{"id":328697,"date":"2015-01-18T17:23:00","date_gmt":"2015-01-18T22:23:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mereja.com\/amharic\/?guid=07f41d5f1d9d2918943ea0062755aa00"},"modified":"2015-01-18T17:23:00","modified_gmt":"2015-01-18T22:23:00","slug":"%e1%8a%90%e1%89%a2%e1%8b%a9-%e1%8a%a5%e1%8a%93-%e1%8b%98%e1%88%98%e1%8a%93%e1%8b%8a%e1%8a%90%e1%89%b5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mereja.net\/amharic\/328697","title":{"rendered":"\u1290\u1262\u12e9 \u12a5\u1293 \u12d8\u1218\u1293\u12ca\u1290\u1275"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u1340\u1210\u134a\u1361 \u12a0\u1348\u1295\u12f2 \u1219\u1270\u1242<\/o:p><\/span><\/i><\/b><\/div>\n
——<\/o:p><\/span><\/i><\/b><\/div>\n
\u1290\u1262\u12e9 \u1219\u1210\u1218\u12f5 (\u1230.\u12d0.\u12c8) \u12eb\u1235\u1270\u121b\u1229\u1275 \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u12d8\u1218\u1293\u12ca\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u12ed\u12a8\u1208\u12ad\u120b\u120d?\u2026. \u1260\u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12a0\u1348\u122b\u123d \u12e8\u1274\u12ad\u120e\u1296\u1302 \u1275\u1229\u134b\u1276\u127d\u1293 \u1260\u1270\u1240\u120b\u1320\u1349 \u12a0\u1230\u122b\u122e\u127d \u1218\u1320\u1240\u121d\u1295 \u12a5\u122d\u121d \u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u130b\u120d?\u2026 \u1218\u120d\u1231 \u201c\u12a0\u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u130d\u121d\u201d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1290\u1262\u12e9\u1295\u1293 \u12e8\u1270\u12a8\u1273\u12ee\u127b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u1205\u12ed\u12c8\u1275 \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u1260\u12c8\u1309 \u12a8\u1348\u1270\u123d\u1295 \u1290\u1308\u1229\u1295 \u1260\u1240\u120b\u1209 \u1218\u1228\u12f3\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u127d\u120b\u1208\u1295\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1235\u1272 \u12a0\u1295\u12f3\u1295\u12f5 \u121d\u1233\u120c\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12cd\u1230\u12f5\u1361\u1361<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u00b7        <\/span><\/span>\u1290\u1262\u12e9 \u1260\u12d8\u1218\u1293\u1278\u12cd \u1208\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275 \u1290\u1308\u1225\u1273\u1275 \u12f0\u1265\u12f3\u1264 \u1218\u133b\u134d \u12a0\u1235\u1348\u1208\u130b\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1295\u12f1 \u1263\u120d\u12f0\u1228\u1263\u1278\u12cd \u201c\u12f0\u1265\u12f3\u1264\u12cd \u12a8\u122d\u1235\u12ce \u12e8\u1270\u120b\u12a8 \u1218\u1206\u1291\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1228\u130b\u130d\u1325 \u121b\u1285\u1270\u121d \u12eb\u1235\u1348\u120d\u130d\u12ce\u1273\u120d\u1364 \u121b\u1285\u1270\u121d \u1262\u12eb\u1235\u1240\u122d\u1339 \u1218\u120d\u12ab\u121d \u12ed\u1218\u1235\u1208\u129b\u120d\u201d \u12a0\u120b\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1290\u1262\u12e9 \u12e8\u121b\u1285\u1270\u121d \u12a0\u1235\u1348\u120b\u130a\u1290\u1275 \u1232\u1290\u1308\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u12a5\u121d\u1262 \u12a0\u120b\u1209\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1203\u1233\u1261\u1295 \u12c8\u12f2\u12eb\u12cd\u1291 \u1270\u1240\u1265\u1208\u12cd \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u121b\u1285\u1270\u121d \u12a0\u1235\u1240\u1228\u1339\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u00b7        <\/span><\/span>\u12a8\u1202\u1305\u122b \u1260\u128b\u120b \u1260\u1235\u12f5\u1235\u1270\u129b\u12cd \u12d3\u1218\u1275 \u12e8\u1241\u122c\u12ed\u123d \u1270\u12cb\u130a\u12ce\u127d \u1260\u1218\u12f2\u1293 \u12a8\u1270\u121b \u120b\u12ed \u1236\u1235\u1270\u129b \u12d9\u122d \u12c8\u1228\u122b \u120a\u1348\u133d\u1219 \u1270\u1290\u1231\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u1241\u122c\u12ed\u123e\u127d \u130b\u122d \u1260\u122d\u12ab\u1273 \u121b\u1205\u1260\u1228\u1230\u1266\u127d \u121b\u1260\u122b\u1278\u12cd\u121d \u1270\u1230\u121b\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u12c8\u122c \u1208\u1290\u1262\u12e9 \u12f0\u1228\u1233\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1290\u1262\u12e9\u121d \u1260\u1309\u12f3\u12e9 \u120b\u12ed \u12a8\u1263\u120d\u12f0\u1228\u1266\u127b\u1278\u12cd \u130b\u122d \u1218\u12c8\u12eb\u12e8\u1275 \u1300\u1218\u1229\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12cd\u12ed\u12ed\u1271 \u120b\u12ed \u12a8\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275 \u1263\u120d\u12f0\u1228\u1266\u127b\u1278\u12cd \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u201c\u1233\u120d\u121b\u1295 \u12a0\u120d-\u134b\u122d\u1232\u201d \u12e8\u121a\u1263\u1208\u12cd \u201c\u1260\u12a8\u1270\u121b\u127d\u1295 \u12d9\u122a\u12eb \u121d\u123d\u130d \u1265\u1295\u1246\u134d\u122d \u1320\u120b\u1276\u1273\u127d\u1295\u1295 \u1260\u1240\u120b\u1209 \u1218\u1218\u1208\u1235 \u12a5\u1295\u127d\u120b\u1208\u1295\u201d \u12a0\u120b\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1233\u120d\u121b\u1295 \u12e8\u134b\u122d\u1235 (\u12a2\u122b\u1295) \u1270\u12c8\u120b\u1305 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1200\u1308\u1229 \u1232\u12f0\u1228\u130d \u12eb\u12e8\u12cd\u1295 \u1290\u12cd \u1208\u1290\u1262\u12e9 \u12e8\u1290\u1308\u122b\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8\u12da\u12eb \u130a\u12dc \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u201c\u121d\u123d\u130d\u201d \u1260\u12d0\u1228\u1266\u127d \u12d8\u1295\u12f5 \u12a0\u12ed\u1273\u12c8\u1245\u121d \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u1290\u1262\u12e9 \u12a8\u1233\u120d\u121b\u1295 \u1260\u1230\u1219\u1275 \u121d\u123d\u130d \u12e8\u1218\u1246\u1348\u122d \u1265\u120d\u1203\u1275 \u1270\u1308\u1228\u1219\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1270\u130d\u1263\u122d \u120b\u12ed \u120a\u12eb\u12cd\u1209\u1275\u121d \u1270\u1290\u1231\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1218\u12f2\u1293 \u12a8\u1270\u121b\u1295 \u12a8\u12f3\u122d \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12f3\u122d \u1260\u121d\u123d\u130d \u1241\u134b\u122e \u12a0\u1320\u122f\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1218\u12ab \u1241\u1228\u12ed\u123e\u127d \u12a5\u12e8\u134e\u12a8\u1229 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1218\u12f2\u1293 \u1232\u1218\u1321 \u121d\u123d\u1309 \u1308\u12f0\u1263\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1348\u1228\u1235\u1293 \u1260\u12a5\u130d\u122d \u12a5\u12e8\u12d8\u1208\u1209 \u121d\u123d\u1309\u1295 \u1208\u121b\u1208\u134d \u1262\u121e\u12ad\u1229\u121d \u121d\u1295\u121d \u12a0\u120d\u1270\u1233\u12ab\u120b\u1278\u12cd\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205 \u1201\u1294\u1273 \u120c\u120a\u1271\u1295 \u12a8\u1323\u1208\u12cd \u12a8\u1263\u12f5 \u12dd\u1293\u1265 \u130b\u122d \u1270\u12f3\u121d\u122e \u1260\u1323\u121d \u12a0\u1235\u1348\u122b\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1218\u1206\u1291\u121d \u12a5\u1243\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12b3 \u1260\u12c8\u1309 \u1233\u12ed\u1230\u1260\u1235\u1261 \u12c8\u12f0\u1218\u1321\u1260\u1275 \u1348\u1228\u1320\u1321\u1361\u1361 \u1290\u1262\u12e9 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5\u121d \u1326\u122d \u1233\u12ed\u1230\u1265\u1241 \u1260\u12a5\u1325\u134d \u12e8\u121a\u1260\u120d\u1323\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u1320\u120b\u1275 \u1203\u12ed\u120d \u12a8\u1233\u120d\u121b\u1295 \u12a0\u120d-\u134b\u122d\u1232 \u1260\u1230\u1219\u1275 \u12d8\u12f4 \u12a0\u1263\u1228\u1229\u1275\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u00b7        <\/span><\/span>\u1260\u12da\u12eb \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1260\u122d\u12ab\u1273 \u1218\u120d\u12d5\u12ad\u1270\u129e\u127d \u12c8\u12f0 \u1290\u1262\u12e9 \u12d8\u1295\u12f5 \u12ed\u1218\u1321 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u1273\u12f2\u12eb \u12a0\u1295\u12f1 \u12e8\u1290\u1262\u12e9 \u1263\u120d\u12f0\u1228\u1263 \u201c\u1295\u1309\u1226\u127d\u1293 \u12e8\u1326\u122d \u1218\u122a\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u12cd\u132a \u1218\u120d\u12d5\u12ad\u1270\u129e\u127d\u1295 \u1260\u121a\u1240\u1260\u1209\u1260\u1275 \u130a\u12dc \u12e8\u12a0\u12d8\u1266\u1275 \u120d\u1265\u1233\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12a0\u12ed\u1208\u1265\u1231\u121d\u1364 \u1208\u12e8\u1275 \u12eb\u1208 \u120d\u1265\u1235 \u1208\u1265\u1230\u12cd \u1260\u122d\u1231 \u120b\u12ed \u12ab\u1263 \u12ed\u12f0\u122d\u1263\u1209\u201d \u12a0\u120b\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1290\u1262\u12e9\u121d \u121d\u12ad\u1229\u1295 \u1270\u1240\u1265\u1208\u12cd \u1260\u1270\u130d\u1263\u122d \u120b\u12ed \u12a0\u12cd\u1208\u12cd\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u00b7        <\/span><\/span>\u1290\u1262\u12e9 \u12a0\u12ed\u133d\u1349\u121d\u1364 \u12a0\u12eb\u1290\u1261\u121d\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12f0\u1265\u12f3\u1264\u121d \u1206\u1290 \u120c\u120b \u133d\u1211\u134d \u12e8\u121a\u133d\u1349\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u1270\u12a8\u1273\u12ee\u127b\u1278\u12cd \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u1338\u1210\u134a\u12ce\u127b\u1278\u12cd \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u12a5\u1305\u130d \u1260\u1323\u121d \u12e8\u1270\u12a8\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u12d8\u12ed\u12f5 \u12a2\u1265\u1295 \u1223\u1262\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1263\u1208\u12cd \u12c8\u1323\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1290\u1262\u12e9 \u12e8\u120b\u12b3\u1278\u12cd \u12f0\u1265\u12f3\u1264\u12ce\u127d \u1260\u12a0\u1265\u12db\u129b\u12cd \u1260\u122d\u1231 \u12a5\u1305 \u1290\u1260\u122d \u12e8\u1270\u133b\u1349\u1275\u1361\u1361 <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u1290\u1262\u12e9 (\u1230.\u12d0.\u12c8) \u1260\u12f0\u1265\u12f3\u1264 \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1293\u129f\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u121b\u1205\u1260\u1228\u1230\u1265 \u1218\u122a\u12ce\u127d\u1293 \u1290\u1308\u1225\u1273\u1275 \u1260\u1219\u1209 \u12d0\u1228\u1265\u129b\u1295 \u121b\u1295\u1260\u1265 \u12e8\u121a\u127d\u1209 \u12a0\u120d\u1290\u1260\u1229\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12d0\u1228\u1265\u129b\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1290\u1261\u1275 \u1260\u12d0\u1228\u1262\u12eb \u120d\u1233\u1290-\u121d\u12f5\u122d (Arabian Peninsula) \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u12d9\u122a\u12eb\u12cd \u1263\u1209\u1275 \u1218\u122c\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1290\u1308\u1221 \u1218\u122a\u12ce\u127d \u1265\u127b \u1290\u1260\u1229\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1218\u1206\u1291\u121d \u1290\u1262\u12e9 \u12a8\u12d0\u1228\u1265\u129b \u1260\u1270\u1328\u121b\u122a \u1260\u120c\u120e\u127d \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d\u121d \u12f0\u1265\u12f3\u1264\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u1218\u133b\u134d \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u1208\u1263\u1278\u12cd \u1270\u1308\u1290\u12d8\u1261\u1361\u1361 \u12d8\u12ed\u12f5 \u12a2\u1265\u1295 \u1223\u1262\u1275\u1295\u121d \u1260\u12d8\u1218\u1291 \u1230\u134a \u1270\u1293\u130b\u122a \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u122b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u12a5\u1265\u122b\u12ed\u1235\u1325 (Hebrew) \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u12a0\u1228\u121b\u12ed\u1235\u1325 (Aramaic\/ Syriac) \u12a0\u133b\u133b\u134d \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12eb\u1320\u1293 \u1260\u1218\u12f2\u1293 \u12ed\u1296\u1229 \u12a8\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275 \u12a0\u12ed\u1201\u12f6\u127d\u1293 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1296\u127d \u12d8\u1295\u12f5 \u120b\u12a9\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u12d8\u12ed\u12f5\u121d \u1201\u1208\u1271\u1295\u121d \u12a0\u133b\u133b\u134e\u127d \u1260\u12a0\u132d\u122d \u130a\u12dc \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1260\u121b\u1325\u1293\u1275 \u12e8\u1338\u1210\u134a\u1290\u1271\u1295 \u1235\u122b \u1260\u1236\u1225\u1275 \u124b\u1295\u124b\u12ce\u127d \u1240\u1325\u120e\u1260\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u00b7        <\/span><\/span>\u1290\u1262\u12e9 \u1208\u12d5\u12cd\u1240\u1275 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u12a8\u1260\u122c\u1273 \u1232\u12c8\u1233 \u1260\u12d3\u1208\u121d \u12a8\u121a\u1296\u1229\u1275 \u1219\u1235\u120a\u121e\u127d \u130d\u121b\u123d \u12eb\u1205\u1209 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12cd\u1241\u1275 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1210\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1208\u1361\u1361 \u1210\u12f2\u1231 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1205 \u12ed\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u201c\u12d5\u12cd\u1240\u1275\u1295 \u127b\u12ed\u1293 \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u12a5\u1295\u12b3 \u1262\u1206\u1295 \u1204\u12f3\u127d\u1201 \u1348\u120d\u1309\u1275\u201d<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u12a8\u120b\u12ed \u12a8\u1270\u1308\u1208\u1339\u1275 \u1273\u122a\u12ae\u127d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121d\u1275\u1228\u12f1\u1275 \u1290\u1262\u12e9 \u1320\u1243\u121a \u12e8\u1206\u1290 \u12d5\u12cd\u1240\u1275\u1295 \u12eb\u1260\u1228\u1273\u1271 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u201c\u12e8\u1270\u1240\u120b\u1320\u1348 \u12a0\u1230\u122b\u122d \u1218\u1320\u1240\u121d \u1200\u1308\u122d\u1295 \u12eb\u1320\u134b\u120d\u201d \u1260\u121b\u1208\u1275 \u1260\u1270\u12a8\u1273\u12ee\u127b\u1278\u12cd \u120b\u12ed \u1260\u1229\u1295 \u12a0\u120d\u12d8\u1309\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u122d\u1233\u1278\u12cd \u1270\u12a8\u1273\u12ee\u127d\u1235?\u2026 \u1263\u120d\u12f0\u1228\u1266\u127b\u1278\u12cd\u121d \u1262\u1206\u1291 \u1260\u12d8\u1218\u1293\u12ca\u1290\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u1260\u1290\u1260\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u12a5\u12ed\u1273 \u12e8\u1290\u1262\u12e9\u1295 \u1348\u1208\u130d \u1270\u12a8\u1275\u1208\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1295\u12f3\u1295\u12f5 \u121d\u1233\u120c\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u1325\u1240\u1235\u1361\u1361<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u00b7        <\/span><\/span>\u12b8\u120a\u134b \u12d1\u1218\u122d \u1262\u1295 \u12b8\u1323\u1265 (\u1228.\u12d0) \u12a8\u1290\u1262\u12e9 \u12e8\u1245\u122d\u1265 \u1228\u12f3\u1276\u127d \u12a0\u1295\u12f0\u129b\u12cd \u1290\u1260\u1229\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u1290\u1262\u12e9 \u1205\u120d\u1348\u1275 \u1260\u128b\u120b \u12e8\u1219\u1235\u120a\u1219\u1295 \u12b8\u120a\u134b\u12ca \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1208\u12a0\u1235\u122d \u12d3\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u1218\u122d\u1270\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1290\u1262\u12e9\u1295 \u1210\u12f2\u1236\u127d\u1295 \u1328\u121d\u122e \u1260\u122d\u12ab\u1273 \u1273\u122a\u12ae\u127d\u1295 \u1218\u1218\u12dd\u1308\u1265 \u12e8\u1270\u1300\u1218\u1228\u12cd \u1260\u122d\u1233\u1278\u12cd \u130a\u12dc \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1273\u12f2\u12eb \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u1232\u1218\u12d8\u1308\u1265 \u12e8\u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1218\u1241\u1320\u122a\u12eb \u1218\u1320\u1240\u121d \u12e8\u130d\u12f5 \u12ed\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1201\u1295\u1293 \u1260\u12da\u12eb \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u122b\u1231\u1295 \u12e8\u127b\u1208 \u12e8\u1240\u1295 \u1218\u1241\u1320\u122a\u12eb \u1260\u12d0\u1228\u1262\u12eb \u121d\u12f5\u122d \u12a0\u12ed\u1273\u12c8\u1245\u121d \u1290\u1260\u1228\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1218\u1206\u1291\u121d \u12d1\u1218\u122d \u1290\u1262\u12e9 \u12a8\u1218\u12ab \u12c8\u12f0 \u1218\u12f2\u1293 \u12eb\u12f0\u1228\u1309\u1275 \u1235\u12f0\u1275 (\u1202\u1305\u122b) \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u1218\u1290\u123b \u1206\u1296 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12eb\u1308\u1208\u130d\u120d \u12cd\u1233\u1294 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u120b\u1208\u1349\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u1270\u130d\u1263\u122b\u12ca \u1206\u1296 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12a0\u1201\u1291 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u12a5\u12e8\u1270\u1230\u122b\u1260\u1275 \u12ed\u1308\u129b\u120d\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u00b7        <\/span><\/span>\u12a0\u121d\u1235\u1270\u129b\u12cd \u12b8\u120a\u134b \u1219\u12a0\u12ca\u12eb \u12a2\u1265\u1295 \u12a0\u1261-\u1231\u134d\u12eb\u1295 (\u1228.\u12d0) \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u1260\u1270\u121b\u12a8\u1208 \u12a0\u1230\u122b\u122d \u12f0\u1265\u12f3\u1264\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u12a8\u130d\u1208\u1230\u1266\u127d \u1270\u1240\u1265\u120e \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12a8\u134b\u134d\u120d \u1270\u124b\u121d \u1260\u1218\u1218\u1235\u1228\u1275 \u1260\u12d3\u1208\u121d \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1230\u122b\u122d \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u12cd\u1240\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12db\u122c \u201c\u1356\u1235\u1273 \u1264\u1275\u201d \u12e8\u121a\u1263\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u1270\u124b\u121d \u12e8\u1348\u1320\u1229\u1275 \u12b8\u120a\u134b \u1219\u12a0\u12ca\u12eb \u1293\u1278\u12cd (\u1263\u1208\u1348\u12cd \u1290\u1210\u1234 \u12c8\u122d \u12ed\u1205\u1295\u1295 \u1309\u12f3\u12ed \u1260\u133b\u134d\u12a9\u1260\u1275 \u12c8\u1245\u1275 \u1260\u122d\u12ab\u1273 \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u130d\u129d\u1271 \u1263\u1208\u1264\u1275 \u1219\u12a0\u12ca\u12eb \u1218\u1206\u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121b\u12eb\u12cd\u1241\u1275 \u1270\u1308\u1295\u12dd\u1264\u12a0\u1208\u1201\u1364 \u1206\u1296\u121d \u1290\u1308\u1229 \u1210\u1245 \u1290\u12cd\u1364 \u12a5\u12cd\u1290\u1275\u1290\u1271\u1295 \u1208\u121b\u1228\u130b\u1308\u1325 \u12ab\u123b\u127d\u1201 \u1260\u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d\u1363 \u1260\u12a2\u1295\u1270\u122d\u1294\u1275\u121d \u1206\u1290 \u1260\u1232\u12f2 \u12e8\u1270\u1230\u122b\u1328\u12cd \u201c\u12a2\u1295\u1233\u12ed\u12ad\u120e\u1352\u12f2\u12eb \u1265\u122a\u1273\u1292\u12ab\u201d \u1235\u1208\u1219\u12a0\u12ca\u12eb \u12e8\u133b\u1348\u12cd\u1295 \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12a0\u1295\u1265\u1261\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1201\u1209\u121d \u1266\u1273 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1205 \u12e8\u121a\u120d \u1290\u1308\u122d \u1270\u133d\u134e \u1273\u1308\u129b\u120b\u127d\u1201\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u201cEarly Arabic sources credit two d\u012bw\u0101n<\/i>s in particular to Mu\u02bf\u0101wiyah: the d\u012bw\u0101n al-khatam, <\/i>or chancellery, and the bar\u012bd,<\/i> or postal service, both of which were obviously intended to improve communications within the empire\u201d<\/div>\n
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\u12e8\u12a2\u1295\u1233\u12ad\u120e\u1352\u12f2\u12eb \u1265\u122a\u1273\u1292\u12ab\u1295 \u133d\u1211\u134d \u1260\u12a2\u1295\u1270\u122d\u1294\u1275 \u1208\u121b\u1295\u1260\u1265 \u12ab\u123b\u127d\u1201 \u12ed\u1205\u1295\u1295 \u120a\u1295\u12ad \u1270\u1320\u1240\u1219\u1361\u1361<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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 http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/395758\/Muawiyah-I\/5054\/Caliphate<\/span><\/a> )\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u00b7        <\/span><\/span>\u1260\u12a0\u1201\u1291 \u12c8\u1245\u1275 \u12e8\u12d3\u1208\u121d \u1205\u12dd\u1265 \u1260\u1219\u1209 \u12e8\u121a\u1320\u1240\u121d\u1260\u1275 \u201c\u12e8\u1202\u1295\u12f1-\u12d0\u1228\u1265\u201d \u12e8\u1241\u1325\u122d \u12d8\u12f4 \u12e8\u1218\u1328\u1228\u123b \u1245\u122d\u1339\u1295 \u12eb\u1308\u1298\u12cd \u1260\u1219\u1235\u120a\u121e\u127d \u12a0\u121b\u12ab\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u12da\u1205\u121d \u1263\u123b\u1308\u122d \u1208\u1202\u1233\u1265 \u12a0\u1246\u1323\u1320\u122d \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1218\u1278\u12cd \u201c\u12e8\u12dc\u122e \u133d\u1295\u1230 \u1203\u1233\u1265\u201d \u12e8\u1270\u1348\u1208\u1230\u1348\u12cd \u12608\u129b\u12cd \u12ad\u134d\u1208 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1260\u1263\u130d\u12f3\u12f5 \u12a8\u1270\u121b \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u00b7        <\/span><\/span>\u12e8\u1233\u12ed\u1295\u1235\u1293 \u12e8\u121d\u122d\u121d\u122d \u12d8\u122d\u134d \u12a8\u134d\u1270\u129b \u12a5\u1218\u122d\u1273 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1233\u12ed \u12eb\u12f0\u1228\u1309\u1275\u1295 \u12a0\u120d-\u1300\u1265\u122b \u12a5\u1293 \u12a0\u120d\u130e\u122a\u12dd\u121d \u12e8\u1270\u1230\u1299 \u12e8\u1202\u1233\u1265 \u1235\u120d\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u12e8\u1348\u1320\u1228\u12cd \u1219\u1210\u1218\u12f5 \u12a2\u1265\u1295 \u1219\u1233 \u12a0\u120d-\u12b8\u12cb\u122a\u12dd\u121a \u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1208 \u1219\u1235\u120a\u121d \u1233\u12ed\u1295\u1272\u1235\u1275 \u1290\u12cd (\u12dc\u122e\u1295\u121d \u12e8\u1348\u1320\u1228\u12cd \u12a0\u120d-\u12b8\u12cb\u122a\u12dd\u121a \u1290\u12cd)\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u00b7        <\/span><\/span>\u120c\u120b\u121d \u1265\u12d9 \u1265\u12d9 \u1218\u12d8\u122d\u12d8\u122d \u12ed\u127b\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u12a8\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u121d\u1233\u120c\u12ce\u127d \u1208\u1218\u1228\u12f3\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121a\u127b\u1208\u12cd \u12e8\u1325\u1295\u1271 \u1219\u1235\u120a\u121e\u127d \u1260\u12a0\u12f3\u12f2\u1235 \u1348\u1320\u122b\u12ce\u127d \u12a8\u1218\u1320\u1240\u121d \u12a0\u120d\u1348\u12cd \u1208\u122b\u1233\u1278\u12cd\u121d \u120d\u12e9 \u120d\u12e9 \u1348\u1320\u122b\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u12cd\u1240\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a0\u12f3\u12f2\u1235 \u1348\u1320\u122b\u12ce\u127d \u1218\u1320\u1240\u121d \u201c\u12cd\u130d\u12dd\u201d \u1262\u1206\u1295 \u1296\u122e \u1290\u1262\u12e9\u1293 \u1263\u120d\u12f0\u1228\u1266\u127b\u1278\u12cd \u201c\u12a5\u122d\u121d\u1364 \u1290\u12cd \u12a0\u1275\u1320\u1309\u1275\u201d \u1260\u121b\u1208\u1275 \u12ad\u120d\u12a8\u120b \u12eb\u1235\u1240\u121d\u1321\u1260\u1275 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u1235\u1208\u12da\u1205 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1263\u1235\u1308\u1298\u120d\u1295 \u1275\u1229\u134b\u1275 \u12a8\u1218\u1320\u1240\u121d \u12c8\u12f0\u128b\u120b \u121b\u1208\u1275 \u12e8\u1208\u1265\u1295\u121d\u1361\u1361 <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u12ed\u1201\u1295\u1293 \u12ed\u1205 \u1260\u1348\u1320\u122b\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u1218\u1320\u1240\u121d \u1309\u12f3\u12ed \u1232\u1290\u1233 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u1218\u1273\u12c8\u1245 \u12a0\u1208\u1260\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u12b8\u12cd\u121d \u1260\u1325\u1245\u121d \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u121a\u12cd\u1208\u12cd \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u1348\u1320\u122b\u1293 \u12a0\u1230\u122b\u122d \u12e8\u1230\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u1291\u122e \u1260\u121b\u1243\u1208\u120d \u1228\u1308\u12f5 \u12a0\u1235\u1348\u120b\u130a\u1290\u1271 \u12e8\u1201\u1209\u121d \u1270\u1320\u1243\u121a\u12ce\u127d \u121d\u1235\u12ad\u122d\u1290\u1275 \u120a\u1296\u1228\u12cd \u12e8\u1270\u1308\u1263 \u1218\u1206\u1291 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1235\u120d\u121d\u1293 \u12a8\u1309\u12f3\u1275 \u1260\u1235\u1270\u1240\u122d \u12a0\u1295\u12f3\u127d \u1325\u1245\u121d \u12e8\u120c\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u1348\u1320\u122b \u12ed\u12a8\u1208\u12ad\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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 \u1260\u120c\u120b \u1260\u12a9\u120d \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u1260\u1348\u1320\u122b\u1293 \u1260\u12d8\u1218\u1293\u12ca\u1290\u1275 \u1235\u121d \u12a0\u120b\u1205 \u12a5\u122d\u121d \u12eb\u12f0\u1228\u130b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12f5\u122d\u130a\u1276\u127d \u1218\u134d\u1240\u12f5 \u12a0\u12ed\u127b\u120d\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1208\u121d\u1233\u120c \u121b\u1295\u129b\u12cd\u121d \u12e8\u12a5\u1235\u120d\u121d\u1293 \u1219\u134d\u1272 \u201c\u12a0\u1235\u12ab\u122a \u1218\u1320\u1325 \u1208\u1324\u1293 \u12ed\u1320\u1245\u121b\u127d\u128b\u120d\u1363 \u12f5\u1295\u1260\u122d \u1233\u1273\u120d\u1349 \u1320\u1321\u201d \u1260\u121b\u1208\u1275 \u12cd\u1233\u1294 \u1218\u1235\u1320\u1275 \u12a0\u12ed\u127d\u120d\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1241\u121b\u122d\u1295 \u1205\u130b\u12ca \u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130d\u121d \u1260\u134d\u1339\u121d \u12a0\u12ed\u127b\u120d\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1230\u1265\u12d3\u12ca \u1218\u1265\u1275 \u1235\u121d \u130d\u1265\u1228-\u1230\u12f6\u121d\u1295 \u1205\u130b\u12ca \u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130d\u121d \u1270\u1240\u1263\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u1208\u12cd\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u12f5\u122d\u130a\u1276\u127d \u12e8\u1230\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u1291\u122e \u12a8\u121b\u1243\u12c8\u1235 \u1260\u1235\u1270\u1240\u122d \u12a0\u1295\u12f3\u127d \u1320\u1240\u121c\u1273 \u12e8\u120b\u1278\u12cd\u121d\u1361\u1361 <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u1290\u1262\u12e9 \u1260\u12d8\u1218\u1293\u12ca \u12a5\u12cd\u1240\u1275 \u1218\u1320\u1240\u121d\u1295 \u12a8\u120d\u12ad\u1208\u12cb\u120d \u12e8\u121a\u120d \u12e8\u1270\u1240\u12e3\u1260\u1228 \u12c8\u122c \u12e8\u121a\u1290\u12d9\u1275 \u1290\u1262\u12e9\u1295 \u12e8\u121b\u12eb\u12cd\u1241\u1275 \u1320\u120b\u1276\u127b\u1278\u12cd \u1265\u127b \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1209\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u201c\u12e8\u1290\u1262\u12e9\u1295 \u1275\u12ad\u12ad\u1208\u129b \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u12e8\u121d\u1295\u12a8\u1270\u1208\u12cd \u12a5\u129b \u1265\u127b \u1290\u1295\u201d \u121b\u1208\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1243\u1323\u1278\u12cd\u1293 \u1230\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u201c\u12a0\u12db\u201d \u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130d \u120d\u121b\u12f3\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u1206\u1290 \u12a8\u1219\u1235\u120a\u1219 \u12d3\u1208\u121d \u12e8\u1260\u1240\u1209 \u12a0\u1295\u12f3\u1295\u12f5 \u133d\u1295\u1348\u129b \u12a0\u1295\u1303\u12ce\u127d\u121d \u132d\u121d\u122d \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1208\u121d\u1233\u120c \u12e8\u201c\u1323\u120a\u1263\u1295\u201d \u12a0\u1295\u1303 \u12a0\u134d\u130b\u1292\u1235\u1273\u1295\u1295 \u1260\u121a\u12eb\u1235\u1270\u12f3\u12f5\u122d\u1260\u1275 \u130a\u12dc \u201c\u1260\u12a5\u1235\u120d\u121d\u1293 \u12e8\u1270\u12a8\u1208\u12a8\u1209 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u201d \u1260\u121a\u120d \u1260\u122d\u12ab\u1273 \u12e8\u1274\u12ad\u1296\u120e\u1302 \u1275\u1229\u134b\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u12a5\u122d\u121d \u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u130e \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1201\u1295\u1293 \u1290\u1262\u12e9 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1205 \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u133d\u1295\u1348\u129d\u1290\u1275\u1295 \u12a0\u120b\u1235\u1270\u121b\u1229\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u120b\u1205 \u1290\u1262\u12e9\u1295 \u12e8\u120b\u12a8\u1208\u12cd \u1208\u122b\u1215\u1218\u1275 (\u12a5\u12dd\u1290\u1275) \u1290\u12cd \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u133d\u1295\u134d \u1260\u12c8\u1323 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u121d\u1205\u122e \u1230\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u12a5\u130d\u122d \u1270\u12c8\u122d\u127d \u1240\u134d\u12f5\u12f0\u12cd \u1208\u1230\u1240\u1240\u1295 \u1291\u122e \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12f3\u122d\u1313\u1278\u12cd \u1260\u121a\u120d \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1290\u1262\u12e9\u121d \u1270\u12a8\u1273\u12ee\u127b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1232\u12eb\u1235\u1270\u121d\u1229 \u201c\u12a0\u130d\u122b\u1229\u1364 \u12a0\u1273\u12ad\u122d\u1229\u201d (\u201c\u12e8\u1232\u1229\u1364 \u12c8\u120b \u1271\u12d0\u1232\u1229\u201d) \u1290\u1260\u122d \u12eb\u1209\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1218\u1206\u1291\u121d \u12e8\u1290\u12da\u1205\u1295 \u133d\u1295\u1348\u129e\u127d \u12a0\u12f5\u122b\u130e\u1275 \u1260\u121b\u12e8\u1275 \u12e8\u1290\u1262\u12e9\u1295 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u121d\u1205\u122e \u1260\u1270\u12db\u1290\u1348 \u1201\u1294\u1273 \u1218\u1228\u12f3\u1275 \u1270\u1308\u1262 \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u12e8\u12a0\u120b\u1205 \u1236\u120b\u1275\u1293 \u1230\u120b\u121d \u1260\u1290\u1262\u12e9 \u120b\u12ed \u12ed\u1235\u1348\u1295 (\u1230\u120d\u120b\u1201 \u12d0\u1208\u12ed\u1202 \u12c8\u1230\u1208\u121d)<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
——<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u12a0\u1348\u1295\u12f2 \u1219\u1270\u1242<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u1325\u122d 9\/2015<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n

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—–<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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ፀሐፊ፡ አፈንዲ ሙተቂ<\/p>\n

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ነቢዩ ሙሐመድ (ሰ.ዐ.ወ) ያስተማሩት ትምህርት ዘመናዊነትን ይከለክላል?…. በዘመን አፈራሽ የቴክሎኖጂ ትሩፋቶችና በተቀላጠፉ አሰራሮች መጠቀምን እርም ያደርጋል?… መልሱ “አያደርግም” ነው፡፡ የነቢዩንና የተከታዮቻቸውን የህይወት ታሪክ በወጉ ከፈተሽን ነገሩን በቀላሉ መረዳት እንችላለን፡፡ እስቲ አንዳንድ ምሳሌዎችን እንውሰድ፡፡<\/p>\n

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·        <\/span><\/span>ነቢዩ በዘመናቸው ለነበሩት ነገሥታት ደብዳቤ መጻፍ አስፈለጋቸው፡፡ አንዱ ባልደረባቸው “ደብዳቤው ከርስዎ የተላከ መሆኑን የሚያረጋግጥ ማኅተም ያስፈልግዎታል፤ ማኅተም ቢያስቀርጹ መልካም ይመስለኛል” አላቸው፡፡ ነቢዩ የማኅተም አስፈላጊነት ሲነገራቸው እምቢ አላሉም፡፡ ሃሳቡን ወዲያውኑ ተቀብለው አዲስ ማኅተም አስቀረጹ፡፡<\/span><\/p>\n

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·        <\/span><\/span>ከሂጅራ በኋላ በስድስተኛው ዓመት የቁሬይሽ ተዋጊዎች በመዲና ከተማ ላይ ሶስተኛ ዙር ወረራ ሊፈጽሙ ተነሱ፡፡ ከቁሬይሾች ጋር በርካታ ማህበረሰቦች ማበራቸውም ተሰማ፡፡ ይህም ወሬ ለነቢዩ ደረሳቸው፡፡ ነቢዩም በጉዳዩ ላይ ከባልደረቦቻቸው ጋር መወያየት ጀመሩ፡፡ በውይይቱ ላይ ከነበሩት ባልደረቦቻቸው መካከል “ሳልማን አል-ፋርሲ” የሚባለው “በከተማችን ዙሪያ ምሽግ ብንቆፍር ጠላቶታችንን በቀላሉ መመለስ እንችላለን” አላቸው፡፡ ሳልማን የፋርስ (ኢራን) ተወላጅ ነው፡፡ በሀገሩ ሲደረግ ያየውን ነው ለነቢዩ የነገራቸው፡፡ እስከዚያ ጊዜ ድረስ “ምሽግ” በዐረቦች ዘንድ አይታወቅም ነበር፡፡<\/span><\/p>\n

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ነቢዩ ከሳልማን በሰሙት ምሽግ የመቆፈር ብልሃት ተገረሙ፡፡ በተግባር ላይ ሊያውሉትም ተነሱ፡፡ የመዲና ከተማን ከዳር እስከ ዳር በምሽግ ቁፋሮ አጠሯት፡፡ የመካ ቁረይሾች እየፎከሩ ወደ መዲና ሲመጡ ምሽጉ ገደባቸው፡፡ በፈረስና በእግር እየዘለሉ ምሽጉን ለማለፍ ቢሞክሩም ምንም አልተሳካላቸውም፡፡ ይህ ሁኔታ ሌሊቱን ከጣለው ከባድ ዝናብ ጋር ተዳምሮ በጣም አስፈራቸው፡፡ በመሆኑም እቃቸውን እንኳ በወጉ ሳይሰበስቡ ወደመጡበት ፈረጠጡ፡፡ ነቢዩ አንድም ጦር ሳይሰብቁ በእጥፍ የሚበልጣቸውን የጠላት ሃይል ከሳልማን አል-ፋርሲ በሰሙት ዘዴ አባረሩት፡፡ <\/span><\/p>\n

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·        <\/span><\/span>በዚያ ዘመን በርካታ መልዕክተኞች ወደ ነቢዩ ዘንድ ይመጡ ነበር፡፡ ታዲያ አንዱ የነቢዩ ባልደረባ “ንጉሦችና የጦር መሪዎች የውጪ መልዕክተኞችን በሚቀበሉበት ጊዜ የአዘቦት ልብሳቸውን አይለብሱም፤ ለየት ያለ ልብስ ለብሰው በርሱ ላይ ካባ ይደርባሉ” አላቸው፡፡ ነቢዩም ምክሩን ተቀብለው በተግባር ላይ አውለውታል፡፡<\/span><\/p>\n

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·        <\/span><\/span>ነቢዩ አይጽፉም፤ አያነቡምም፡፡ ደብዳቤም ሆነ ሌላ ጽሑፍ የሚጽፉላቸው ተከታዮቻቸው ናቸው፡፡ ከጸሐፊዎቻቸው መካከል እጅግ በጣም የተከበረው ዘይድ ኢብን ሣቢት የሚባለው ወጣት ነው፡፡ ነቢዩ የላኳቸው ደብዳቤዎች በአብዛኛው በርሱ እጅ ነበር የተጻፉት፡፡ <\/p>\n

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ነቢዩ (ሰ.ዐ.ወ) በደብዳቤ የሚገናኟቸው የማህበረሰብ መሪዎችና ነገሥታት በሙሉ ዐረብኛን ማንበብ የሚችሉ አልነበሩም፡፡ ዐረብኛን የሚያነቡት በዐረቢያ ልሳነ-ምድር (Arabian Peninsula) እና በዙሪያው ባሉት መሬት ላይ የነገሡ መሪዎች ብቻ ነበሩ፡፡ በመሆኑም ነቢዩ ከዐረብኛ በተጨማሪ በሌሎች ቋንቋዎችም ደብዳቤዎችን መጻፍ እንዳለባቸው ተገነዘቡ፡፡ ዘይድ ኢብን ሣቢትንም በዘመኑ ሰፊ ተናጋሪ የነበራቸውን የእብራይስጥ (Hebrew) እና የአረማይስጥ (Aramaic\/ Syriac) አጻጻፍ እንዲያጠና በመዲና ይኖሩ ከነበሩት አይሁዶችና ክርስቲያኖች ዘንድ ላኩት፡፡ ዘይድም ሁለቱንም አጻጻፎች በአጭር ጊዜ ውስጥ በማጥናት የጸሐፊነቱን ስራ በሶሥት ቋንቋዎች ቀጥሎበታል፡፡ <\/p>\n

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·        <\/span><\/span>ነቢዩ ለዕውቀት የነበራቸው ከበሬታ ሲወሳ በዓለም ከሚኖሩት ሙስሊሞች ግማሽ ያህሉ የሚያውቁት አንድ ሐዲስ አለ፡፡ ሐዲሱ እንዲህ ይላል፡፡<\/span><\/p>\n

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“ዕውቀትን ቻይና ድረስ እንኳ ቢሆን ሄዳችሁ ፈልጉት”<\/p>\n

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ከላይ ከተገለጹት ታሪኮች እንደምትረዱት ነቢዩ ጠቃሚ የሆነ ዕውቀትን ያበረታቱ ነበር፡፡ “የተቀላጠፈ አሰራር መጠቀም ሀገርን ያጠፋል” በማለት በተከታዮቻቸው ላይ በሩን አልዘጉም፡፡ የርሳቸው ተከታዮችስ?… ባልደረቦቻቸውም ቢሆኑ በዘመናዊነት ላይ በነበራቸው እይታ የነቢዩን ፈለግ ተከትለዋል፡፡ አንዳንድ ምሳሌዎችን እንጥቀስ፡፡<\/p>\n

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·        <\/span><\/span>ኸሊፋ ዑመር ቢን ኸጣብ (ረ.ዐ) ከነቢዩ የቅርብ ረዳቶች አንደኛው ነበሩ፡፡ ከነቢዩ ህልፈት በኋላ የሙስሊሙን ኸሊፋዊ መንግሥት ለአስር ዓመታት መርተዋል፡፡ የነቢዩን ሐዲሶችን ጨምሮ በርካታ ታሪኮችን መመዝገብ የተጀመረው በርሳቸው ጊዜ ነው፡፡ ታዲያ ታሪክ ሲመዘገብ የዘመን መቁጠሪያ መጠቀም የግድ ይላል፡፡ ይሁንና በዚያ ዘመን ራሱን የቻለ የቀን መቁጠሪያ በዐረቢያ ምድር አይታወቅም ነበረ፡፡ በመሆኑም ዑመር ነቢዩ ከመካ ወደ መዲና ያደረጉት ስደት (ሂጅራ) እንደ መነሻ ሆኖ እንዲያገለግል ውሳኔ አስተላለፉ፡፡ ይህም ተግባራዊ ሆኖ እስከ አሁኑ ዘመን ድረስ እየተሰራበት ይገኛል፡፡ <\/span><\/p>\n

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·        <\/span><\/span>አምስተኛው ኸሊፋ ሙአዊያ ኢብን አቡ-ሱፍያን (ረ.ዐ) ደግሞ በተማከለ አሰራር ደብዳቤዎችን ከግለሰቦች ተቀብሎ የሚያከፋፍል ተቋም በመመስረት በዓለም ታሪክ አዲስ አሰራር አስተዋውቀል፡፡ ዛሬ “ፖስታ ቤት” የሚባለውን ተቋም የፈጠሩት ኸሊፋ ሙአዊያ ናቸው (ባለፈው ነሐሴ ወር ይህንን ጉዳይ በጻፍኩበት ወቅት በርካታ ሰዎች የግኝቱ ባለቤት ሙአዊያ መሆናቸውን እንደማያውቁት ተገንዝቤአለሁ፤ ሆኖም ነገሩ ሐቅ ነው፤ እውነትነቱን ለማረጋገጥ ካሻችሁ በመጽሐፍ፣ በኢንተርኔትም ሆነ በሲዲ የተሰራጨው “ኢንሳይክሎፒዲያ ብሪታኒካ” ስለሙአዊያ የጻፈውን ታሪክ አንብቡት፡፡ በሁሉም ቦታ እንዲህ የሚል ነገር ተጽፎ ታገኛላችሁ፡፡<\/span><\/p>\n

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“Early Arabic sources credit two dīwān<\/i>s in particular to Muʿāwiyah: the dīwān al-khatam, <\/i>or chancellery, and the barīd,<\/i> or postal service, both of which were obviously intended to improve communications within the empire”<\/div>\n
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የኢንሳክሎፒዲያ ብሪታኒካን ጽሑፍ በኢንተርኔት ለማንበብ ካሻችሁ ይህንን ሊንክ ተጠቀሙ፡፡<\/p>\n

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 http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/395758\/Muawiyah-I\/5054\/Caliphate<\/span><\/a> )፡፡ <\/span><\/p>\n

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·        <\/span><\/span>በአሁኑ ወቅት የዓለም ህዝብ በሙሉ የሚጠቀምበት “የሂንዱ-ዐረብ” የቁጥር ዘዴ የመጨረሻ ቅርጹን ያገኘው በሙስሊሞች አማካኝነት ነው፡፡ ከዚህም ባሻገር ለሂሳብ አቆጣጠር የሚያመቸው “የዜሮ ጽንሰ ሃሳብ” የተፈለሰፈው በ8ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን በባግዳድ ከተማ ነው፡፡<\/span><\/p>\n

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·        <\/span><\/span>የሳይንስና የምርምር ዘርፍ ከፍተኛ እመርታ እንዲሳይ ያደረጉትን አል-ጀብራ እና አልጎሪዝም የተሰኙ የሂሳብ ስልቶችን የፈጠረው ሙሐመድ ኢብን ሙሳ አል-ኸዋሪዝሚ የተባለ ሙስሊም ሳይንቲስት ነው (ዜሮንም የፈጠረው አል-ኸዋሪዝሚ ነው)፡፡<\/span><\/p>\n

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·        <\/span><\/span>ሌላም ብዙ ብዙ መዘርዘር ይቻላል፡፡<\/span><\/p>\n

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ከነዚህ ምሳሌዎች ለመረዳት እንደሚቻለው የጥንቱ ሙስሊሞች በአዳዲስ ፈጠራዎች ከመጠቀም አልፈው ለራሳቸውም ልዩ ልዩ ፈጠራዎችን አስተዋውቀዋል፡፡ በአዳዲስ ፈጠራዎች መጠቀም “ውግዝ” ቢሆን ኖሮ ነቢዩና ባልደረቦቻቸው “እርም፤ ነው አትጠጉት” በማለት ክልከላ ያስቀምጡበት ነበር፡፡ ስለዚህ ዘመን ባስገኘልን ትሩፋት ከመጠቀም ወደኋላ ማለት የለብንም፡፡ <\/p>\n

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ይሁንና ይህ በፈጠራዎች የመጠቀም ጉዳይ ሲነሳ አንድ ነገር መታወቅ አለበት፡፡ ይኸውም በጥቅም ላይ የሚውለው አዲስ ፈጠራና አሰራር የሰዎችን ኑሮ በማቃለል ረገድ አስፈላጊነቱ የሁሉም ተጠቃሚዎች ምስክርነት ሊኖረው የተገባ መሆኑ ነው፡፡ እስልምና ከጉዳት በስተቀር አንዳች ጥቅም የሌለውን ፈጠራ ይከለክላል፡፡ <\/p>\n

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 በሌላ በኩል ደግሞ በፈጠራና በዘመናዊነት ስም አላህ እርም ያደረጋቸውን ድርጊቶች መፍቀድ አይቻልም፡፡ ለምሳሌ ማንኛውም የእስልምና ሙፍቲ “አስካሪ መጠጥ ለጤና ይጠቅማችኋል፣ ድንበር ሳታልፉ ጠጡ” በማለት ውሳኔ መስጠት አይችልም፡፡ ቁማርን ህጋዊ ማድረግም በፍጹም አይቻልም፡፡ በሰብዓዊ መብት ስም ግብረ-ሰዶምን ህጋዊ ማድረግም ተቀባይነት የለውም፡፡ እነዚህ ድርጊቶች የሰዎችን ኑሮ ከማቃወስ በስተቀር አንዳች ጠቀሜታ የላቸውም፡፡ <\/p>\n

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ነቢዩ በዘመናዊ እውቀት መጠቀምን ከልክለዋል የሚል የተቀዣበረ ወሬ የሚነዙት ነቢዩን የማያውቁት ጠላቶቻቸው ብቻ አይደሉም፡፡ “የነቢዩን ትክክለኛ ትምህርት የምንከተለው እኛ ብቻ ነን” ማለት የሚቃጣቸውና ሰዎችን “አዛ” ማድረግ ልማዳቸው የሆነ ከሙስሊሙ ዓለም የበቀሉ አንዳንድ ጽንፈኛ አንጃዎችም ጭምር ናቸው፡፡ ለምሳሌ የ“ጣሊባን” አንጃ አፍጋኒስታንን በሚያስተዳድርበት ጊዜ “በእስልምና የተከለከሉ ናቸው” በሚል በርካታ የቴክኖሎጂ ትሩፋቶችን እርም አድርጎ ነበር፡፡ ይሁንና ነቢዩ እንዲህ ዓይነት ጽንፈኝነትን አላስተማሩም፡፡ አላህ ነቢዩን የላከለው ለራሕመት (እዝነት) ነው እንጂ ጽንፍ በወጣ አስተምህሮ ሰዎችን እግር ተወርች ቀፍድደው ለሰቀቀን ኑሮ እንዲዳርጓቸው በሚል አይደለም፡፡ ነቢዩም ተከታዮቻቸውን ሲያስተምሩ “አግራሩ፤ አታክርሩ” (“የሲሩ፤ ወላ ቱዐሲሩ”) ነበር ያሉት፡፡ በመሆኑም የነዚህን ጽንፈኞች አድራጎት በማየት የነቢዩን አስተምህሮ በተዛነፈ ሁኔታ መረዳት ተገቢ አይደለም፡፡ <\/p>\n

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የአላህ ሶላትና ሰላም በነቢዩ ላይ ይስፈን (ሰልላሁ ዐለይሂ ወሰለም)<\/p>\n

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——<\/p>\n

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አፈንዲ ሙተቂ<\/p>\n

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ጥር 9\/2015<\/p>\n

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—–<\/p>\n

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Read more ›<\/a><\/div>\n

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