<\/a> <\/b><\/p>\n

 <\/span><\/b><\/span><\/b>1.   <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>\u12a8\u1325\u1295\u1275 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 13\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8<\/span><\/b> <\/div>\n
\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1205 \u1260\u121a\u1263\u120d \u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u1218\u1290\u1308\u122d \u1300\u1218\u1228 \u1265\u120e \u1208\u121b\u1235\u1240\u1218\u1325 \u12a0\u1235\u1278\u130b\u122a \u1218\u1206\u1291\u1295 \u12eb\u1320\u1291\u1275 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u12ed\u1293\u1308\u122b\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1308\u129b\u1298\u1271\u1295 \u1260\u1270\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1270 \u12a5\u1235\u12ab\u1201\u1295 \u1266\u1273 \u12ed\u12d8\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u12a8\u122b\u12a8\u1229 \u1201\u1208\u1275 \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u12a0\u1218\u1208\u12ab\u12a8\u1276\u127d \u12a0\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb\u12cd\u1363 \u1260\u1230\u134a\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1290\u1308\u1228\u12cd\u1293 \u1208\u1265\u12d9 \u12d3\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u12e8\u1246\u12e8\u12cd \u12a0\u1218\u1208\u12ab\u12a8\u1275 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a8\u120c\u120e\u127d \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u1270\u1240\u12ed\u1326 \u121d\u1293\u120d\u1263\u1275 \u12604\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u12a8\u12a0\u12a9\u1235\u121d \u12c8\u12f0 \u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u1260\u1218\u1321 \u12d8\u121b\u127e\u127d\u1293 \u12a0\u12dd\u121b\u127e\u127d \u12a0\u121b\u12ab\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u1348\u1320\u1228(<\/span>pidgin theory) <\/span>\u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u120d \u1232\u1206\u1295 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u1218\u120b \u121d\u1275 \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u12a8\u1230\u121c\u1295 \u12c8\u12f0 \u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u12a5\u12e8\u1270\u1235\u134b\u134b \u12e8\u1218\u1323\u1364 \u12a8\u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u1275\u1295\u123d \u1208\u12e8\u1275 \u12eb\u1208 \u1234\u121b\u12ca \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1260\u121a\u1293\u1308\u1229 <\/span>\u12a0\u12dd\u121b\u127e\u127d\u1293<\/span> \u12e8\u12a9\u123d\u1363 \u12e8\u12a6\u121e\u1293 \u12e8\u12d3\u1263\u12eb\u12ca \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u1260\u121a\u1293\u1308\u122d \u12d8\u121b\u127d \u1220\u122b\u12ca\u1275 \u12a0\u121b\u12ab\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u1348\u1320\u1228 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/span>\u12a0\u12dd\u121b\u127d\u1293 \u12d8\u121b\u127d \u1260\u12a0\u1308\u12ce\u127d \u121d\u12f5\u122d \u1232\u1240\u1218\u1321 \u120d\u12e9 \u120d\u12e9 \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12ed\u1293\u1308\u122d \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u12d8\u121b\u127d \u12e8\u12a0\u12dd\u121b\u127e\u1279\u1295 \u1234\u121b\u12ca \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1218\u1293\u1308\u122d \u12ed\u1300\u121d\u122b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1232\u1293\u1308\u122d \u130d\u1295 \u12a8\u122b\u1231 \u124b\u1295\u124b \u130b\u122d \u12a5\u12eb\u1235\u121b\u121b \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205\u121d \u12e8\u1270\u1290\u1223 \u12e8\u1234\u121b\u12ca \u1243\u120b\u1275\u1295 \u12a8\u122b\u1231 \u1243\u120b\u1275 \u12a5\u12eb\u1218\u1233\u1230\u1208\u1293 \u12a5\u12eb\u12f3\u1240\u1208 \u12ed\u1293\u1308\u122d \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205\u121d \u12e8\u1270\u1290\u1223 \u12e8\u1243\u120b\u1271 \u1245\u122d\u133d\u1293 \u12e8\u1218\u12cb\u1245\u1229 \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1275 \u1240\u1235 \u1260\u1240\u1235 \u12a5\u12e8\u1270\u1208\u12c8\u1320 \u1218\u1323\u1361\u1361 \u1234\u121b\u12ca \u1320\u1263\u12e9\u1295 \u12a5\u12e8\u1270\u12c8\u121d \u2039\u12a9\u123e \u12a6\u121b\u12ca\u203a \u12a5\u12e8\u1218\u1230\u1208 \u1218\u1323\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u12e8\u1246\u12e8\u121d \u122b\u1231\u1295 \u12e8\u127b\u1208 \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1206\u1296 \u1260\u1235\u134b\u1275 \u1260\u121a\u1290\u1308\u122d\u1260\u1275 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u1235\u121d \u2039\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u203a \u1270\u1263\u1208 \u12e8\u121a\u1208\u12cd \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
\u12e8\u12da\u1205\u1295 \u1218\u120b \u121d\u1275 \u12dd\u122d\u12dd\u122d \u12e8\u1348\u1208\u1308 \u12e8\u1263\u12e8 \u12ed\u121b\u121d\u1295(2000) \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u1264\u1295\u12f0\u122d\u1295(1983) \u121b\u1295\u1260\u1265 \u12ed\u1320\u1245\u1218\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
\u1201\u1208\u1270\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u120b \u121d\u1275 \u12a8\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb\u12cd \u130b\u122d \u1232\u1290\u133b\u1338\u122d  <\/span><\/span>\u12e8\u1245\u122d\u1265 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1232\u1206\u1295 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1260\u134a\u1275 \u12a8\u1290\u1260\u1228 \u12e8\u12a0\u122d\u130e\u1263 – \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a5\u1293\u1275 \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1260\u1270\u1208\u121d\u12f6 \u12a8\u121a\u1273\u12c8\u1245\u1260\u1275 \u12e8\u1325\u1295\u1271 \u12a0\u121d\u1210\u122b \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u1260\u1235\u1270 \u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u12e8\u1270\u1308\u1298 \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u120d \u1290\u12cd(<\/span>proto Amharic- argoba, theory)<\/span>\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u1218\u120b \u121d\u1275 \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u1235\u1219\u1295 \u1260\u1275\u12ad\u12ad\u120d \u12db\u122c \u1208\u1218\u1325\u122b\u1275 \u1263\u1295\u127d\u120d\u121d \u122b\u1231\u1295 \u12e8\u127b\u1208 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u1293\u1308\u122d \u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u1290\u1260\u1228\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205 \u1218\u120b \u121d\u1275 \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12e8\u1270\u1208\u1218\u12f0 \u1275\u122d\u12ad\u1275 \u12e8\u121d\u1295\u1230\u121b\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee \u1234\u121b\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1270\u1293\u130b\u122a\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u12e8\u1230\u121c\u1295 – \u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u12e8\u134d\u120d\u1230\u1275 \u12a0\u1245\u1323\u132b \u1260\u1218\u1240\u12e8\u122d \u12a8\u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1230\u121c\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u130d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1208\u12da\u1205\u121d \u12cb\u1293 \u1218\u12a8\u122b\u12a8\u122a\u12eb\u12cd \u12a0\u1265\u12db\u129e\u1279 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee \u1234\u121b\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1264\u1270\u1230\u1266\u127d \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1299\u1275 \u1260\u12f0\u1261\u1261 \u12ad\u134d\u120d \u1260\u1218\u1206\u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1363 \u2039\u12e8\u121a\u1230\u12f0\u12f0\u12cd \u1325\u1242\u1271 \u1290\u12cd\u203a \u1260\u121a\u1208\u12cd \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1270 \u1210\u1233\u1265 \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee \u1234\u121b\u12ca \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u12a8\u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1230\u121c\u1295 \u12e8\u1348\u1208\u1231 \u1293\u1278\u12cd \u12ed\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a5\u1293\u1275 \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1293 \u122b\u1231 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u121d \u12a6\u122e\u121d\u129b \u126016\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u12f0\u1228\u1308\u12cd \u12a8\u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1230\u121c\u1295 \u12e8\u1270\u1313\u12d8 \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1290\u12cd \u12ed\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205\u1295\u1295 \u1218\u120b \u121d\u1275 \u1260\u121a\u1308\u1263 \u1208\u121b\u12c8\u1245 \u12e8\u130d\u122d\u121b \u12a0\u12cd\u130d\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d (<\/span>The Origin of Amharic, 2009) <\/span>\u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u12a0\u12e8\u1208 \u1260\u12a8\u122a\u1295 (1997) \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275 \u1218\u1218\u120d\u12a8\u1271 \u12ed\u1320\u1245\u121b\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
\u12a5\u1235\u12a8 13\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u1260\u121a\u1308\u1263 \u120a\u1273\u12c8\u1245 \u12a0\u120d\u127b\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1242 \u1218\u1228\u1303\u12ce\u127d\u121d \u12a0\u120d\u1270\u1308\u1299\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed \u12a8\u12a0\u122d\u130e\u1263\u1363 \u12a8\u1210\u1228\u122a\u1293 \u12a8\u12db\u12ed \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u130b\u122d \u1260\u130b\u122b \u12e8\u121a\u12f0\u1228\u1309 \u12e8\u1225\u1290 \u120d\u1233\u1295 \u1325\u1293\u1276\u127d\u1363 \u12a8\u12da\u1205\u121d \u1263\u123b\u1308\u122d \u1265\u12d9 \u1320\u1263\u12eb\u1271\u1295 \u12a8\u121a\u130b\u1229\u1275 \u12e8\u12a9\u123d\u1293 \u12e8\u12a6\u121e \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u130b\u122d \u1260\u121b\u1290\u133b\u1338\u122d \u1262\u1320\u1293 \u12d5\u12cd\u1240\u1273\u127d\u1295 \u12a8\u12da\u1205 \u12e8\u1270\u123b\u1208 \u120a\u1206\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u127d\u120d\u1260\u1275 \u12d5\u12f5\u120d \u12a0\u1208\u12cd(\u1263\u12e8\u1363 2000\u1363 <\/span>xviii & xix):: <\/span>\u12e8\u1263\u1215\u122d\u12f3\u122d \u12e9\u1292\u1268\u122d\u1232\u1272 \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u121b\u1260\u120d\u1338\u130a\u12eb \u1270\u124b\u121d\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u1320\u1265\u1240\u12cd \u12a0\u1295\u12f1 \u1225\u122b\u121d \u12ed\u12bc\u12cd \u12ed\u1218\u1235\u1208\u129b\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
2.   <\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>\u12a813\u129b\u12cd \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 16\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
\u12ed\u1205 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12a8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1240\u12f0\u121d\u1275 \u12d8\u1218\u1293\u1275 \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u12e8\u1270\u123b\u1209 \u1218\u1228\u1303\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u1270\u1308\u1299\u1260\u1275 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1260\u12a9\u120d \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b  <\/span>\u1260\u12db\u1309\u12cc\u1293 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u1308\u1293 \u1260\u1218\u1323\u12cd \u2039\u1230\u120e\u121e\u1293\u12ca \u1225\u122d\u12c8 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275\u203a \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u120d\u1233\u1290 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1206\u1296 \u12e8\u12c8\u1323\u1260\u1275( \u1263\u12e8\u1363 2000\u1363 <\/span>xvii-xviii<\/span>\u1364 <\/span>Girma, 2009,210) <\/span>\u1232\u1206\u1295 \u1260\u120c\u120b \u1260\u12a9\u120d\u121d<\/span> <\/span>\u1260\u12cb\u1293\u1290\u1275 \u12ed\u1290\u1308\u122d\u1260\u1275 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262\u1293 \u12e8\u121a\u1290\u1308\u122d\u1260\u1275 \u12f0\u1228\u1303\u121d  <\/span>\u1260\u12cd\u120d \u1270\u1208\u12ed\u1276 \u1218\u1273\u12c8\u1245 \u12e8\u1300\u1218\u1228\u1260\u1275 \u12d8\u1218\u1295\u121d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/span> <\/span>\u12e8\u12db\u130d\u12cc \u1290\u1308\u1225\u1273\u1275 \u12e8\u12a0\u12a9\u1235\u121d \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1320\u1295\u12ab\u122b \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u12a8\u1206\u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u12db\u122c\u12cd \u12a4\u122d\u1275\u122b\u1293 \u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u12ed\u120d\u1245 \u12f0\u1261\u1261\u1295 \u1260\u1218\u1320\u1240\u121d \u1320\u1295\u12ab\u122b \u12a0\u130b\u122d\u1293 \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u1208\u121b\u130d\u1298\u1275 \u1263\u12f0\u1228\u1308\u12cd \u1325\u1228\u1275 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1270\u1293\u130b\u122a\u12ce\u1279 \u12e8\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271\u1295 \u1266\u1273 \u12a5\u12eb\u1308\u1299 \u1232\u1218\u1321 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u121d \u120d\u1233\u1290 \u1295\u1309\u1225 \u1218\u1206\u1295 \u1300\u1218\u1228\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u1260\u1295\u1309\u1225 \u120b\u120a\u1260\u120b \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1218\u1206\u1291 \u12ed\u1273\u1218\u1293\u120d (<\/span>Sergew,1972,278):: <\/span>\u1260\u1290\u1308\u122b\u127d\u1295 \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1290\u1308\u1225\u1273\u1275 ( \u12a8\u1238\u12cb \u12c8\u12f0 \u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u12a8\u1218\u1323\u12cd \u12a8\u1220\u122d\u1340 \u12f5\u1295\u130d\u120d \u1260\u1240\u122d\u1363) \u12a0\u12f3\u12f2\u1235 \u1225\u122d\u12c8 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1232\u1218\u1220\u122d\u1271 \u12a8\u1230\u121c\u1291 \u12a5\u12e8\u122b\u1241 \u12c8\u12f0 \u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1218\u1321\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u12db\u130d\u12cc \u120b\u1235\u1273\u1295 \u12ed\u12de \u12c8\u120e\u1295 \u1260\u130c\u121d\u12f5\u122d\u1293 \u130e\u1303\u121d\u1295\u1363 \u12ed\u12a9\u1296 \u12a0\u121d\u120b\u12ad \u1238\u12cb\u1295 \u12ed\u12de \u12f3\u121e\u1275\u1295\u1363 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u1238\u12cb\u1295 \u12ed\u12de \u12f0\u1261\u1265\u1363 \u121d\u12d5\u122b\u1265\u1293 \u121d\u1225\u122b\u1245\u1295 \u1290\u12cd \u12f0\u1300\u1295 \u12eb\u12f0\u1228\u1309\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u12bc\u121d \u12e8\u1240\u12f5\u121e\u12cd \u1225\u122d\u12c8 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12a8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u1320\u1295\u12ab\u122b \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u1208\u1245\u1246 \u120c\u120b \u1320\u1295\u12ab\u122b \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u1208\u1218\u134d\u1320\u122d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 <\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u1260\u12d0\u1344 \u12ed\u12a9\u1296 \u12a0\u121d\u120b\u12ad \u130a\u12dc \u1260\u1325\u1260\u1260 \u12a5\u12f5 \u1225\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u1260\u1208\u1338\u1309\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u130b\u134b\u1275 \u1215\u12dd\u1266\u127d\u1295 \u12f5\u130b\u134d \u12a0\u130d\u129d\u1276 \u12e8\u12db\u130d\u12cc\u1295 \u1290\u1308\u1225\u1273\u1275 \u12f5\u120d \u1232\u1290\u1223\u1293 \u12a8\u12db\u130d\u12cc \u1290\u1308\u1225\u1273\u1275 \u12cb\u1293 \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u120b\u1235\u1273 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271\u1295 \u12e8\u130b\u134b\u1276\u127d \u12cb\u1293 \u1266\u1273 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1206\u1290\u12cd \u1238\u12cb \u1232\u12eb\u12db\u12cd\u122d \u1208\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12e8\u1260\u1208\u1320 \u12d5\u12f5\u120d \u1270\u1348\u1320\u1228\u1208\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12cd\u121d \u12ed\u1260\u120d\u1325 \u12a8\u12a6\u121e \u12a9\u123d\u1272\u12ad \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u130b\u122d \u1208\u1218\u1308\u1293\u1298\u1275\u1293 \u1208\u1218\u12c8\u122b\u1228\u1235 \u1260\u1243\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
\u121d\u1295\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12b3\u1295 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12e8\u130d\u12a5\u12dd\u1295 \u12e8\u1225\u1290 \u133d\u1211\u134d\u1293 \u12e8\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1290\u1275 \u1263\u12ed\u1228\u12a8\u1265\u121d\u1364 \u12e8\u1264\u1270 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271 \u12e8\u1355\u122e\u1276\u12ae\u120d \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1263\u12ed\u1206\u1295\u121d \u12e8\u12d0\u1344 \u12d3\u121d\u12f0 \u133d\u12ee\u1295(1314-1344)\u1363 \u12e8\u12d0\u1344 \u12f3\u12ca\u1275(1375-1404)\u1363 \u12e8\u12d0\u1344 \u12ed\u1235\u1210\u1245(1413-1430)\u1363 \u12e8\u12d0\u1344 \u12d8\u122d\u12d0 \u12eb\u12d5\u1246\u1265(1434-1468)\u1293 \u12d0\u1344 \u1308\u120b\u12cd\u12f4\u12ce\u1235(1540-1559) \u12c8\u1273\u12f0\u122e\u127d \u12e8\u12d8\u1348\u1297\u1278\u12cd\u1293 \u2039\u12e8\u12c8\u1273\u12f0\u122e\u127d \u12d8\u1348\u1296\u127d\u203a \u12e8\u121a\u1263\u1209\u1275\u1295 \u130d\u1325\u121e\u127d \u1235\u1293\u12ed \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1260\u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u1208\u129b\u12cd \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12ed\u1260\u120d\u1325 \u12a5\u12e8\u12f3\u1260\u1228 \u1218\u121d\u1323\u1271\u1295 \u12eb\u1233\u12eb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u130a\u12dc \u1260\u1265\u12d9 \u12e8\u124b\u1295\u124b\u12cd \u1325\u1293\u1275 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u130d\u121d\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u121b\u12ed\u1308\u1263\u12cd\u1293 \u1208\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12f0\u1261\u1263\u12ca \u12d5\u12f5\u1308\u1275 \u12e8\u121b\u12ed\u1293\u1245 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u133d\u12d6 \u12eb\u12f0\u1228\u1308\u12cd \u12e8\u1200\u1308\u122b\u12ca \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1271 \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120d \u12c8\u12f0 \u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u12a5\u12e8\u1270\u1240\u12e8\u1228 \u1218\u121d\u1323\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/span>\u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u1245\u12f5\u1218 12\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u12e8\u1200\u1308\u122b\u12ca \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120b\u1275 \u12e8\u1206\u1291\u1275 \u2039\u1230\u121c\u1295 \u1234\u121b\u12ca\u203a \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u121a\u1290\u1308\u1229\u1263\u1278\u12cd \u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed\u1293 \u12a4\u122d\u1275\u122b \u1290\u1260\u1228\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1265\u12db\u129e\u1279 \u1308\u12f3\u121b\u1275\u1293 \u12a0\u12f5\u1263\u122b\u1275\u1363 \u121d\u1201\u122b\u1295\u1293 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275 \u12a5\u12da\u12eb \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275 \u12ed\u133b\u1349\u1293 \u12ed\u1270\u1228\u130e\u1219 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd\u121d \u12a5\u12da\u12eb\u12cd \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
\u12e8\u12a0\u12a9\u1235\u121d \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12608\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u1232\u12f3\u12a8\u121d \u12a8\u121d\u12a5\u1270 \u12d3\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u1260\u128b\u120b \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u12a2\u12e8\u1231\u1235 \u121e\u12a0 \u12a0\u121d\u1210\u122b \u12a5\u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1208 \u12ed\u1320\u122b \u1260\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u12e8\u1210\u12ed\u1245 \u12a5\u1235\u1322\u134b\u1296\u1235\u1295 \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u1264\u1275 \u12601243 \u12d3\u121d \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u1232\u1300\u121d\u1229 \u12e8\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u1209 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1200\u1308\u1228 \u12a0\u121d\u1210\u122b \u1218\u1323\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205\u121d \u12e8\u1270\u1290\u1223 \u1210\u12ed\u1245\u1295 \u1270\u12a8\u1275\u120e \u12c8\u1208\u1243 \u120c\u120b\u12cd \u12e8\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120d \u1206\u1290\u1361\u1361 \u12c8\u1208\u1243 – \u1210\u12ed\u1245\u121d \u12f0\u1261\u1261\u1295 \u12a8\u1230\u121c\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1293\u129d \u12e8\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275\u1293 \u12e8\u1263\u1215\u120d \u12f5\u120d\u12f5\u12ed \u1206\u1290\u1361\u1361 \u12e813\u1363 14\u1293 15\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u1245\u12f1\u1233\u1295 \u1308\u12f5\u120b\u1275\u1295 \u1235\u1295\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1275 \u12ed\u1205\u1295 \u12ed\u1308\u120d\u1321\u120d\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205 \u1218\u1225\u1218\u122d \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12e8\u121a\u1293\u1308\u122d \u121b\u1285\u1260\u1228\u1230\u1265 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u1260\u1275 \u1260\u1218\u1206\u1291 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12ed\u1260\u120d\u1325 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12eb\u12f5\u130d \u1228\u12f5\u1277\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u120b\u12d5\u120b\u12e9\u1295 \u1266\u1273 \u1262\u12ed\u12dd\u121d \u130d\u12a5\u12dd\u1295 \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1218\u121b\u122d\u121d \u12a0\u1295\u12f0\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u1295\u1308\u12f5 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361  <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u126013\u1293 14\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u1260\u1260\u130c\u121d\u12f5\u122d\u1363 \u1260\u130e\u1303\u121d\u1363 \u1210\u1228\u122d\u130c\u1293 \u1260\u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u12e8\u1270\u12f0\u1228\u1309\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1275\u1293 \u121b\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1276\u127d\u1293 \u12e8\u1308\u12f3\u121b\u1275\u1293 \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u1264\u1276\u127d \u12a0\u1270\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u1235\u1295\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1275 \u12e8\u12a0\u122d\u130e\u1263\u1295\u1363 \u12e8\u130b\u134b\u1275\u1295\u1363 \u12e8\u12db\u12ed\u1295\u1363 \u12e8\u1210\u1228\u122a\u1295\u1293 \u120c\u120e\u127d \u1234\u121b\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u12f1\u12ab \u1270\u12a8\u1275\u120e \u12a5\u1293\u1308\u1298\u12cb\u1208\u1295\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12da\u1205 \u12dd\u121d\u12f5\u1293 \u1309\u12f3\u12ed \u12ed\u1260\u120d\u1325 \u120a\u1320\u1293 \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1263 \u12ed\u1218\u1235\u1208\u129b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u126014\u129b\u12cd\u1293 \u126015\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12f0\u1265\u1228 \u120a\u1263\u1296\u1235\u1293 \u12a8\u1308\u12f3\u1219 \u130b\u122d \u1260\u1270\u1270\u12eb\u12eb\u12d8 \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12e8\u1270\u1218\u1220\u1228\u1271\u1275 \u12e8\u1238\u12cb\u1363 \u12e8\u130e\u1303\u121d\u1363 \u12e8\u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d\u1293 \u12e8\u12c8\u120e \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12cb\u1293 \u1218\u1290\u1308\u122a\u12eb\u12ce\u127d \u1206\u1290\u12cd \u12a5\u1293\u1308\u129b\u1208\u1295\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb\u12ce\u1279\u1295 \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u133d\u1211\u134e\u127d\u1295\u121d \u12e8\u121d\u1293\u1308\u1298\u12cd \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u12e8\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275\u1293 \u12e8\u1308\u12f3\u121b\u12ca \u1215\u12ed\u12c8\u1275 \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120b\u1275 \u12a8\u12a0\u122d\u130e\u1263\u1363 \u12a8\u12f3\u121e\u1275\u1293 \u12a8\u130b\u134b\u1275 \u1215\u12dd\u1266\u127d \u130b\u122d \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u130d\u1295\u1299\u1290\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1308\u1293 \u121b\u1325\u1293\u1271 \u12e8\u124b\u1295\u124b\u12cd \u12d5\u12f5\u1308\u1275 \u12a8\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120b\u1275\u1293 \u12a8\u120c\u120e\u127d \u1234\u121b\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u130b\u122d \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u1275\u130d\u130d\u12dd \u12eb\u1233\u12e8\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u1228\u1308\u12f5 \u1273\u12f0\u1230 \u1273\u121d\u122b\u1275 \u1260\u130b\u134b\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1220\u1229\u1275 \u121d\u1233\u120c \u12e8\u121a\u1206\u1295 \u1290\u12cd (<\/span>Taddesse Tamrat, 1988<\/span>)\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
3.  <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>\u12a816\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\u126016\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u12c8\u12f0 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12e8\u1218\u1321\u1275 \u12e8\u12ab\u1276\u120a\u12ad \u121a\u1235\u12ee\u1293\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u12a8\u12a6\u122d\u1276\u12f6\u12ad\u1235 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u130b\u122d \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u12ad\u122d\u12ad\u122d \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1295 \u1260\u1201\u1208\u1275 \u1218\u1295\u1308\u12f5 \u1320\u1245\u121e\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1260\u12a9\u120d \u121a\u1235\u12ee\u1293\u12cd\u12eb\u1291 \u12a8\u1290\u1263\u1229 \u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u12ed\u120d\u1245 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1295 \u1208\u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u121b\u1235\u1270\u121b\u122a\u12eb\u1290\u1275 \u1270\u1320\u1240\u1219\u1260\u1275(\u12a0\u121d\u1233\u1209 \u12a0\u12ad\u120a\u1209\u1363 1975)\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205\u121d \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12e8\u121b\u1235\u1270\u121b\u122a\u12eb \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1206\u1290\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205\u1295\u1295 \u1270\u12a8\u1275\u120e\u121d \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275\u121d \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u121b\u1235\u1270\u121b\u122d \u1300\u1218\u1229\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u12bc \u1208\u1215\u12dd\u1261 \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u121b\u1235\u1270\u121b\u122d \u12a0\u12f5\u130e\u1293 \u12f3\u1265\u122e \u1260\u128b\u120b \u120b\u12ed \u12c8\u12f0 \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120b\u1275 \u1260\u1218\u130d\u1263\u1275 \u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u120b\u12ed \u12a0\u1295\u12f5\u121d\u1273 \u1275\u122d\u1313\u121c\u12cd \u1295\u1263\u1261 \u1260\u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u1275\u122d\u1313\u121c\u12cd \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1206\u1295 \u12eb\u1235\u127b\u1208\u12cd\u121d \u12ed\u12bc\u12cd \u1202\u12f0\u1275 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/span>\u1260\u120c\u120b\u121d \u1260\u12a9\u120d \u121a\u1235\u12ee\u1293\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u1218\u120d\u12a5\u12ad\u1276\u127b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12a5\u12e8\u133b\u1349 \u1260\u121b\u1235\u1270\u120b\u1208\u134b\u1278\u12cd \u1290\u1263\u122d \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275\u121d \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1218\u120d\u1235 \u1218\u1235\u1320\u1275 \u1300\u1218\u1229\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u12bc \u1202\u12f0\u1275\u121d \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u1295 \u12e8\u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u1218\u133b\u134a\u12eb \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1206\u1295 \u12a0\u1235\u127b\u1208\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed\u121d \u1353\u12a4\u12dd \u1265\u12d9 \u12e8\u12ab\u1276\u120a\u12ad\u1295 \u12a5\u121d\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u120d\u1321 \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275 \u12c8\u12f0 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1270\u1228\u130e\u1219 \u12a0\u12f0\u1228\u1308 (<\/span>The missionary Factor, Merid Wolde Aregay, 47, 1996)<\/span>\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12a6\u122d\u1276\u12f6\u12ad\u1235 \u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275\u121d \u1208\u12da\u1205 \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a5\u1295\u1245\u1235\u1243\u1234 \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275\u1295 \u12a8\u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u1260\u1218\u1270\u122d\u130e\u121d\u1293 \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a0\u12f3\u12f2\u1235 \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275\u1295 \u1260\u1218\u133b\u134d \u1218\u120d\u1235 \u1230\u1321\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1290 \u12a0\u1295\u1240\u1338 \u12a0\u121a\u1295\u1363 \u1320\u1262\u1260 \u1320\u1262\u1263\u1295\u1363 \u1225\u1290 \u134d\u1325\u1228\u1275\u1363 \u121d\u1225\u1322\u1228 \u133d\u130c\u12eb\u1275 <\/b>\u12a8\u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u12c8\u12f0 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12e8\u1270\u1270\u1228\u130e\u1219\u1275 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1290\u1260\u122d (<\/span>(Nostnitisn, 2003, 238):: <\/span> <\/span>\u12a5\u1290 \u2039\u1290\u1308\u1228 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275\u203a\u1293 \u2039\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1270 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275\u203a<\/i><\/b>\u121d \u1270\u12d8\u130b\u1301(<\/span>Getachew Haile, 1980)<\/span>\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1300\u122d\u1218\u1295 \u121a\u1232\u12ee\u1293\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u12a0\u121b\u12ab\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u12c8\u1295\u130c\u120d<\/i><\/b> \u12c8\u12f0 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1270\u1270\u122d\u1309\u121e \u12601647 \u1273\u1270\u1218 (\u12a0\u121d\u1233\u1209 \u12a0\u12ad\u120a\u1209\u1363 1976)\u1361\u1361 \u1209\u12f6\u120d\u134d\u121d \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1230\u12cb\u1235\u12cd\u1295 \u12601698 \u12a0\u1233\u1270\u1218\u1361\u1361 \u12a816\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12c8\u12f2\u1205\u121d \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u12d8\u1295\u12f5 \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1230\u12cb\u1235\u12cd\u1295 \u1218\u133b\u134d \u1270\u1300\u1218\u1228(<\/span>Getachew Haile, 1970)::<\/span><\/div>\n
\u121d\u1295\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12b3\u1295 \u12e8\u1243\u120d \u1218\u1228\u1303\u12ce\u127d\u1293 \u12a0\u1295\u12f3\u1295\u12f5 \u1218\u12db\u130d\u1265\u1275 (<\/span>EMML 2117)<\/span> \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12e8\u12a0\u1295\u12f5\u121d\u1273 \u1275\u122d\u1313\u121c \u1240\u12f0\u121d \u12eb\u1208 \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u1208\u12cd \u1262\u1308\u120d\u1321\u121d \u1295\u1263\u1265 \u1260\u130d\u12a5\u12dd\u1363 \u1275\u122d\u1313\u121c \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1206\u1296 \u12ed\u1260\u120d\u1325 \u1218\u1230\u1320\u1275 \u12e8\u1300\u1218\u1228\u12cd \u130d\u1295 \u126017\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12a5\u1293 \u126018\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u1260\u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 <\/span> <\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u12a8\u12da\u1205\u121d \u1260\u1270\u1328\u121b\u122a \u121d\u1295\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12b3\u1295 \u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u12e8\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275\u1293 \u12e8\u1225\u1290 \u133d\u1211\u134d \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1290\u1271\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1320\u1260\u1240 \u1262\u1206\u1295\u1363 \u1260\u1265\u122b\u1293 \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u1293 \u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u130e\u1295 \u1208\u130e\u1295 \u1218\u1273\u12e8\u1275 \u12e8\u1300\u1218\u1229\u1275 \u12a817\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u1260\u128b\u120b \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u12cb\u1293\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u133d\u1211\u134d \u1266\u1273 (\u1308\u12f5\u1209\u1293\u1363 \u12dc\u1293 \u1218\u12cb\u12d5\u1209\u1295\u1363 \u1338\u120e\u1271\u1295\u1363 \u12c8\u12d8\u1270) \u1232\u12ed\u12dd \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12e8\u12d5\u1208\u1275 \u1270\u12d5\u1208\u1275 \u121b\u1285\u1260\u122b\u12ca \u1291\u122e\u12cd\u1295 \u1266\u1273 \u12eb\u12d8\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u130e\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u12d9\u122a\u12eb \u12a0\u12f5\u1263\u122b\u1275 \u12e8\u121d\u1293\u1308\u129b\u1278\u12cd \u12e817\u129b\u12cd\u1363 18\u129b\u12cd\u1293 \u12a8\u12da\u12eb \u1260\u128b\u120b \u12eb\u1209\u1275 \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275 \u1260\u1285\u12f3\u130b\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u133d\u1349\u1275 \u12e8\u12cd\u122d\u1235\u1363 \u12e8\u122d\u1235\u1275\u1363 \u12e8\u123d\u12eb\u132d\u1293 \u130d\u12e5\u1363\u12e8\u12cd\u120d\u12f0\u1275\u1363 \u1218\u12db\u130d\u1265\u1275 \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12e8\u121a\u133b\u1349 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a8\u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u1240\u1325\u120e \u12e8\u133d\u1211\u134d \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1290\u1271 \u12a5\u12eb\u12f0\u1308\u1293 \u1260\u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u1205\u1290\u1271\u1293 \u1260\u1264\u1270 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271 \u1338\u1210\u134d\u1275\u121d \u12d8\u1295\u12f5 \u1270\u1240\u1263\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u12a5\u12eb\u1308\u1298 \u1218\u121d\u1323\u1271\u1295 \u12eb\u1233\u12e8\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1218\u1233\u134d\u1295\u1275 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275 \u12a5\u1290 \u122b\u1235 \u12d3\u120a\u1363 \u12f0\u1303\u127d \u12cd\u1264\u1363 \u12f0\u1303\u127d \u130e\u1239\u1363 \u12ed\u133b\u133b\u1349 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1290\u1260\u1228 \u12db\u122c \u1208\u12d8\u122d \u1270\u122d\u1348\u12cd \u12eb\u1308\u1298\u1293\u1278\u12cd \u12f0\u1265\u12f0\u1264\u12ce\u127b\u1278\u12cd \u12eb\u1233\u12e9\u1293\u120d(<\/span>Rubenson, 1987)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u12e8\u12d0\u1344 \u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1225\u120d\u1323\u1295 \u1218\u121d\u1323\u1275 \u1208\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12d5\u12f5\u1308\u1275 \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u121d\u12d5\u122b\u134d \u12a8\u134d\u1277\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1260\u12a9\u120d \u12dc\u1293 \u1218\u12cb\u12d5\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u133b\u134d \u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130b\u1278\u12cd \u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u12ed\u12de\u1275 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd\u1295 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12e8\u1225\u1290 \u133d\u1211\u134d \u1218\u1295\u1308\u12f5 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1228\u12a8\u1260\u12cd \u12a0\u12f0\u1228\u1309\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u120c\u120b \u1260\u12a9\u120d \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12e8\u1264\u1270 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271\u1295 \u12e8\u1225\u122b \u130d\u1295\u1299\u1290\u1275 \u1260\u1295\u1309\u1225 \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1218\u133b\u134d \u1218\u1300\u1218\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u130d\u12a5\u12dd \u12e8\u1355\u122e\u1276\u12ae\u120d \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1290\u1271\u1295 \u1208\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12eb\u1235\u1228\u12ad\u1265 \u12a0\u12f0\u1228\u1308\u12cd\u1361\u1361 (\u12e8\u12d0\u1344 \u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235 \u12f0\u1265\u12f3\u1264\u12ce\u127d<\/span> Sven Rubenson, Acta Aethiopica, vol. II)<\/span>\u1260\u122d\u130d\u1325 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u1309\u12f3\u12ed \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1238\u12cb\u12cd \u1295\u1309\u1225 \u1223\u1215\u1208 \u1225\u120b\u1234\u121d \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12e8\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271\u1295 \u12e8\u1218\u133b\u133b\u134d \u1225\u122b \u1260\u1218\u1225\u122b\u1275 \u1273\u122a\u12a9\u1295 \u12ed\u130b\u122b\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12f0\u1265\u1270\u122b \u12d8\u1290\u1265 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u1348 \u1328\u12cb\u1273 \u1225\u130b\u12ca \u12c8\u1218\u1295\u1348\u1233\u12ca<\/i><\/b>\u121d \u12e8\u12da\u1205 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u134d\u122c \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12f0\u1265\u1270\u122b \u12d8\u1290\u1265 \u12e8\u133b\u1349\u1275 \u12e8\u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235 \u1273\u122a\u12ad<\/i><\/b>\u1363 \u12e8\u12a2\u12d8\u1295\u1260\u122d\u130d \u12e8\u12d3\u1208\u121d \u1273\u122a\u12ad<\/i><\/b>(1842) \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12e8\u1302\u12a6\u130d\u122b\u134a \u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d <\/i><\/b>(1842) \u12e8\u12da\u1205 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u121b\u1235\u1273\u12c8\u123b\u12ce\u127d \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd \u12e8\u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u121b\u1285\u1260\u122d\u121d \u12601842 \u12e8\u12a0\u122d\u1263\u12d5\u1271\u1295 \u12c8\u1295\u130c\u120d \u12e8\u130d\u12a5\u12dd\u1293 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a5\u1275\u121d \u12a0\u1233\u1270\u1218 (<\/span>Pankhurst, 1976,3110)::<\/span><\/div>\n
4. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>\u12a8\u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\u12d0\u1344 \u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u12d0\u1344 \u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235 \u12e8\u1300\u1218\u1229\u1275\u1295\u1363 \u1295\u1309\u1225 \u1223\u1215\u1208 \u1225\u120b\u1234 \u1240\u12f0\u121d \u12e8\u1260\u1228\u1271\u1260\u1275\u1295\u1363 \u12e8\u1264\u1270 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271\u1295 \u1225\u122b \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u121b\u12a8\u1293\u12c8\u1295\u1295 \u12a0\u1320\u1295\u12ad\u1228\u12cd \u1240\u1320\u1209\u1260\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12d0\u1344 \u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u12f0\u1265\u12f3\u1264\u12ce\u127b\u1278\u12cd \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12ed\u133b\u1349 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 (<\/span>Rubenson, 2000)<\/span><\/div>\n
\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12ed\u1260\u120d\u1325 \u12e8\u1218\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1275\u1293 \u12e8\u121b\u12f0\u130d \u12d5\u12f5\u1209\u1295 \u12eb\u1308\u1298\u12cd \u1260\u12d0\u1344 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12d0\u1344 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u1274\u12ce\u12f5\u122e\u1235\u1293 \u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u1201\u1209 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u1295 \u12e8\u1264\u1270 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271 \u12e8\u1225\u122b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u1308\u12cd\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205\u1295\u1295\u121d \u12e8\u12d0\u1344 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad\u1295 \u12d0\u12cb\u1306\u127d (\u1333\u12cd\u120e\u1235 \u129e\u129e\u1363 \u12f3\u130d\u121b\u12ca \u12d0\u1324 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad\u13631984) \u12f0\u1265\u12f3\u1264\u12ce\u127b\u1278\u12cd\u1295\u121d (\u1333\u12cd\u120e\u1235 \u129e\u129e\u1363 \u12e8\u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u12f0\u1265\u12f3\u1264\u12ce\u127d\u13632003) \u1218\u1218\u120d\u12a8\u1271 \u1320\u1243\u121a \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1208\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1226\u1235\u1275 \u12d5\u12f5\u120e\u127d\u1295 \u12a0\u121d\u1325\u1277\u120d\u1361\u1361  <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u12e8\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb\u12cd<\/span><\/b>\u12e8\u12d0\u1344 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u12e8\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1225\u120d\u1323\u1295 \u12c8\u12f0 \u12f0\u1261\u1265\u1363 \u121d\u12d5\u122b\u1265\u1293 \u121d\u1225\u122b\u1245 \u1218\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1271 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1260\u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262\u12ce\u127d \u12ed\u1260\u120d\u1325 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1235\u134b\u134b \u1228\u12f5\u1276\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1260\u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262\u12ce\u127d \u1240\u12f5\u121e \u12a8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u1260\u1275 \u1266\u1273 \u120b\u1245 \u1263\u1208 \u1201\u1294\u1273 \u1218\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1275 \u1265\u127b \u1233\u12ed\u1206\u1295 \u12a8\u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262\u12ce\u127d\u121d \u1265\u12d9 \u1320\u1263\u12ee\u127d\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12c8\u1235\u12f5 \u1206\u1297\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1201\u1208\u1270\u129b\u12cd<\/b> \u12d5\u12f5\u120d \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12e8\u130b\u12dc\u1323\u1363 \u12e8\u1225\u1290 \u133d\u1211\u134d\u1293 \u12e8\u134d\u122d\u12f5 \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1218\u1206\u1291 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u12a5\u121d\u122e \u130b\u12dc\u1323 \u12e8\u1273\u1270\u1218\u12cd \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1326\u1262\u12eb \u120d\u1266\u1208\u12f5 \u12e8\u1270\u133b\u1348\u12cd \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1290\u12cd(1908)\u1364 \u12e8\u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u12d0\u12cb\u1306\u127d\u1293 \u12e8\u12d8\u1218\u1291 \u134d\u122d\u12f6\u127d \u12e8\u121a\u1230\u1321\u1275\u1293 \u12e8\u121a\u133b\u1349\u1275 \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1226\u1235\u1270\u129b\u12cd<\/b>\u12d5\u12f5\u120d \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1260\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u1218\u1230\u1320\u1275 \u1218\u1300\u1218\u1229 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12d0\u1344 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1260\u1270\u12a8\u1348\u1270\u12cd \u12e8\u12f3\u130d\u121b\u12ca \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u1264\u1275 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1260\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275\u1290\u1275 \u1218\u1230\u1320\u1275 \u1300\u1218\u1228\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u12bc\u121d \u1208\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1230\u12cb\u1235\u12cd\u1293 \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1270 \u133d\u1215\u1348\u1275 \u121b\u12f0\u130d \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u133d\u12d6 \u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u1313\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u122d\u130d\u1325 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u1228\u1308\u12f5 \u121a\u1232\u12ee\u1293\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u12a8\u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1240\u12f0\u121d \u1265\u1208\u12cd \u12e8\u1218\u1220\u1228\u1271\u1295 \u12f5\u1295\u130b\u12ed \u1325\u1208\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u1264\u1275 \u1260\u12a8\u1348\u1271\u1263\u1278\u12cd \u1266\u1273\u12ce\u127d \u1201\u1209 \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1295 \u12eb\u1235\u1270\u121d\u1229 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u1208\u121d\u1233\u120c \u120b\u12db\u122a\u1235\u1276\u127d \u12601870\u1293 80\u12ce\u1279 \u1260\u12a8\u1228\u1295\u1293 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262\u12cd \u1260\u12a8\u1348\u1277\u1278\u12cd \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u1264\u1276\u127d \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u121b\u1295\u1260\u1265\u1293 \u1218\u133b\u134d \u12eb\u1235\u1270\u121d\u1229 \u1290\u1260\u122d (<\/span>Pankhurst, 1976,314)::<\/span><\/div>\n
5. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>\u12a8\u12d8\u1218\u1290 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12a0\u1201\u1295<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a8\u12d0\u1344 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1260\u128b\u120b \u12e8\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12e8\u1225\u122b \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1363 \u1265\u1214\u122b\u12ca \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1363 \u12e8\u121a\u12f2\u12eb\u1293 \u12e8\u1285\u1275\u1218\u1275 \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1363 \u12e8\u1225\u1290 \u133d\u1211\u134d\u1293 \u12e8\u121b\u1235\u1270\u121b\u122a\u12eb \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1206\u1297\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u12d0\u1228\u1265\u129b \u1240\u1325\u120e \u1260\u1235\u134b\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1290\u1308\u122d \u1234\u121b\u12ca \u124b\u1295\u124b \u12e8\u1206\u1290\u12cd \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b (<\/span>Girma, 2009, 2) <\/span>\u1260\u12a0\u1201\u1291 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12a880 \u1260\u1218\u1276 \u1260\u120b\u12ed \u1260\u121a\u1206\u1290\u12cd \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12ca \u12d8\u1295\u12f5 \u12e8\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u1201\u1208\u1270\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1206\u1296 \u12ed\u1290\u1308\u122b\u120d (<\/span>Ibid; Meyer and Richter, 40):: <\/span>\u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122b\u1363 \u12e8\u12f0\u1261\u1265\u1363 \u12e8\u130b\u121d\u1264\u120b\u1293 \u12e8\u1264\u1292\u123b\u1295\u1309\u120d \u1309\u1219\u12dd \u12ad\u120d\u120e\u127d\u1363 \u12e8\u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263\u1293 \u12e8\u12f5\u122c\u12f3\u12cb \u1218\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f5\u122e\u127d \u12e8\u1225\u122b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a5\u1225\u122b\u12a4\u120d \u12a880 \u123a \u1260\u120b\u12ed \u1270\u1293\u130b\u122a\u12ce\u127d \u12a0\u1209\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a0\u121c\u122a\u12ab\u1363 \u1260\u12a0\u12cd\u122e\u1353\u1363 \u1260\u12a5\u1235\u12eb\u1293 \u1260\u12a0\u134d\u122a\u12ab \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1299 \u12a8\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u121a\u120a\u12ee\u1295 \u1260\u120b\u12ed \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u12ed\u1293\u1308\u1229\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12cb\u123d\u1295\u130d\u1270\u1295 \u12f2\u1232 \u12a8\u1270\u1293\u130b\u122a\u12cd \u1218\u1265\u12db\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u1290\u1223 \u12e8\u12a8\u1270\u121b\u12cd \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12e8\u1218\u1225\u122a\u12eb \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1270\u1240\u1265\u120e\u1273\u120d\u1361<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u1270\u130d\u12f3\u122e\u1276\u1279\u1293 \u12e8\u1218\u134d\u1275\u1214 \u1210\u1233\u1266\u127d<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
1.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1270\u124b\u121b\u12ca \u1263\u1208\u1264\u1275 \u12e8\u120c\u1208\u12cd \u1218\u1206\u1291<\/span><\/div>\n
\u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1320\u1293\u1363 \u12f0\u1228\u1303\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12c8\u1323\u1363 \u12a0\u12f3\u12f2\u1235 \u1243\u120b\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u1218\u12d8\u130d\u1265\u1363 \u1235\u12eb\u121c \u1243\u120b\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12d8\u130b\u1305 \u12a5\u1294 \u1263\u12ed \u1270\u124b\u121d \u12e8\u1208\u12cd\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u130d\u12a5\u12dd\u1295 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u1228\u1308\u12f5 \u12e8\u1320\u1240\u1218\u12cd \u1201\u1208\u1275 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1260\u12a9\u120d \u12a5\u1294 \u1263\u12ed \u1270\u124b\u121d \u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u1205\u1290\u1275 \u12a0\u1208\u127a\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u120c\u120b\u121d \u1260\u12a9\u120d \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u1260\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275\u1290\u1275 \u12a8\u1325\u1295\u1275 \u1300\u121d\u122e \u12ed\u1230\u1323\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1294 \u1263\u12ed \u1270\u124b\u121d \u1218\u1296\u1229 \u12d5\u12cd\u1240\u1271 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12a8\u121b\u127d\u1363 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1320\u1260\u1245\u1293 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12f3\u1265\u122d \u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u130e\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275\u1290\u1275 \u1218\u1230\u1320\u1271 \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u1215\u130d\u1293 \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1271 \u12e8\u1273\u12c8\u1240\u1293 \u12e8\u1270\u1228\u12f3 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1206\u1295\u1363 \u12f0\u1228\u1303\u12cd\u1293 \u1218\u120d\u12a9 \u1260\u1270\u130d\u1263\u1266\u1275 \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1273\u12c8\u1245 \u1228\u12f5\u1276\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
\u1208\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b \u12a6\u12ad\u1235\u134e\u122d\u12f5\u1293 \u12ab\u121d\u1265\u122a\u1305 \u1260\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u1363 \u1210\u122d\u126b\u122d\u12f5 \u1260\u12a0\u121c\u122a\u12ab \u12e8\u12cb\u1209\u1208\u1275\u1295 \u12cd\u1208\u1273 \u1208\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12cd\u1235\u1325  <\/span>\u12e8\u121a\u12cd\u120d\u1208\u1275 \u1270\u124b\u121d \u12e8\u1208\u12cd\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1232\u124b\u124b\u121d \u12a8\u120c\u120e\u127d \u130b\u122d \u1270\u12f0\u122d\u1266 \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u2039\u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d\u203a \u1260\u121a\u120d \u1270\u12a8\u1265\u1266 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1218\u12dd\u1308\u1260 \u1243\u120b\u1275 \u12dd\u130d\u1305\u1271\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12b3\u1295 \u1235\u1293\u12e8\u12cd \u1260\u12e8\u130a\u12dc\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1328\u121d\u122d\u1363 \u12e8\u121a\u123b\u123b\u120d\u1293 \u1245\u12f0\u121d \u1270\u12a8\u1270\u120d (<\/span>Series) <\/span>\u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u124b\u1295\u124b \u12a0\u12ab\u12f3\u121a\u12ce\u127d\u121d \u12a0\u1295\u12f4 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1225\u122b \u12ed\u1220\u122b\u1209 \u12a8\u12da\u12eb \u12eb\u1246\u121b\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12e8\u130a\u12dc\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1348\u1320\u1229\u1275\u1295 \u1243\u120b\u1275 \u1218\u12dd\u130d\u1266 \u1208\u1218\u12dd\u1308\u1260 \u1243\u120b\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1260\u1243 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d \u12cc\u1265\u1235\u1270\u122d<\/b> \u12eb\u1208 \u12a0\u120b\u1308\u1298\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1235\u12eb\u121c \u1243\u120b\u1275 \u1232\u12eb\u1235\u1348\u120d\u1309 \u12e8\u121a\u1320\u12e8\u1245\u1363 \u1260\u124b\u1295\u124b\u12cd \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u121a\u12f0\u1228\u1309 \u1325\u1293\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12a8\u121b\u127d\u1363 \u12a5\u1294 \u1263\u12ed \u1270\u124b\u121d \u12a0\u120b\u1308\u1298\u121d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
\u1260\u1218\u1206\u1291\u121d \u120d\u12ad \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u12da\u1205 \u12a0\u1201\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1270\u1230\u1260\u1230\u1265\u1295\u1260\u1275 \u12eb\u1208 \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12cd\u1295 \u121b\u1325\u1293\u1275\u1293 \u121b\u1260\u120d\u1338\u130d \u12cb\u1293 \u12d3\u120b\u121b\u12cd \u12e8\u1206\u1290 \u121d\u1201\u122b\u12ca\u1293 \u1233\u12ed\u1295\u1233\u12ca \u1270\u124b\u121d \u12eb\u1235\u1348\u120d\u130b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1270\u124b\u1219\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1201 \u12d0\u133d\u1218 \u1235\u121d \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u1265\u127b \u1233\u12ed\u1206\u1295 \u1260\u12a0\u12ab\u12f3\u121a\u12eb\u12ca \u1290\u133b\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1220\u122b\u1363 \u1208\u12cd\u1325 \u1208\u121b\u121d\u1323\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1270\u130b \u12e8\u12d5\u12cd\u1240\u1275 \u1266\u1273 \u1218\u1206\u1295 \u12ed\u1308\u1263\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u120c\u120e\u127d \u12e8\u130d\u120d\u1293 \u12e8\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12e9\u1292\u1268\u122d\u1232\u1272\u12ce\u127d\u1293 \u1270\u124b\u121b\u1275\u121d \u12ed\u1205\u1295\u1295 \u1218\u1230\u120d \u12a0\u12ab\u120b\u1275\u1295 \u12a5\u12e8\u1348\u1320\u1229 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed\u121d \u1260\u1234\u121b\u12ca \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d(\u12a0\u1295\u12f3\u1295\u12f6\u1279 \u12a5\u12e8\u1320\u1349 \u1260\u1218\u1206\u1291) \u120b\u12ed \u1325\u1293\u1275 \u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130d\u1293 \u1260\u12a0\u1265\u12db\u129b\u12cd \u12a8\u1200\u1308\u122a\u1271 \u12cd\u132d \u12e8\u121a\u12f0\u1228\u1308\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u1234\u121b\u12ca\u1293 \u12a6\u122d\u12e8\u1295\u1273\u120d \u1325\u1293\u1275\u1295 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1200\u1308\u122a\u1271 \u121b\u121d\u1323\u1275 \u12a0\u1208\u1263\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361  <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
2.  <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>\u1245\u1261\u120d\u1290\u1275 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u1218\u1208\u12aa\u12eb \u12a0\u1208\u1218\u1296\u122d<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u1295 \u1260\u1218\u133b\u134d\u1293 \u1260\u1218\u1293\u1308\u122d \u1228\u1308\u12f5 \u1200\u1308\u122b\u12ca \u1245\u1261\u120d\u1290\u1275 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u12e8\u12a0\u1220\u122b\u122d \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u12a0\u1208 \u1208\u121b\u1208\u1275 \u12a0\u12eb\u1235\u12f0\u134d\u122d\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5\u1295 \u1225\u1290 \u133d\u1211\u134d \u1260\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b \u1235\u1295\u133d\u134d \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1271\u1295 \u1260\u1270\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1270 \u12e8\u121a\u1218\u1229\u1295 \u12e8\u1273\u12c8\u1241 \u12f0\u1228\u1303\u12ce\u127d\u1293 \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u12a0\u12cd\u132d\u12ce\u127d\u121d \u12a0\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u1228\u1308\u12f5 \u12e8\u127a\u12ab\u130e \u121b\u1291\u12cb\u120d<\/i><\/b> \u1270\u1320\u1243\u123d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12f5\u122d\u1305\u1276\u127d\u1363 \u12e8\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u1270\u124b\u121b\u1275\u1293 \u12e8\u1285\u1275\u1218\u1275 \u1270\u124b\u121b\u1275 \u1225\u122b\u127d\u1201\u1295 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u12a0\u1245\u122d\u1261 \u12ed\u120b\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u130d\u1295 \u1200\u1308\u122b\u12ca \u1245\u1261\u120d\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u12eb\u1270\u1228\u1348 \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u12a0\u12cd\u132d\u121d \u1206\u1290 \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u12a0\u1208\u12cd \u1208\u121b\u1208\u1275 \u12a0\u1235\u1278\u130b\u122a \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205 \u1218\u1206\u1291 \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12a0\u1320\u1243\u1240\u121b\u127d\u1295 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12c8\u1325 \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u12ed\u1206\u1295\u1363 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed\u121d \u1260\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u1270\u124b\u121b\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1230\u1320\u12cd \u12e8\u124b\u1295\u124b \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u12e8\u1218\u121d\u1205\u1229 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1208\u12eb\u12ed \u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u130e\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u121a\u12f2\u12eb\u12ce\u1279\u121d \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12c8\u1325 \u12e8\u1206\u1290 \u12a0\u1320\u1243\u1240\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u12ed\u12a8\u1270\u1209 \u1218\u1228\u1295 \u1208\u124b\u1278\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed \u1260\u1201\u1208\u1270\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1290\u1275 \u1208\u121a\u121b\u1228\u12cd \u1230\u12cd \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12a5\u1305\u130d \u12a0\u1235\u1278\u130b\u122a \u12ed\u1206\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u122d\u12a5\u1235\u1363 \u1260\u12d0\u1295\u1240\u133d\u1363 \u1260\u1218\u1228\u1303 \u12a0\u1230\u1323\u1325\u1363 \u1260\u12cb\u1264 \u12a0\u1218\u12d8\u130b\u1308\u1265\u1363 \u1260\u130d\u122d\u130c \u121b\u1235\u1273\u12c8\u123b \u12a0\u1230\u1323\u1325\u1363 \u1260\u134a\u12f0\u120d \u1218\u1320\u1295\u1363 \u12c8\u12d8\u1270 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u130d\u1263\u1263 \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u12eb\u1235\u1348\u120d\u1308\u1295 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u120c\u120b\u12cd \u1240\u122d\u1276 \u12e8\u12a0\u133b\u133b\u134d \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1271 \u12c8\u1325 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1206\u1295 \u1263\u1208\u1218\u1220\u122b\u1271 \u2039\u1320\u12cb\u1275\u1363 \u1325\u12cb\u1275\u1293 \u1321\u1203\u1275\u203a\u1363 \u2039\u1218\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u1275\u1293 \u1218\u1235\u1273\u12cd\u1275\u203a\u1363 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1230\u1209\u1275\u1295 \u1208\u1218\u1270\u122b\u1228\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12b3\u1295 \u12a0\u1245\u1276\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
\u121d\u1201\u122b\u1295\u1363 \u1270\u124b\u121b\u1275\u1363 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1273\u12ca \u12a0\u12ab\u120b\u1275\u1293 \u120c\u120e\u127d \u12a8\u1270\u130d\u1263\u1266\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u121a\u12f0\u122d\u1231\u1260\u1275\u1363 \u1260\u12d5\u12cd\u1240\u1273\u12ca\u1293 \u121d\u1201\u122b\u12ca \u12f0\u1228\u1303\u12cd\u1363 \u1260\u1263\u1215\u120b\u12ca\u1293 \u121b\u1285\u1260\u122b\u12ca \u12d0\u1245\u1219 \u12a8\u134d \u12eb\u1208 \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1270 \u133d\u1215\u1348\u1275\u1363 \u1218\u120d\u12ad\u12d0 \u134a\u12f0\u120d\u1363 \u1230\u12cb\u1235\u12cd\u1363 \u1235\u12eb\u121c \u1243\u120b\u1275\u1363 \u12e8\u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275\u1363 \u12e8\u1325\u1293\u1273\u12ca \u12c8\u1228\u1240\u1276\u127d\u1363 \u12e8\u121b\u1235\u1273\u12c8\u1242\u12eb\u12ce\u127d\u1363 \u12e8\u12dc\u1293\u12ce\u127d\u1363 \u12c8\u12d8\u1270 \u12a0\u133b\u133b\u134d \u12f0\u1295\u1265 \u120a\u1296\u1228\u1295 \u12ed\u1308\u1263\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205\u1295\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u1320\u1291\u1363 \u12e8\u121a\u1270\u1308\u1265\u1229\u1293 \u12e8\u121a\u12a8\u1273\u1270\u1209 \u1270\u124b\u121b\u1275\u121d \u12eb\u1235\u1348\u120d\u130b\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12e8\u130a\u12dc\u12cd\u121d \u121b\u1295\u12cb\u120e\u127d\u1295 \u121b\u12d8\u130b\u1300\u1275 \u12a0\u1208\u1263\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361  <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
3.  <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>\u124b\u1295\u124b\u12cd\u1295 \u1230\u12cd \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1275 \u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130d<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed \u12a8\u1245\u122d\u1265 \u12d8\u1218\u1293\u1275 \u12c8\u12f2\u1205 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u1295 \u12ed\u1293\u1308\u1229 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1229 \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1276\u127d\u1293 \u12e8\u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1275 \u1218\u122a\u12ce\u127d \u1208\u121a\u1348\u1325\u1229\u1275\u1293 \u1208\u1348\u1320\u1229\u1275 \u127d\u130d\u122d \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b\u121d \u12a0\u1265\u122e \u1270\u1320\u12eb\u1242 \u12a5\u12e8\u1206\u1290 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1275 \u1218\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1275 \u1208\u124b\u1295\u124b \u1218\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1275 \u1363 \u12e8\u124b\u1295\u124b \u1218\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1275\u121d \u1208\u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1275 \u1218\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1275 \u1218\u1325\u1240\u121b\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u12e8\u1275\u121d \u1200\u1308\u122d \u1290\u1263\u122b\u12ca \u1201\u1294\u1273 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u1340\u1210\u12ed \u12a0\u1275\u1320\u120d\u1245\u121d \u1263\u12ed\u1263\u120d \u1296\u122e \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b \u1260\u1270\u12a0\u121d\u122d \u12e8\u12d3\u1208\u121d \u1218\u1290\u130b\u1308\u122a\u12eb \u1263\u120d\u1206\u1290 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1295\u1302\u121b \u12e8\u127b\u12ed\u1293 \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1260\u1270\u1293\u130b\u122a\u12ce\u127d \u1265\u12db\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b\u1295 \u12ed\u1260\u120d\u1320\u12cd \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12a5\u1235\u120d\u121d\u1293\u1293 \u12e8\u12d3\u1228\u1265 \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u1218\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1275 \u1208\u12d0\u1228\u1265\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1218\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1275\u1293 \u121b\u12f0\u130d \u12eb\u1260\u1228\u12a8\u1271\u1275\u1295 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u133d\u12d6 \u121b\u1295\u121d \u12a0\u12ed\u12ad\u12f0\u12cd\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1290 \u1348\u1228\u1295\u1233\u12ed\u129b\u1293 \u1235\u1353\u1292\u123d \u12eb\u1208 \u130d\u12db\u1275 \u1218\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1275 \u12a0\u120d\u1270\u1235\u134b\u1349\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1201 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
\u12db\u122c \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b \u12e8\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd \u1265\u127b \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12a0\u121c\u122a\u12ab\u1363 \u12e8\u1215\u1295\u12f5\u1363 \u12e8\u12a0\u134d\u122a\u12ab\u1363 \u12e8\u12ab\u1293\u12f3\u1293 \u12e8\u12a0\u12cd\u1235\u1275\u122b\u120d\u12eb\u121d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205\u121d \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1275 \u12e8\u12a0\u134d\u122a\u12ab \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b\u1363 \u12e8\u12a0\u121c\u122a\u12ab \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b\u1363 \u12e8\u1215\u1295\u12f5 \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b \u12ed\u1263\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12de\u127d \u120b\u12f0\u1228\u1231\u1275 \u1260\u12f0\u120d \u1270\u1320\u12eb\u1242 \u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130d \u130d\u1295 \u1235\u1215\u1270\u1275\u121d\u1363 \u1290\u12cd\u122d\u121d\u1363 \u1283\u1322\u12a0\u1275\u121d \u12ed\u1218\u1235\u1208\u129b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1201 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12e8\u1215\u12dd\u1266\u127d \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1206\u1297\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u12a0\u1295\u12f1 \u12e8\u1218\u1308\u1293\u129b \u12f5\u120d\u12f5\u12eb\u127d\u1295 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5\u1295 \u1200\u1308\u122d \u12eb\u1208 \u1218\u1308\u1293\u129b \u12f5\u120d\u12f5\u12ee\u127d \u1218\u1218\u1225\u1228\u1275 \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12a0\u12ed\u127b\u120d\u121d\u1361\u1364 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12eb\u12cd\u121d \u1266\u1273\u12cd \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u1208\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1225\u1290 \u133d\u1211\u134d \u12d5\u12f5\u1308\u1275 \u1273\u120b\u1241\u1295 \u1266\u1273 \u12e8\u121a\u12c8\u1235\u12f1\u1275 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1201\u1208\u1270\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u1206\u1291 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
\u1260\u1218\u1206\u1291\u121d \u12ed\u1205 \u12a0\u1218\u1208\u12ab\u12a8\u1275 \u1260\u130a\u12dc \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1273\u1228\u121d \u1218\u1225\u122b\u1275 \u12eb\u1235\u1348\u120d\u130b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1290\u12cd\u1364 \u1295\u1309\u1225 \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1270 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1295\u1309\u1221\u1293 \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1270 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271 \u130d\u1295 \u1270\u1320\u1245\u1218\u12cd\u1260\u1275\u121d \u1320\u1245\u1218\u12cd\u1275\u121d \u120a\u1206\u1295 \u12ed\u127d\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12db\u122c \u1323\u120d\u12eb\u1295\u129b \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12ed\u1230\u1323\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1323\u120d\u12eb\u1295\u129b \u134b\u123d\u1235\u1275 \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u121d\u1235\u1275 \u12d3\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u12cb\u130b\u1290\u12cd \u12a8\u1323\u120d\u12eb\u1295 \u12c8\u1273\u12f0\u122e\u127d\u1293 \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1275 \u130b\u122d \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u12a8\u1323\u120d\u12eb\u1295\u129b \u130b\u122d \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1293\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u121c\u122a\u12ab\u1296\u127d \u12e8\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u1295 \u12a0\u1308\u12db\u12dd \u1208\u121b\u1235\u12c8\u1308\u12f5 \u1273\u130d\u1208\u12cb\u120d\u1363 \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b\u1295 \u1218\u1320\u1240\u121d \u130d\u1295 \u12a0\u120b\u1246\u1219\u121d\u1364 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12eb\u12cd\u121d \u1208\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b \u124b\u1295\u124b \u121b\u12f0\u130d \u1273\u120b\u1241\u1295 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u133d\u12d6 \u12eb\u12f0\u1228\u1309\u1275 \u12e8\u12a0\u121c\u122a\u12ab \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275\u1363 \u1215\u12dd\u1265\u1293 \u1270\u124b\u121b\u1275 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361  <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u1260\u1273\u120b\u124b \u1265\u122a\u1273\u1295\u12eb \u12e8\u12cc\u120d\u1235\u1363 \u12e8\u12a0\u12e8\u122d\u120b\u1295\u12f5\u1293 \u12e8\u1235\u12ae\u1275\u120b\u1295\u12f5 \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u1290\u1260\u1229\u1363 \u12a0\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1270\u1235\u134b\u134b\u12cd \u130d\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1201\u1209\u121d \u1262\u1235\u134b\u1349 \u1218\u120d\u12ab\u121d \u12a0\u120d\u1290\u1260\u1228\u121d \u12c8\u12ed? \u1262\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u1218\u120d\u12ab\u121d \u1290\u1260\u122d \u1290\u12cd \u1218\u120d\u1231\u1361\u1361 \u130d\u1295 \u1260\u1273\u122a\u12ab\u12ca\u1363 \u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab\u12ca\u1363 \u121b\u1285\u1260\u122b\u12ca\u1293 \u120c\u120e\u127d \u121d\u12ad\u12eb\u1276\u127d \u12a0\u120d\u1206\u1290\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1270\u1235\u134b\u134b\u12cd \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12db\u122c \u120b\u12ed \u1206\u1290\u1295 \u12ab\u12e8\u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1320\u1245\u1218\u12cd \u120c\u120e\u127d\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1235\u134b\u1349 \u1218\u122d\u12f3\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u12e8\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b\u1295 \u12d5\u12f5\u1308\u1275 \u1218\u130d\u1273\u1275 \u12a0\u12ed\u1218\u1235\u1208\u129d\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1201 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275 \u12a0\u130b\u1323\u121a\u12ce\u127d \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12e8\u1215\u12dd\u1266\u127d \u1218\u1308\u1293\u129b \u1206\u1290\u1361\u1361 \u1225\u122d\u12d3\u1273\u1271 \u12a0\u1208\u1349\u1361\u1361 \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12cd \u130d\u1295 \u12a0\u130d\u1265\u1276\u1363 \u1270\u130b\u1265\u1276\u1363 \u1270\u12cb\u120d\u12f6\u1363 \u12a8\u1234\u121b\u12ca\u1290\u1271 \u1320\u1263\u12ed \u12ed\u120d\u1245 \u12a9\u123e – \u12a6\u121f\u12ca \u1206\u1296 \u12a0\u1208\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12d0\u1228\u134d\u1270 \u1290\u1308\u1229\u1295 \u1260\u130d\u1225 \u1218\u12dd\u130b\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u12c8\u1230\u12f0\u12cd \u12a8\u12a9\u123d \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1234\u121b\u12ca \u1320\u1263\u12e9 \u12ed\u1205\u1295\u1295 \u12a0\u12ed\u1348\u1245\u12f5\u1208\u1275\u121d \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361  <\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u12e8\u12f6\u12ad\u1270\u122d \u1263\u12e8 \u12ed\u121b\u121d\u1295 \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1260\u1218\u1320\u1240\u121d \u12ed\u1205\u1295 \u133d\u1211\u134d \u120d\u12dd\u130b <\/span><\/div>\n
\u2039\u2039\u1260\u1218\u120d\u12ad\u12d0 \u121d\u12f5\u122b\u12ca \u1225\u122d\u132d\u1271 \u1265\u127b \u1233\u12ed\u1206\u1295 \u12a8\u134d \u1232\u120d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1270\u1308\u1208\u1320\u12cd \u1260\u1225\u1290 \u120d\u1233\u1293\u12ca \u1245\u122d\u133d\u1293 \u12ed\u12d8\u1271\u121d \u1265\u1214\u122b\u12ca \u1263\u1215\u122a \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1234\u121b\u12ca \u1265\u127b \u1233\u12ed\u1206\u1295 \u12a8\u120c\u120e\u127d \u12e8\u1234\u121d \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u1260\u1208\u1320 \u12a9\u123e-\u12a6\u121b\u12ca \u1260\u1218\u1206\u1291 \u12e8\u1201\u1209\u1295 \u12e8\u124b\u1295\u124b \u12d8\u122d\u134e\u127d \u1263\u1215\u122a\u12eb\u1275 \u12a0\u12ab\u1276 \u120a\u12ed\u12dd \u127d\u120f\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1208\u12da\u1205 \u1290\u12cd \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u12a8\u120c\u120e\u127d \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u1260\u1260\u1208\u1320 \u1265\u1214\u122b\u12ca \u1263\u1215\u122a \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u124b\u1295\u124b \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u121d\u1295\u1208\u12cd\u203a\u203a (\u1263\u12e8 \u12ed\u121b\u121d\u13632000\u1363 <\/span>xviii) <\/span><\/div>\n
\u12e8\u12da\u1205 \u1270\u124b\u121d \u1218\u1218\u1225\u1228\u1275\u1363 \u121b\u12f0\u130d\u1293 \u1218\u1260\u120d\u1338\u130d \u12a0\u1235\u1348\u120b\u130a\u1290\u1275\u121d \u12ed\u12bc\u12cd \u12ed\u1218\u1235\u1208\u129b\u120d\u1361\u1361  <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n


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<\/div>\n
                         <\/span>\u12cb\u1264<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\u1263\u12e8 \u12ed\u121b\u121d\u1363 2000\u1363 \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1230\u12cb\u1235\u12cd\u1363<\/i><\/b> \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263\u1363 \u12a5\u120c\u1292 \u121b\u1270\u121a\u12eb \u1264\u1275<\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/span><\/div>\n
\u12a0\u121d\u1233\u1209 \u12a0\u12ad\u120a\u1209\u1363 1976\u1363 \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1225\u1290 \u133d\u1211\u134d \u1273\u122a\u12ad\u1363<\/i><\/b> (\u12eb\u120d\u1273\u1270\u121d)\u1363 \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263 \u12e9\u1292\u1268\u122d\u1232\u1272<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u1333\u12cd\u120e\u1235 \u129e\u129e\u13632003\u1363 \u12a0\u1324 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u1260\u1200\u1308\u122d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1270\u133b\u133b\u134f\u1278\u12cd \u12f0\u1265\u12f3\u1264\u12ce\u127d<\/i><\/b>\u1363 \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263\u1363 \u12a0\u1235\u1274\u122d \u1290\u130b \u12a0\u1233\u1273\u121a \u12f5\u122d\u1305\u1275<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u1333\u12cd\u120e\u1235 \u129e\u129e\u1363 2003\u1363 \u12a0\u1324 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad \u1260\u12cd\u132d \u1200\u1308\u122b\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u133b\u133b\u134f\u1278\u12cd \u12f0\u1265\u12f3\u1264\u12ce\u127d<\/i><\/b>\u1363 \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263\u1363 \u12a0\u1235\u1274\u122d \u1290\u130b \u12a0\u1233\u1273\u121a \u12f5\u122d\u1305\u1275<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u1333\u12cd\u120e\u1235 \u129e\u129e\u1363 1984\u1363 \u12a0\u1324 \u121d\u1292\u120a\u12ad<\/i><\/b>\u1363 \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263\u1363 \u12a2\u121c\u12ed \u1355\u122a\u1295\u1270\u122d<\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/span><\/div>\n
Ayele Bekerie, 1997<\/span>, <\/span>Ethiopic an African Writing System,<\/span><\/i><\/b> Red Sea press, New Jersey<\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/span><\/div>\n
Bender, M.L, 1983,The Origin of Amharic, Journal of Ethiopian Languages and Literature<\/i><\/b>, 1, 41-50<\/span><\/div>\n
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Getachew Haile. 1980. Some notes on A text in Old Amharic of Roger Cowley<\/i><\/b>. (In \u201cBulletin of school of Oriental and African Studies\u201d) Vol. 43:3, pp. 578-580  <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
Getachew Haile. 1970. Archaic Amharic Forms,<\/i><\/b> (in \u201cproceedings of third international conference of Ethiopian studies\u201d.) section B, Chicago: pp. 111-124<\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/span><\/div>\n
Girma Awgichew, 2009, The Origin of Amharic,<\/i><\/b> French center for Ethiopian studies.<\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/span><\/div>\n
Merid Wolde Aregay, 1996, The Legacy of Jesuit Missi0nary activities in Ethiopia<\/i><\/b>, (in \u201cThe Missionary factor in Ethiopia\u201d), p.31-56<\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/span><\/div>\n
Meyer, Ronny and Richter, Renate. 2003. Language use in Ethiopia from a network perspective<\/i><\/b>. (Results of a socio linguistic survey conducted among high school students). Frankfurt: Peter Lang.<\/span>   <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
Nosnitsin, Denis. 2003. Amharic Litrature: Beginning of Amharic Written Tradition<\/i><\/b>. In Hulig, Siegbert (ed.) Encyclopedia Ethiopica, vol . 1, pp. 238-240, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. <\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/span><\/div>\n
Pankhurst, Richard. 1976. Historical Background of Education in Ethiopia<\/i><\/b>. (In \u201cM.L. Bender, et al (eds.) Languages in Ethiopia\u201d). Pp. 305-323. Oxford: Oxford University Press.<\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/span><\/div>\n
Sergew Hable Sellassie. 1972,  <\/span>Ancient and Medieval Ethiopian History to 1972<\/i><\/b>.  <\/span>Addis Ababa: Haile Selassie I University.<\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/span><\/div>\n
Sven Rubenson(Ed.). 1987, 1994 & 2000. Acta \u00c6thiopica (vols. I, II & III)<\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/span><\/div>\n
Taddesse Tamrat. 1998, Ethnic Interaction and Integration in Ethiopian History: The case of the Gafat<\/i><\/b>, JES, vol. xxi, p. 121- 153<\/span><\/div>\n
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<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/b>የባሕርዳር ዩኒቨርሲቲ የአማርኛ ቋንቋ ማበልጸጊያ ተቋምን አሠራር በተመለከተ ለተዘጋጀው ጉባኤ የቀረበ<\/span><\/b> <\/div>\n
 ባሕር ዳር<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
 የካቲት 3-5 ቀን 2007 ዓም<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n


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የአማርኛ ቋንቋ ታሪካዊ ጉዞ<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
የአማርኛ ቋንቋን ጉዞ በአጭሩ ለመመልከት እንድንችል፣ የዚህን ታላቅ ጉባኤ ጊዜንም ላለመውሰድ በአምስት ምዕራፍ ማየቱ ይጠቅማል ባይ ነኝ፡፡ እነርሱም<\/span><\/div>\n
1.    <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>ከጥንት እስከ 13ኛው መክዘ<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
2.   <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>ከ13ኛው መክዘ እስከ 16ኛው መክዘ<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
3.   <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>ከ16ኛው መክዘ እስከ ዘመነ ቴዎድሮስ<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
4.   <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>ከዘመነ ቴዎድሮስ ዘመነ ምኒሊክ<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
5.   <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>ከዘመነ ምኒሊክ እስከ አሁን<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
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 <\/span><\/b><\/span><\/b>1.   <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>ከጥንት እስከ 13ኛው መክዘ<\/span><\/b> <\/div>\n
አማርኛ በዚህ ዘመን እንዲህ በሚባል ሕዝብ መነገር ጀመረ ብሎ ለማስቀመጥ አስቸጋሪ መሆኑን ያጠኑት ሊቃውንት ይናገራሉ፡፡ አገኛኘቱን በተመለከተ እስካሁን ቦታ ይዘው የሚከራከሩ ሁለት ዓይነት አመለካከቶች አሉ፡፡ የመጀመሪያው፣ በሰፊው የሚነገረውና ለብዙ ዓመታት የቆየው አመለካከት አማርኛ ከሌሎች ቋንቋዎች ተቀይጦ ምናልባት በ4ኛው መክዘ አካባቢ ከአኩስም ወደ ደቡብ በመጡ ዘማቾችና አዝማቾች አማካኝነት የተፈጠረ(<\/span>pidgin theory) <\/span>ነው የሚል ሲሆን በዚህ መላ ምት መሠረት ከሰሜን ወደ ደቡብ እየተስፋፋ የመጣ፤ ከግእዝ ትንሽ ለየት ያለ ሴማዊ ቋንቋ በሚናገሩ <\/span>አዝማቾችና<\/span> የኩሽ፣ የኦሞና የዓባያዊ ቋንቋዎች በሚናገር ዘማች ሠራዊት አማካኝነት የተፈጠረ ነው፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/span>አዝማችና ዘማች በአገዎች ምድር ሲቀመጡ ልዩ ልዩ ቋንቋ ይናገር የነበረው ዘማች የአዝማቾቹን ሴማዊ ቋንቋ መናገር ይጀምራል፡፡ ሲናገር ግን ከራሱ ቋንቋ ጋር እያስማማ ነበር፡፡ በዚህም የተነሣ የሴማዊ ቃላትን ከራሱ ቃላት እያመሳሰለና እያዳቀለ ይናገር ነበር፡፡ በዚህም የተነሣ የቃላቱ ቅርጽና የመዋቅሩ ሥርዓት ቀስ በቀስ እየተለወጠ መጣ፡፡ ሴማዊ ጠባዩን እየተወም ‹ኩሾ ኦማዊ› እየመሰለ መጣ፡፡ እየቆየም ራሱን የቻለ ቋንቋ ሆኖ በስፋት በሚነገርበት አካባቢ ስም ‹አማርኛ› ተባለ የሚለው ነው፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
የዚህን መላ ምት ዝርዝር የፈለገ የባየ ይማምን(2000) እና የቤንደርን(1983) ማንበብ ይጠቅመዋል፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
ሁለተኛው መላ ምት ከመጀመሪያው ጋር ሲነጻጸር  <\/span><\/span>የቅርብ ዘመን ሲሆን አማርኛ ከአማርኛ በፊት ከነበረ የአርጎባ – አማርኛ እናት ቋንቋ በተለምዶ ከሚታወቅበት የጥንቱ አምሐራ አካባቢ በስተ ደቡብ የተገኘ ቋንቋ ነው የሚል ነው(<\/span>proto Amharic- argoba, theory)<\/span>፡፡ በዚህ መላ ምት መሠረት ስሙን በትክክል ዛሬ ለመጥራት ባንችልም ራሱን የቻለ አማርኛን የሚናገር ሕዝብ ነበረ፡፡ ይህ መላ ምት በኢትዮጵያ ታሪክ የተለመደ ትርክት የምንሰማውን የኢትዮ ሴማውያን ቋንቋ ተናጋሪዎችን የሰሜን – ደቡብ የፍልሰት አቅጣጫ በመቀየር ከደቡብ ወደ ሰሜን የሚያደርግ ነው፡፡ ለዚህም ዋና መከራከሪያው አብዛኞቹ የኢትዮ ሴማውያን ቋንቋ ቤተሰቦች የሚገኙት በደቡቡ ክፍል በመሆናቸው፣ ‹የሚሰደደው ጥቂቱ ነው› በሚለው መሠረተ ሐሳብ መሠረት የኢትዮ ሴማዊ ቋንቋዎች ከደቡብ ወደ ሰሜን የፈለሱ ናቸው ይላል፡፡ የአማርኛ እናት ቋንቋና ራሱ አማርኛም ኦሮምኛ በ16ኛው መክዘ እንዳደረገው ከደቡብ ወደ ሰሜን የተጓዘ ቋንቋ ነው ይላል፡፡ ይህንን መላ ምት በሚገባ ለማወቅ የግርማ አውግቸውን መጽሐፍ (<\/span>The Origin of Amharic, 2009) <\/span>እና የአየለ በከሪን (1997) መጻሕፍት መመልከቱ ይጠቅማል፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
እስከ 13ኛው መክዘ ያለው የአማርኛ ቋንቋ ታሪክ በሚገባ ሊታወቅ አልቻለም፡፡ በቂ መረጃዎችም አልተገኙም፡፡ በተለይ ከአርጎባ፣ ከሐረሪና ከዛይ ቋንቋዎች ጋር በጋራ የሚደረጉ የሥነ ልሳን ጥናቶች፣ ከዚህም ባሻገር ብዙ ጠባያቱን ከሚጋሩት የኩሽና የኦሞ ቋንቋዎች ጋር በማነጻጸር ቢጠና ዕውቀታችን ከዚህ የተሻለ ሊሆን የሚችልበት ዕድል አለው(ባየ፣ 2000፣ <\/span>xviii & xix):: <\/span>የባሕርዳር ዩኒቨርሲቲ የአማርኛ ቋንቋ ማበልጸጊያ ተቋምን የሚጠብቀው አንዱ ሥራም ይኼው ይመስለኛል፡፡<\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
2.   <\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span><\/span>ከ13ኛው እስከ 16ኛው መክዘ<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/div>\n
ይህ ዘመን ከአማርኛ ቋንቋ ቀደምት ዘመናት መካከል የተሻሉ መረጃዎች የተገኙበት ዘመን ነው፡፡ በአንድ በኩል አማርኛ  <\/span>በዛጉዌና እንደ ገና በመጣው ‹ሰሎሞናዊ ሥርወ መንግሥት› ውስጥ ልሳነ መንግሥት ሆኖ የወጣበት( ባየ፣ 2000፣ <\/span>xvii-xviii<\/span>፤ <\/span>Girma, 2009,210) <\/span>ሲሆን በሌላ በኩልም<\/span> <\/span>በዋናነት ይነገርበት የነበረው አካባቢና የሚነገርበት ደረጃም  <\/span>በውል ተለይቶ መታወቅ የጀመረበት ዘመንም ነው፡፡<\/span> <\/span>የዛግዌ ነገሥታት የአኩስም መንግሥት ጠንካራ መሠረት ከሆነው የዛሬው ኤርትራና ትግራይ አካባቢ ይልቅ ደቡቡን በመጠቀም ጠንካራ አጋርና መሠረት ለማግኘት ባደረገው ጥረት አማርኛ ተናጋሪዎቹ የመንግሥቱን ቦታ እያገኙ ሲመጡ አማርኛም ልሳነ ንጉሥ መሆን ጀመረ፡፡ ይህም በንጉሥ ላሊበላ ዘመን መሆኑ ይታመናል (<\/span>Sergew,1972,278):: <\/span>በነገራችን ላይ የኢትዮጵያ ነገሥታት ( ከሸዋ ወደ ጎንደር ከመጣው ከሠርፀ ድንግል በቀር፣) አዳዲስ ሥርወ መንግሥት ሲመሠርቱ ከሰሜኑ እየራቁ ወደ ደቡብ ነው የሚመጡት፡፡ ዛግዌ ላስታን ይዞ ወሎን በጌምድርና ጎጃምን፣ ይኩኖ አምላክ ሸዋን ይዞ ዳሞትን፣ ምኒሊክ ሸዋን ይዞ ደቡብ፣ ምዕራብና ምሥራቅን ነው ደጀን ያደረጉት፡፡ ይኼም የቀድሞው ሥርወ መንግሥት ከነበረው ጠንካራ መሠረት ለቅቆ ሌላ ጠንካራ መሠረት ለመፍጠር ነው፡፡ <\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
በዐፄ ይኩኖ አምላክ ጊዜ በጥበበ እድ ሥራቸው የበለጸጉትን የጋፋት ሕዝቦችን ድጋፍ አግኝቶ የዛግዌን ነገሥታት ድል ሲነሣና ከዛግዌ ነገሥታት ዋና መሠረት ላስታ መንግሥቱን የጋፋቶች ዋና ቦታ ወደ ሆነው ሸዋ ሲያዛውር ለአማርኛ የበለጠ ዕድል ተፈጠረለት፡፡ ቋንቋውም ይበልጥ ከኦሞ ኩሽቲክ ቋንቋዎች ጋር ለመገናኘትና ለመወራረስ በቃ፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
ምንም እንኳን አማርኛ የግእዝን የሥነ ጽሑፍና የትምህርት ቋንቋነት ባይረከብም፤ የቤተ መንግሥቱ የፕሮቶኮል ቋንቋ ባይሆንም የዐፄ ዓምደ ጽዮን(1314-1344)፣ የዐፄ ዳዊት(1375-1404)፣ የዐፄ ይስሐቅ(1413-1430)፣ የዐፄ ዘርዐ ያዕቆብ(1434-1468)ና ዐፄ ገላውዴዎስ(1540-1559) ወታደሮች የዘፈኗቸውና ‹የወታደሮች ዘፈኖች› የሚባሉትን ግጥሞች ስናይ አማርኛ በመካከለኛው ዘመን ይበልጥ እየዳበረ መምጣቱን ያሳያል፡፡ በዚህ ጊዜ በብዙ የቋንቋው ጥናት ሊቃውንት ግምት ውስጥ የማይገባውና ለአማርኛ ደቡባዊ ዕድገት የማይናቅ አስተዋጽዖ ያደረገው የሀገራዊ ትምህርቱ ማዕከል ወደ ደቡብ እየተቀየረ መምጣት ነው፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/span>እስከ ቅድመ 12ኛው መክዘ ድረስ የሀገራዊ ትምህርት ማዕከላት የሆኑት ‹ሰሜን ሴማዊ› ቋንቋዎች የሚነገሩባቸው ትግራይና ኤርትራ ነበረ፡፡ አብዛኞቹ ገዳማትና አድባራት፣ ምሁራንና ሊቃውንት የነበሩት እዚያ ነው፡፡ መጻሕፍት ይጻፉና ይተረጎሙ የነበረውም እዚያው ነው፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
የአኩስም ዘመን በ8ኛው መክዘ አካባቢ ሲዳከም ከምእተ ዓመታት በኋላ አቡነ ኢየሱስ ሞአ አምሐራ እየተባለ ይጠራ በነበረው አካባቢ የሐይቅ እስጢፋኖስን ትምህርት ቤት በ1243 ዓም አካባቢ ሲጀምሩ የትምህርት ማዕከሉ ወደ ሀገረ አምሐራ መጣ፡፡ በዚህም የተነሣ ሐይቅን ተከትሎ ወለቃ ሌላው የትምህርት ማዕከል ሆነ፡፡ ወለቃ – ሐይቅም ደቡቡን ከሰሜን የሚገናኝ የትምህርትና የባሕል ድልድይ ሆነ፡፡ የ13፣ 14ና 15ኛው መክዘ ቅዱሳን ገድላትን ስንመለከት ይህን ይገልጡልናል፡፡ ይህ መሥመር ደግሞ አማርኛ የሚናገር ማኅበረሰብ የነበረበት በመሆኑ አማርኛ ቋንቋ ይበልጥ እንዲያድግ ረድቷል፡፡ ግእዝ ላዕላዩን ቦታ ቢይዝም ግእዝን በአማርኛ መማርም አንደኛው መንገድ ነበር፡፡  <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
በ13ና 14ኛው መክዘ በበጌምድር፣ በጎጃም፣ ሐረርጌና በደቡብ የተደረጉትን የክርስትና ማስፋፋቶችና የገዳማትና ትምህርት ቤቶች አተካከል ስንመለከት የአርጎባን፣ የጋፋትን፣ የዛይን፣ የሐረሪንና ሌሎች ሴማውያን ቋንቋዎችን ዱካ ተከትሎ እናገኘዋለን፡፡ የዚህ ዝምድና ጉዳይ ይበልጥ ሊጠና የሚገባ ይመስለኛል፡፡ በ14ኛውና በ15ኛው መክዘ ደብረ ሊባኖስና ከገዳሙ ጋር በተተያያዘ ታሪክ የተመሠረቱት የሸዋ፣ የጎጃም፣ የጎንደርና የወሎ አካባቢዎች የአማርኛ ቋንቋ ዋና መነገሪያዎች ሆነው እናገኛለን፡፡ የመጀመሪያዎቹን የአማርኛ ጽሑፎችንም የምናገኘው በዚህ አካባቢ ነው፡፡ በተለይ እነዚህ የትምህርትና የገዳማዊ ሕይወት ማዕከላት ከአርጎባ፣ ከዳሞትና ከጋፋት ሕዝቦች ጋር የነበራቸው ግንኙነት እንደገና ማጥናቱ የቋንቋው ዕድገት ከትምህርት ማዕከላትና ከሌሎች ሴማውያን ቋንቋዎች ጋር ያለውን ትግግዝ ያሳየናል፡፡ በዚህ ረገድ ታደሰ ታምራት በጋፋት ላይ የሠሩት ምሳሌ የሚሆን ነው (<\/span>Taddesse Tamrat, 1988<\/span>)፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
3.  <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>ከ16ኛው መክዘ እስከ ዘመነ ቴዎድሮስ<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
በ16ኛው መክዘ አካባቢ ወደ ኢትዮጵያ የመጡት የካቶሊክ ሚስዮናውያን ከኦርቶዶክስ ሊቃውንት ጋር የነበራቸው ክርክር አማርኛ ቋንቋን በሁለት መንገድ ጠቅሞታል፡፡ በአንድ በኩል ሚስዮናውያኑ ከነባሩ ግእዝ ይልቅ አማርኛ ቋንቋን ለሃይማኖት ትምህርት ማስተማሪያነት ተጠቀሙበት(አምሳሉ አክሊሉ፣ 1975)፡፡ በዚህም አማርኛ የማስተማሪያ ቋንቋ ሆነ፡፡ ይህንን ተከትሎም የኢትዮጵያ ቤተ ክርስቲያን ሊቃውንትም በአማርኛ ማስተማር ጀመሩ፡፡ ይኼ ለሕዝቡ በአማርኛ ማስተማር አድጎና ዳብሮ በኋላ ላይ ወደ ትምህርት ማዕከላት በመግባት ጎንደር ላይ አንድምታ ትርጓሜው ንባቡ በግእዝ ትርጓሜው በአማርኛ እንዲሆን ያስቻለውም ይኼው ሂደት ነበር፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
 <\/span>በሌላም በኩል ሚስዮናውያን መልእክቶቻቸውን በአማርኛ ቋንቋ እየጻፉ በማስተላለፋቸው ነባር ሊቃውንትም በአማርኛ ቋንቋ መልስ መስጠት ጀመሩ፡፡ ይኼ ሂደትም አማርኛን የሃይማኖት ትምህርት መጻፊያ ቋንቋ እንዲሆን አስቻለው፡፡ በተለይም ፓኤዝ ብዙ የካቶሊክን እምነት የሚገልጡ መጻሕፍት ወደ አማርኛ እንዲተረጎሙ አደረገ (<\/span>The missionary Factor, Merid Wolde Aregay, 47, 1996)<\/span>፡፡ የኦርቶዶክስ ቤተ ክርስቲያን ሊቃውንትም ለዚህ አዲስ እንቅስቃሴ መጻሕፍትን ከግእዝ በመተርጎምና በአማርኛ አዳዲስ መጻሕፍትን በመጻፍ መልስ ሰጡ፡፡ እነ አንቀጸ አሚን፣ ጠቢበ ጠቢባን፣ ሥነ ፍጥረት፣ ምሥጢረ ጽጌያት <\/b>ከግእዝ ወደ አማርኛ የተተረጎሙት በዚህ ዘመን ነበር (<\/span>(Nostnitisn, 2003, 238):: <\/span> <\/span>እነ ‹ነገረ ሃይማኖት›ና ‹ትምህርተ ሃይማኖት›<\/i><\/b>ም ተዘጋጁ(<\/span>Getachew Haile, 1980)<\/span>፡፡ በጀርመን ሚሲዮናውያን አማካኝነት የዮሐንስ ወንጌል<\/i><\/b> ወደ አማርኛ ተተርጉሞ በ1647 ታተመ (አምሳሉ አክሊሉ፣ 1976)፡፡ ሉዶልፍም የአማርኛ ሰዋስውን በ1698 አሳተመ፡፡ ከ16ኛው መክዘ ወዲህም በኢትዮጵያውያን ሊቃውንት ዘንድ የአማርኛ ሰዋስውን መጻፍ ተጀመረ(<\/span>Getachew Haile, 1970)::<\/span><\/div>\n
ምንም እንኳን የቃል መረጃዎችና አንዳንድ መዛግብት (<\/span>EMML 2117)<\/span> የአማርኛ የአንድምታ ትርጓሜ ቀደም ያለ ታሪክ እንዳለው ቢገልጡም ንባብ በግእዝ፣ ትርጓሜ በአማርኛ ሆኖ ይበልጥ መሰጠት የጀመረው ግን በ17ኛው መክዘ እና በ18ኛው መክዘ በጎንደር ነው፡፡ <\/span> <\/span> <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
ከዚህም በተጨማሪ ምንም እንኳን ግእዝ የትምህርትና የሥነ ጽሑፍ ቋንቋነቱን እንደጠበቀ ቢሆን፣ በብራና መጻሕፍት ላይ አማርኛና ግእዝ ጎን ለጎን መታየት የጀመሩት ከ17ኛው መክዘ በኋላ ነው፡፡ ግእዝ ዋናውን የጽሑፍ ቦታ (ገድሉና፣ ዜና መዋዕሉን፣ ጸሎቱን፣ ወዘተ) ሲይዝ አማርኛ ደግሞ የዕለት ተዕለት ማኅበራዊ ኑሮውን ቦታ ያዘ፡፡ በጎንደር ዙሪያ አድባራት የምናገኛቸው የ17ኛው፣ 18ኛውና ከዚያ በኋላ ያሉት መጻሕፍት በኅዳጋቸው የሚጽፉት የውርስ፣ የርስት፣ የሽያጭና ግዥ፣የውልደት፣ መዛግብት በአማርኛ ቋንቋ የሚጻፉ ናቸው፡፡ ይህም አማርኛ ከግእዝ ቀጥሎ የጽሑፍ ቋንቋነቱ እያደገና በቤተ ክህነቱና በቤተ መንግሥቱ ጸሐፍትም ዘንድ ተቀባይነት እያገኘ መምጣቱን ያሳየናል፡፡ በዘመነ መሳፍንት የነበሩት እነ ራስ ዓሊ፣ ደጃች ውቤ፣ ደጃች ጎሹ፣ ይጻጻፉ የነበረው በአማርኛ እንደነበረ ዛሬ ለዘር ተርፈው ያገኘናቸው ደብደቤዎቻቸው ያሳዩናል(<\/span>Rubenson, 1987)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
የዐፄ ቴዎድሮስ ወደ ሥልጣን መምጣት ለአማርኛ ቋንቋ ዕድገት አዲስ ምዕራፍ ከፍቷል፡፡ በአንድ በኩል ዜና መዋዕላቸው በአማርኛ እንዲጻፍ ማድረጋቸው ግእዝ ይዞት የነበረውን አንድ የሥነ ጽሑፍ መንገድ አማርኛ እንዲረከበው አደረጉ፡፡ በሌላ በኩል ደግሞ የቤተ መንግሥቱን የሥራ ግንኙነት በንጉሥ ደረጃ በአማርኛ መጻፍ መጀመራቸው ግእዝ የፕሮቶኮል ቋንቋነቱን ለአማርኛ እንዲያስረክብ አደረገው፡፡ (የዐፄ ቴዎድሮስ ደብዳቤዎች<\/span> Sven Rubenson, Acta Aethiopica, vol. II)<\/span>በርግጥ በዚህ ጉዳይ ላይ የሸዋው ንጉሥ ሣሕለ ሥላሴም በአማርኛ የመንግሥቱን የመጻጻፍ ሥራ በመሥራት ታሪኩን ይጋራሉ፡፡ የደብተራ ዘነብ መጽሐፈ ጨዋታ ሥጋዊ ወመንፈሳዊ<\/i><\/b>ም የዚህ ዘመን ፍሬ ነው፡፡ ደብተራ ዘነብ የጻፉት የቴዎድሮስ ታሪክ<\/i><\/b>፣ የኢዘንበርግ የዓለም ታሪክ<\/i><\/b>(1842) እና የአማርኛ የጂኦግራፊ መጽሐፍ <\/i><\/b>(1842) የዚህ ዘመን ማስታወሻዎች ናቸው፡፡ የእንግሊዝ የመጽሐፍ ቅዱስ ማኅበርም በ1842 የአርባዕቱን ወንጌል የግእዝና አማርኛ እትም አሳተመ (<\/span>Pankhurst, 1976,3110)::<\/span><\/div>\n
4. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>ከዘመነ ቴዎድሮስ እስከ ዘመነ ምኒሊክ<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
ዐፄ ዮሐንስ ዐፄ ቴዎድሮስ የጀመሩትን፣ ንጉሥ ሣሕለ ሥላሴ ቀደም የበረቱበትን፣ የቤተ መንግሥቱን ሥራ በአማርኛ ቋንቋ ማከናወንን አጠንክረው ቀጠሉበት፡፡ የዐፄ ዮሐንስ ደብዳቤዎቻቸው በአማርኛ ይጻፉ ነበር፡፡ (<\/span>Rubenson, 2000)<\/span><\/div>\n
አማርኛ ይበልጥ የመስፋፋትና የማደግ ዕድሉን ያገኘው በዐፄ ምኒሊክ ዘመን ነው፡፡ ዐፄ ምኒሊክ እንደ ቴዎድሮስና ዮሐንስ ሁሉ አማርኛን የቤተ መንግሥቱ የሥራ ቋንቋ አድርገውታል፡፡ ይህንንም የዐፄ ምኒሊክን ዐዋጆች (ጳውሎስ ኞኞ፣ ዳግማዊ ዐጤ ምኒሊክ፣1984) ደብዳቤዎቻቸውንም (ጳውሎስ ኞኞ፣ የምኒሊክ ደብዳቤዎች፣2003) መመልከቱ ጠቃሚ ነው፡፡ ይህ ዘመን ለአማርኛ ሦስት ዕድሎችን አምጥቷል፡፡  <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
የመጀመሪያው<\/span><\/b>የዐፄ ምኒሊክ የመንግሥት ሥልጣን ወደ ደቡብ፣ ምዕራብና ምሥራቅ መስፋፋቱ አማርኛ በእነዚህ አካባቢዎች ይበልጥ እንዲስፋፋ ረድቶታል፡፡ አማርኛ በእነዚህ አካባቢዎች ቀድሞ ከነበረበት ቦታ ላቅ ባለ ሁኔታ መስፋፋት ብቻ ሳይሆን ከእነዚህ አካባቢዎችም ብዙ ጠባዮችን እንዲወስድ ሆኗል፡፡ ሁለተኛው<\/b> ዕድል አማርኛ የጋዜጣ፣ የሥነ ጽሑፍና የፍርድ ቋንቋ መሆኑ ነው፡፡ አእምሮ ጋዜጣ የታተመው በአማርኛ ነው፡፡ ጦቢያ ልቦለድ የተጻፈው በአማርኛ ነው(1908)፤ የምኒሊክ ዐዋጆችና የዘመኑ ፍርዶች የሚሰጡትና የሚጻፉት በአማርኛ ነው፡፡ ሦስተኛው<\/b>ዕድል ደግሞ አማርኛ በትምህርት ደረጃ መሰጠት መጀመሩ ነው፡፡ በዐፄ ምኒሊክ ዘመን በተከፈተው የዳግማዊ ምኒሊክ ትምህርት ቤት አማርኛ በትምህርትነት መሰጠት ጀመረ፡፡ ይኼም ለአማርኛ ሰዋስውና ሥርዓተ ጽሕፈት ማደግ አስተዋጽዖ አድርጓል፡፡ በርግጥ በዚህ ረገድ ሚሲዮናውያን ከምኒሊክ ዘመን ቀደም ብለው የመሠረቱን ድንጋይ ጥለዋል፡፡ ትምህርት ቤት በከፈቱባቸው ቦታዎች ሁሉ የአማርኛ ቋንቋን ያስተምሩ ነበር፡፡ ለምሳሌ ላዛሪስቶች በ1870ና 80ዎቹ በከረንና አካባቢው በከፈቷቸው ትምህርት ቤቶች አማርኛ ማንበብና መጻፍ ያስተምሩ ነበር (<\/span>Pankhurst, 1976,314)::<\/span><\/div>\n
5. <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>ከዘመነ ምኒሊክ እስከ አሁን<\/span><\/b><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
አማርኛ ከዐፄ ምኒሊክ ዘመን በኋላ የመንግሥት የሥራ ቋንቋ፣ ብሔራዊ ቋንቋ፣ የሚዲያና የኅትመት ቋንቋ፣ የሥነ ጽሑፍና የማስተማሪያ ቋንቋ ሆኗል፡፡ ከዐረብኛ ቀጥሎ በስፋት የሚነገር ሴማዊ ቋንቋ የሆነው አማርኛ (<\/span>Girma, 2009, 2) <\/span>በአሁኑ ዘመን ከ80 በመቶ በላይ በሚሆነው ኢትዮጵያዊ ዘንድ የመጀመሪያ ወይም ሁለተኛ ቋንቋ ሆኖ ይነገራል (<\/span>Ibid; Meyer and Richter, 40):: <\/span>የአማራ፣ የደቡብ፣ የጋምቤላና የቤኒሻንጉል ጉሙዝ ክልሎች፣ የአዲስ አበባና የድሬዳዋ መስተዳድሮች የሥራ ቋንቋ ነው፡፡ በእሥራኤል ከ80 ሺ በላይ ተናጋሪዎች አሉት፡፡ በአሜሪካ፣ በአውሮፓ፣ በእስያና በአፍሪካ የሚገኙ ከአንድ ሚሊዮን በላይ ኢትዮጵያውያን ይናገሩታል፡፡ በዋሽንግተን ዲሲ ከተናጋሪው መብዛት የተነሣ የከተማው መንግሥት እንደ አንድ የመሥሪያ ቋንቋ ተቀብሎታል፡<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
ተግዳሮቶቹና የመፍትሔ ሐሳቦች<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
1.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>ተቋማዊ ባለቤት የሌለው መሆኑ<\/span><\/div>\n
የአማርኛ ቋንቋን የሚያጠና፣ ደረጃዎችን የሚያወጣ፣ አዳዲስ ቃላትን የሚመዘግብ፣ ስያሜ ቃላትን የሚያዘጋጅ እኔ ባይ ተቋም የለውም፡፡ ግእዝን በዚህ ረገድ የጠቀመው ሁለት ነገር ነው፡፡ በአንድ በኩል እኔ ባይ ተቋም ቤተ ክህነት አለቺው፡፡ በሌላም በኩል ደግሞ በትምህርትነት ከጥንት ጀምሮ ይሰጣል፡፡ እኔ ባይ ተቋም መኖሩ ዕውቀቱ እንዲከማች፣ እንዲጠበቅና እንዲዳብር አድርጎታል፡፡ በትምህርትነት መሰጠቱ ደግሞ ሕግና ሥርዓቱ የታወቀና የተረዳ እንዲሆን፣ ደረጃውና መልኩ በተግባቦት ደረጃ እንዲታወቅ ረድቶታል፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
ለእንግሊዝኛ ኦክስፎርድና ካምብሪጅ በእንግሊዝ፣ ሐርቫርድ በአሜሪካ የዋሉለትን ውለታ ለአማርኛ በኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ  <\/span>የሚውልለት ተቋም የለውም፡፡ ሲቋቋም ከሌሎች ጋር ተደርቦ ወይም ‹የኢትዮጵያ ቋንቋዎች› በሚል ተከብቦ ነው፡፡ የመዝገበ ቃላት ዝግጅቱን እንኳን ስናየው በየጊዜው የሚጨምር፣ የሚሻሻልና ቅደም ተከተል (<\/span>Series) <\/span>ያለው አይደለም፡፡ የቋንቋ አካዳሚዎችም አንዴ አንድ ሥራ ይሠራሉ ከዚያ ያቆማሉ፡፡ በየጊዜው የሚፈጠሩትን ቃላት መዝግቦ ለመዝገበ ቃላት የሚያበቃ እንደ ማርያም ዌብስተር<\/b> ያለ አላገኘም፡፡ ስያሜ ቃላት ሲያስፈልጉ የሚጠየቅ፣ በቋንቋው ላይ የሚደረጉ ጥናቶችን የሚያከማች፣ እኔ ባይ ተቋም አላገኘም፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
በመሆኑም ልክ እንደዚህ አሁን እንደተሰበሰብንበት ያለ ቋንቋውን ማጥናትና ማበልጸግ ዋና ዓላማው የሆነ ምሁራዊና ሳይንሳዊ ተቋም ያስፈልጋል፡፡ ተቋሙም እንዲሁ ዐጽመ ስም ያለው ብቻ ሳይሆን በአካዳሚያዊ ነጻነት የሚሠራ፣ ለውጥ ለማምጣት የሚተጋ የዕውቀት ቦታ መሆን ይገባዋል፡፡ ሌሎች የግልና የመንግሥት ዩኒቨርሲቲዎችና ተቋማትም ይህንን መሰል አካላትን እየፈጠሩ በተለይም በሴማዊ ቋንቋዎች(አንዳንዶቹ እየጠፉ በመሆኑ) ላይ ጥናት ማድረግና በአብዛኛው ከሀገሪቱ ውጭ የሚደረገውን የሴማዊና ኦርየንታል ጥናትን ወደ ሀገሪቱ ማምጣት አለባቸው፡፡  <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
2.  <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>ቅቡልነት ያለው መለኪያ አለመኖር<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
አማርኛን በመጻፍና በመናገር ረገድ ሀገራዊ ቅቡልነት ያለው የአሠራር ደረጃ አለ ለማለት አያስደፍርም፡፡ አንድን ሥነ ጽሑፍ በእንግሊዝኛ ስንጽፍ ሥርዓቱን በተመለከተ የሚመሩን የታወቁ ደረጃዎችና ደረጃ አውጭዎችም አሉ፡፡ በዚህ ረገድ የቺካጎ ማኑዋል<\/i><\/b> ተጠቃሽ ነው፡፡ ድርጅቶች፣ የትምህርት ተቋማትና የኅትመት ተቋማት ሥራችሁን በዚህ ደረጃ መሠረት አቅርቡ ይላሉ፡፡ አማርኛ ግን ሀገራዊ ቅቡልነትን ያተረፈ ደረጃ አውጭም ሆነ ደረጃ አለው ለማለት አስቸጋሪ ነው፡፡ ይህ መሆኑ ደግሞ አጠቃቀማችን አንድ ወጥ እንዳይሆን፣ በተለይም በትምህርት ተቋማት የሚሰጠው የቋንቋ ትምህርት እንደየመምህሩ እንዲለያይ አድርጎታል፡፡ ሚዲያዎቹም አንድ ወጥ የሆነ አጠቃቀም እንዳይከተሉ መረን ለቋቸዋል፡፡ በተለይ በሁለተኛ ቋንቋነት ለሚማረው ሰው ደግሞ እጅግ አስቸጋሪ ይሆናል፡፡ በርእስ፣ በዐንቀጽ፣ በመረጃ አሰጣጥ፣ በዋቤ አመዘጋገብ፣ በግርጌ ማስታወሻ አሰጣጥ፣ በፊደል መጠን፣ ወዘተ አንድ የሚያግባባ ደረጃ ያስፈልገን ነበር፡፡ ሌላው ቀርቶ የአጻጻፍ ሥርዓቱ ወጥ እንዲሆን ባለመሠራቱ ‹ጠዋት፣ ጥዋትና ጡሃት›፣ ‹መስተዋትና መስታውት›፣ የመሳሰሉትን ለመተራረም እንኳን አቅቶናል፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
ምሁራን፣ ተቋማት፣ መንግሥታዊ አካላትና ሌሎች ከተግባቦት ላይ የሚደርሱበት፣ በዕውቀታዊና ምሁራዊ ደረጃው፣ በባሕላዊና ማኅበራዊ ዐቅሙ ከፍ ያለ የአማርኛ ቋንቋ ሥርዓተ ጽሕፈት፣ መልክዐ ፊደል፣ ሰዋስው፣ ስያሜ ቃላት፣ የመጻሕፍት፣ የጥናታዊ ወረቀቶች፣ የማስታወቂያዎች፣ የዜናዎች፣ ወዘተ አጻጻፍ ደንብ ሊኖረን ይገባል፡፡ ይህንን የሚጠኑ፣ የሚተገብሩና የሚከታተሉ ተቋማትም ያስፈልጋሉ፡፡ በየጊዜውም ማንዋሎችን ማዘጋጀት አለባቸው፡፡  <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
3.  <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/b>ቋንቋውን ሰው ወይም ሥርዓት ማድረግ<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
በተለይ ከቅርብ ዘመናት ወዲህ አማርኛን ይናገሩ የነበሩ ሥርዓቶችና የሥርዓት መሪዎች ለሚፈጥሩትና ለፈጠሩት ችግር አማርኛ ቋንቋም አብሮ ተጠያቂ እየሆነ ነው፡፡ የሥርዓት መስፋፋት ለቋንቋ መስፋፋት ፣ የቋንቋ መስፋፋትም ለሥርዓት መስፋፋት መጥቀማቸው የየትም ሀገር ነባራዊ ሁኔታ ነው፡፡ በእንግሊዝ ግዛት ፀሐይ አትጠልቅም ባይባል ኖሮ እንግሊዝኛ በተአምር የዓለም መነጋገሪያ ባልሆነ ነበር፡፡ እንጂማ የቻይና ቋንቋ በተናጋሪዎች ብዛት እንግሊዝኛን ይበልጠው ነበር፡፡ የእስልምናና የዓረብ ግዛት መስፋፋት ለዐረብኛ ቋንቋ መስፋፋትና ማደግ ያበረከቱትን አስተዋጽዖ ማንም አይክደውም፡፡ እነ ፈረንሳይኛና ስፓኒሽ ያለ ግዛት መስፋፋት አልተስፋፉም፡፡ አማርኛም እንዲሁ ነው፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
ዛሬ እንግሊዝኛ <\/p>\n
Read more ›<\/a><\/div>\n

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