{"id":306096,"date":"2014-12-23T17:58:00","date_gmt":"2014-12-23T22:58:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mereja.com\/amharic\/?guid=1b9b0760e6b70d8f8a48f40fe6957f1b"},"modified":"2014-12-23T17:58:00","modified_gmt":"2014-12-23T22:58:00","slug":"%e1%8a%a5%e1%88%b5%e1%88%8b%e1%88%9b%e1%8b%8a-%e1%8a%aa%e1%8a%90-%e1%88%85%e1%8a%95%e1%8c%bb-%e1%8a%a5%e1%8a%93-%e1%88%b2%e1%8a%93%e1%8a%95%e1%8a%95-%e1%89%a0%e1%8c%a8%e1%88%a8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mereja.net\/amharic\/306096","title":{"rendered":"\u12a5\u1235\u120b\u121b\u12ca \u12aa\u1290-\u1205\u1295\u133b \u12a5\u1293 \u201c\u1232\u1293\u1295\u201d\u1295 \u1260\u1328\u1228\u134d\u1273"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u1340\u1210\u134a\u1361 \u12a0\u1348\u1295\u12f2 \u1219\u1270\u1242                                   <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
—–<\/span><\/div>\n
\u12607\u129b\u12cd \u12ad\u134d\u1208 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12a0\u130b\u121b\u123d \u12e8\u1270\u1320\u1290\u1230\u1230\u12cd \u12a5\u1235\u120b\u121b\u12ca \u12aa\u1290-\u1205\u1295\u133b \u1260\u12a0\u1235\u122b \u12a0\u122b\u1275 \u12ad\u134d\u1208 \u12d8\u1218\u1293\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12a5\u12eb\u12f0\u1308 \u1265\u12d9 \u1348\u122d\u1306\u127d \u12eb\u1209\u1275 \u12e8\u1325\u1260\u1265  <\/span>\u12d8\u12ed\u1264 \u120a\u1206\u1295 \u1260\u1245\u1277\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12d3\u1208\u121d \u12d9\u122a\u12eb \u12a8\u134d\u1270\u129b \u12a0\u12f5\u1293\u1246\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u1278\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u124b\u121a \u130d\u1295\u1263\u1273\u12ce\u127d\u1295\u121d \u12a0\u1260\u122d\u12ad\u1277\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12ab\u12ed\u122e \u12a8\u1270\u121b \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1298\u12cd \u12e8\u12a0\u120d-\u12a0\u12dd\u1203\u122d \u1218\u1235\u130a\u12f5\u1363 \u12e8\u12f0\u121b\u1235\u1246\u12cd \u201c\u12e8\u1260\u1291 \u12a1\u1218\u12eb\u201d \u1218\u1235\u130a\u12f5 (the Omayyad Mosque)\u1363 \u12e8\u12a2\u1235\u1273\u1295\u1261\u120d \u201c\u1231\u120c\u12ed\u121b\u1292\u12eb\u201d \u1218\u1235\u130a\u12f5\u1363 \u1260\u12a2\u1235\u134b\u1213\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1298\u12cd \u12e8\u12a2\u121b\u121d \u12a0\u12f0\u1263\u1263\u12ed\u1293 \u1218\u12f5\u1228\u1233 (Midyyan-e-Imami)\u1363 \u12e8\u1205\u1295\u12f1 \u1273\u1305\u121b\u1203\u120d\u1363 \u1273\u120b\u1242 \u12e8\u1241\u122d\u1321\u1263 \u1218\u1235\u130a\u12f5 (Great Mosque of Cordoba)\u1363 \u12e8\u130d\u122a\u1293\u12f3 \u12a8\u1270\u121b \u1218\u12a8\u120b\u12a8\u12eb \u130d\u1295\u1265 (fortress) \u12a5\u1293 \u120d\u12e9 \u120d\u12e9 \u130d\u1295\u1263\u1273\u12ce\u127d\u1364 \u12e8\u134c\u12dd \u12a8\u1270\u121b \u12e8\u1218\u12a8\u120b\u12a8\u12eb \u130d\u1295\u1265\u1293 \u1325\u1295\u1273\u12ca\u12cd \u12e8\u1243\u122b\u12ca\u12eb\u1295 \u1218\u1235\u130a\u12f5 (\u121e\u122e\u12ae)\u1363 \u12a8\u132d\u1243 \u12e8\u1270\u1230\u1229\u1275 \u12e8\u1272\u121d\u1261\u12ad\u1271 \u1218\u1235\u130a\u12f6\u127d \u12c8\u12d8\u1270\u2026 \u12a8\u1270\u12f0\u1293\u1242 \u12a5\u1235\u120b\u121b\u12ca \u130d\u1295\u1263\u1273\u12ce\u127d \u1325\u1242\u1276\u127d \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u12a5\u1235\u120b\u121b\u12ca \u12aa\u1290-\u1325\u1260\u1265 \u1265\u12d9 \u1348\u122d\u1306\u127d \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1296\u1229\u1275 \u12eb\u12f0\u1228\u1308\u12cd \u1260\u1263\u1205\u122a\u12cd \u201c\u1206\u12f0 \u1230\u134a\u201d \u1260\u1218\u1206\u1291 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u1232\u1263\u120d \u12a8\u1219\u1235\u120a\u1219 \u12d3\u1208\u121d \u12e8\u1270\u1308\u1299\u1275 \u12e8\u12aa\u1290-\u1205\u1295\u133b \u1320\u1262\u1263\u1295 \u1260\u12e8\u1200\u1308\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275\u1295 \u1325\u1295\u1273\u12ca \u12e8\u1295\u12f5\u134d \u12d8\u12ed\u1264\u12ce\u127d \u12a8\u12a5\u1235\u120d\u121d\u1293 \u1218\u122d\u1206\u127d \u130b\u122d \u1260\u121b\u1323\u1323\u121d \u12a0\u12f3\u12f2\u1235 \u12e8\u12aa\u1290-\u1205\u1295\u133b \u12d8\u12ed\u1264\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u12ed\u1348\u1325\u1229 \u1290\u1260\u122d \u1208\u121b\u1208\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1208\u121d\u1233\u120c \u1260\u12a2\u1235\u1273\u1295\u1261\u120d \u12a8\u1270\u121b \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1299\u1275 \u1273\u120b\u120b\u1245 \u1218\u1235\u130a\u12f6\u127d \u12e8\u1270\u1230\u1229\u1275 \u12e8\u1325\u1295\u1271\u1295 \u12e8\u1264\u12db\u1295\u1273\u12ed\u1295 \u12aa\u1290-\u1205\u1295\u133b \u12a8\u12d0\u1228\u1262\u12eb\u1293 \u12a8\u134b\u122d\u1235 \u12aa\u1290-\u1205\u1295\u133b \u130b\u122d \u1260\u121b\u12cb\u1203\u12f5 \u1260\u1270\u1348\u1320\u1228\u12cd \u12e8\u1271\u122d\u12ad \u12aa\u1290-\u1205\u1295\u133b \u12d8\u12ed\u1264 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1272\u121d\u1261\u12ad\u1271 \u1218\u1235\u130a\u12f6\u127d\u121d \u12e8\u121b\u120a\u1295 \u1325\u1295\u1273\u12ca \u12e8\u12aa\u1290-\u1205\u1295\u133b \u1325\u1260\u1265 \u1218\u1230\u1228\u1275 \u1260\u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130d \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u1270\u1230\u1229\u1275\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
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\u1325\u1295\u1275 \u12a8\u1270\u1308\u1290\u1261\u1275 \u12a5\u1235\u120b\u121b\u12ca \u1245\u122d\u1236\u127d \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u12a8\u134a\u120e\u1279 \u1320\u134d\u1270\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u130d\u121b\u123d \u12eb\u1205\u1209 \u130d\u1295 \u12db\u122c\u121d \u124b\u121a \u1206\u1290\u12cd \u1273\u122a\u12ad\u1295 \u12ed\u1218\u1230\u12ad\u122b\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a5\u1235\u120b\u121b\u12ca \u130d\u1295\u1263\u1273\u12ce\u127b\u1278\u12cd \u1260\u12d3\u1208\u121d \u12d9\u122a\u12eb \u12e8\u1270\u12f0\u1290\u1241\u1275 \u12a8\u1270\u121e\u127d \u12e8\u121a\u12a8\u1270\u1209\u1275 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
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1.      <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1218\u12ab<\/span><\/div>\n
2.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1218\u12f2\u1293<\/span><\/div>\n
3.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u12a5\u12e8\u1229\u1233\u120c\u121d <\/span><\/div>\n
4.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1263\u130d\u12f3\u12f5 (\u12a2\u122b\u1245)<\/span><\/div>\n
5.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1230\u1218\u122b (\u12a2\u122b\u1245)<\/span><\/div>\n
6.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1261\u12bb\u122b (\u12a1\u12dd\u1264\u12aa\u1235\u1273\u1295)<\/span><\/div>\n
7.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1230\u1218\u122d\u1240\u1295\u12f5 (\u12a1\u12dd\u1264\u12aa\u1235\u1273\u1295)<\/span><\/div>\n
8.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u12f0\u121b\u1235\u1246 (\u1236\u122a\u12eb)<\/span><\/div>\n
9.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u12a2\u1235\u1273\u1295\u1261\u120d (\u1271\u122d\u12ad)<\/span><\/div>\n
10.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1202\u122b\u1275 (\u12a0\u134d\u130b\u1292\u1235\u1273\u1295)<\/span><\/div>\n
11.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1218\u12d8\u122d-\u12a2-\u1238\u122a\u134d (\u12a0\u134d\u130b\u1292\u1235\u1273\u1295)<\/span><\/div>\n
12.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1241\u122d\u1321\u1263 (\u1235\u1354\u1295)<\/span><\/div>\n
13.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u130d\u122a\u1293\u12f3 (\u1235\u1354\u1295)<\/span><\/div>\n
14.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u12ab\u12ed\u122e (\u130d\u1265\u133d)<\/span><\/div>\n
15.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1230\u1295\u12d3 (\u12e8\u1218\u1295)<\/span><\/div>\n
16.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u12d8\u1262\u12f5 (\u12e8\u1218\u1295)<\/span><\/div>\n
17.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u134c\u12dd (\u121e\u122e\u12ae)<\/span><\/div>\n
18.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1218\u122b\u12aa\u123d (\u121e\u122e\u12ae)<\/span><\/div>\n
19.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1271\u1292\u1235 (\u1271\u1292\u12da\u12eb)<\/span><\/div>\n
20.   <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1272\u121d\u1261\u12ad\u1271 (\u121b\u120a)<\/span><\/div>\n
21.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1304\u1294 (\u121b\u120a)<\/span><\/div>\n
22.   <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1200\u1228\u122d (\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb)<\/span><\/div>\n
23.   <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u12db\u1295\u12da\u1263\u122d (\u1273\u1295\u12db\u1292\u12eb)<\/span><\/div>\n
24.   <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1292\u123b\u1351\u122d (\u12a2\u122b\u1295)<\/span><\/div>\n
25.   <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u12a2\u1235\u134b\u1213\u1295 (\u12a2\u122b\u1295)<\/span><\/div>\n
26.   <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u123a\u122b\u12dd (\u12a2\u122b\u1295)<\/span><\/div>\n
27.   <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1274\u1205\u122b\u1295 (\u12a2\u122b\u1295)<\/span><\/div>\n
28.   <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u1320\u1265\u122a\u12dd (\u12a2\u122b\u1295)<\/span><\/div>\n
29.   <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u12f4\u120d\u1202 (\u1205\u1295\u12f5)<\/span><\/div>\n
30.   <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u12a0\u130d\u122b (\u1205\u1295\u12f5)<\/span><\/div>\n
—<\/span><\/div>\n
\u12a5\u1235\u120b\u121b\u12ca \u12aa\u1290-\u1205\u1295\u133b \u1232\u1320\u1240\u1235 \u1260\u1240\u12f3\u121a\u1290\u1275 \u12a8\u121a\u12c8\u1231\u1275 \u1320\u1262\u1263\u1295 \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u12a0\u1295\u12f1 \u12a81489 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 1588 \u12e8\u1296\u1228\u12cd \u1271\u122d\u12ab\u12ca\u12cd \u201c\u1232\u1293\u1295\u201d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1271\u122d\u12ae\u127d \u12ed\u1205\u1295\u1295 \u1230\u12cd \u1232\u1320\u1229\u1275 \u201c\u12ae\u1303 \u121a\u121b\u122d \u1232\u1293\u1295\u201d\u1363 \u121b\u1208\u1275\u121d \u201c\u1273\u120b\u1241 \u12a0\u122d\u12ad\u1274\u12ad\u1275 \u1232\u1293\u1295\u201d \u12ed\u1209\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u127d\u120e\u1273\u12cd\u1295 \u1232\u1308\u120d\u1339\u121d \u201c\u12a5\u122d\u1231\u1295 \u12e8\u1218\u1230\u1208 \u12e8\u12aa\u1290-\u1205\u1295\u133b \u1320\u1262\u1265 \u12a0\u120d\u1270\u1348\u1320\u1228\u121d\u201d \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1209\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u122d\u130d\u1325\u121d \u1260\u1218\u1276 \u12e8\u121a\u1246\u1320\u1229 \u201c\u12a5\u1339\u1265 \u12f5\u1295\u1245\u201d \u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1209 \u1235\u122b\u12ce\u1279\u1295 \u12eb\u12e8 \u1230\u12cd \u1260\u12a8\u134a\u120d\u121d \u1262\u1206\u1295 \u12e8\u1271\u122d\u12ae\u127d\u1295 \u12a0\u1263\u1263\u120d \u1218\u130b\u122b\u1271 \u12e8\u121b\u12ed\u1240\u122d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
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 <\/span>\u201c\u1232\u1293\u1295\u201d \u12e8\u1270\u12c8\u1208\u12f0\u12cd \u201c\u12a0\u130a\u122d\u1293\u12dd\u201d \u1260\u1270\u1263\u1208\u127d \u12e8\u1271\u122d\u12ad \u12a0\u1290\u1235\u1270\u129b \u12a8\u1270\u121b \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u120d\u1305\u1290\u1271 \u1260\u12a0\u1263\u1271 \u1235\u122d \u12e8\u12a0\u1293\u133a\u1290\u1275\u1293 \u12f5\u1295\u130b\u12ed \u12e8\u121b\u1233\u1218\u122d \u1325\u1260\u1265\u1295 \u1270\u121b\u1228\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1240\u1295 \u130d\u1295 \u1205\u12ed\u12c8\u1271\u1295 \u12e8\u1240\u12e8\u1228 \u12a0\u130b\u1323\u121a \u1270\u1348\u1320\u1228\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u12eb \u1240\u1295 (\u12601521) \u12e8\u12a6\u1276\u121b\u1295 \u1271\u122d\u12ad \u12c8\u1273\u12f0\u122b\u12ca \u12a6\u134a\u1230\u122e\u127d \u12c8\u12f0 \u1232\u1293\u1295 \u1218\u1295\u12f0\u122d \u1204\u12f0\u12cd \u1208\u12cd\u1275\u12f5\u122d\u1293 \u12e8\u121a\u1240\u1320\u1229 \u12c8\u1323\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u12ed\u1218\u12d8\u130d\u1261 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1232\u1293\u1295 \u12c8\u1273\u12f0\u122b\u12ca \u12a0\u124b\u121d \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1218\u1228\u1243 \u1206\u1296 \u1235\u1208\u1270\u1308\u1298 \u12a5\u122d\u1231\u1295\u121d \u1218\u12d8\u1308\u1261\u1275\u1293 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1241\u1235\u1325\u1295\u1325\u1295\u12eb (\u12e8\u12a0\u1201\u1297 \u12a2\u1235\u1273\u1295\u1261\u120d) \u12c8\u1230\u12f1\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u12da\u12eb\u121d \u120d\u12e9 \u120d\u12e9 \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12eb\u1320\u1293 \u12a0\u12f0\u1228\u1309\u1275\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
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\u12e8\u1232\u1293\u1295 \u12e8\u1325\u1260\u1265 \u1270\u1230\u1325\u12a6 \u1218\u1273\u12e8\u1275 \u12e8\u1300\u1218\u1228\u12cd \u12601530 \u12f5\u120d\u12f5\u12ee\u127d\u1295\u1293 \u120d\u12e9 \u120d\u12e9 \u12c8\u1273\u12f0\u122b\u12ca \u130d\u1295\u1263\u1273\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u1218\u1235\u122b\u1275 \u1232\u1300\u121d\u122d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12601539 \u130d\u1295 \u12a8\u12cd\u1275\u12f5\u122d\u1293\u12cd \u12d3\u1208\u121d \u1270\u1230\u1293\u1265\u1276 \u12e8\u1232\u126a\u120d \u130d\u1295\u1263\u1273\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u1300\u1218\u1228\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1240\u1323\u12ee\u1279 40 \u12d3\u1218\u1273\u1275\u121d \u1271\u122d\u12ad\u1295 \u1260\u12d3\u1208\u121d \u12d9\u122a\u12eb \u12eb\u1235\u1320\u122f\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u120d\u12e9 \u120d\u12e9 \u130d\u1295\u1263\u1273\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u1295\u12f5\u134d \u12a5\u12e8\u12c8\u1320\u1290 \u1260\u122b\u1231 \u12a0\u1218\u122b\u122d \u1260\u121b\u1235\u1308\u1295\u1263\u1275 \u1208\u12a0\u130d\u120d\u130d\u120e\u1275 \u12a0\u1260\u1243\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u1232\u1293\u1295 \u1260\u1205\u12ed\u12c8\u1275 \u12d8\u1218\u1291 79 \u1218\u1235\u130a\u12f6\u127d\u1295\u1363 34 \u1264\u1270 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1276\u127d\u1295\u1363 33 \u12e8\u1205\u12dd\u1265 \u12e8\u1218\u1273\u1320\u1262\u12eb \u1308\u1295\u12f3\u12ce\u127d\u1295 (\u1260\u1270\u1208\u121d\u12f6 \u201cTurkish bath \u12e8\u121a\u1263\u1209\u1275)\u1363 19 \u12e8\u1218\u1243\u1265\u122d \u1235\u134d\u122b\u12ce\u127d\u1295\u1363 55 \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u1264\u1276\u127d\u1295\u1363 16 \u12e8\u12f5\u12be\u127d \u1218\u1296\u122a\u12eb \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120b\u1275\u1295\u1363 7 \u12e8\u12a8\u134d\u1270\u129b \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u1218\u12f5\u1228\u1233\u12ce\u127d\u1295\u1363 12 \u1273\u120b\u120b\u1245 \u121d\u130d\u1265 \u1264\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u1230\u122d\u1277\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u134d\u1233\u123d \u1218\u12cd\u1228\u1303\u12ce\u127d\u1363 \u134b\u12cd\u1295\u1274\u1296\u127d\u1363 \u1206\u1235\u1352\u1273\u120e\u127d\u1293 \u120c\u120e\u127d\u1295\u121d \u1308\u1295\u1265\u1277\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1201\u1209\u1295\u121d \u130d\u1295\u1263\u1273\u12ce\u127d \u1295\u12f5\u134d (\u12f2\u12db\u12ed\u1295) \u12e8\u1230\u122b\u12cd \u122b\u1231 \u1232\u1206\u1295 \u1260\u1218\u1203\u1295\u12f2\u1235\u1290\u1275 \u12a0\u1235\u1300\u121d\u122e \u12e8\u121a\u1328\u122d\u1230\u12cd\u121d \u12a5\u122d\u1231 \u1290\u1260\u1228\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u12a8\u1232\u1293\u1295 \u130d\u1295\u1263\u1273\u12ce\u127d \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u1260\u130d\u1295\u1263\u122d \u1240\u12f0\u121d\u1275\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1320\u1240\u1231\u1275 \u12e8\u1231\u120c\u12ed\u121b\u1292\u12eb \u1218\u1235\u130a\u12f5 (\u1260\u134e\u1276\u12cd \u120b\u12ed \u12eb\u1208\u12cd)\u1363 \u12e8\u123b\u1215 \u12db\u12f5 \u1218\u1235\u130a\u12f5 \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u1230\u120a\u121d \u1218\u1235\u130a\u12f5 \u1293\u1278\u12cd (\u12e8\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb\u12ce\u1279 \u1201\u1208\u1271 \u1260\u12a2\u1235\u1273\u1295\u1261\u120d \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1299\u1275\u1364 \u12e8\u1230\u120a\u121d \u1218\u1235\u130a\u12f5 \u130d\u1295 \u1260\u12a2\u12f5\u122a\u1295 \u12a8\u1270\u121b \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u1270\u1230\u122b\u12cd)\u1361\u1361 \u1232\u1293\u1295 \u12e8\u1294 \u121d\u122d\u1325 \u1235\u122b \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1208\u12cd \u201c\u12e8\u123b\u1205 \u12db\u12f5 \u1218\u1235\u130a\u12f5\u201d\u1295 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12aa\u1290-\u1205\u1295\u133b \u1320\u1260\u1265\u1275 \u1260\u1323\u121d \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12f0\u1295\u1241\u1275 \u130d\u1295 \u12e8\u1231\u1208\u12ed\u121b\u1292\u12eb \u1218\u1235\u130a\u12f5\u1295 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
—-<\/span><\/div>\n
\u12a0\u1348\u1295\u12f2 \u1219\u1270\u1242<\/span><\/div>\n
\u1205\u12f3\u122d 6\/2007<\/span><\/div>\n
—-<\/span><\/div>\n
The writer, Afendi Muteki, is a researcher and author of the ethnography and history of the peoples of East Ethiopia.  <\/span>You may like his facebook page and stay in touch with his articles and analysis: Just click the following link to go to his page. <\/span><\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/afendimutekiharar<\/span><\/a> <\/span><\/div>\n
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ፀሐፊ፡ አፈንዲ ሙተቂ                                   <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
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በ7ኛው ክፍለ ዘመን አጋማሽ የተጠነሰሰው እስላማዊ ኪነ-ህንጻ በአስራ አራት ክፍለ ዘመናት ውስጥ እያደገ ብዙ ፈርጆች ያሉት የጥበብ  <\/span>ዘይቤ ሊሆን በቅቷል፡፡ በዓለም ዙሪያ ከፍተኛ አድናቆት የተቸራቸው ቋሚ ግንባታዎችንም አበርክቷል፡፡ በካይሮ ከተማ የሚገኘው የአል-አዝሃር መስጊድ፣ የደማስቆው “የበኑ ኡመያ” መስጊድ (the Omayyad Mosque)፣ የኢስታንቡል “ሱሌይማኒያ” መስጊድ፣ በኢስፋሓን የሚገኘው የኢማም አደባባይና መድረሳ (Midyyan-e-Imami)፣ የህንዱ ታጅማሃል፣ ታላቂ የቁርጡባ መስጊድ (Great Mosque of Cordoba)፣ የግሪናዳ ከተማ መከላከያ ግንብ (fortress) እና ልዩ ልዩ ግንባታዎች፤ የፌዝ ከተማ የመከላከያ ግንብና ጥንታዊው የቃራዊያን መስጊድ (ሞሮኮ)፣ ከጭቃ የተሰሩት የቲምቡክቱ መስጊዶች ወዘተ… ከተደናቂ እስላማዊ ግንባታዎች ጥቂቶች ናቸው፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
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እስላማዊ ኪነ-ጥበብ ብዙ ፈርጆች እንዲኖሩት ያደረገው በባህሪው “ሆደ ሰፊ” በመሆኑ ነው፡፡ ይህም ሲባል ከሙስሊሙ ዓለም የተገኙት የኪነ-ህንጻ ጠቢባን በየሀገራቸው የነበሩትን ጥንታዊ የንድፍ ዘይቤዎች ከእስልምና መርሆች ጋር በማጣጣም አዳዲስ የኪነ-ህንጻ ዘይቤዎችን ይፈጥሩ ነበር ለማለት ነው፡፡ ለምሳሌ በኢስታንቡል ከተማ የሚገኙት ታላላቅ መስጊዶች የተሰሩት የጥንቱን የቤዛንታይን ኪነ-ህንጻ ከዐረቢያና ከፋርስ ኪነ-ህንጻ ጋር በማዋሃድ በተፈጠረው የቱርክ ኪነ-ህንጻ ዘይቤ ነው፡፡ የቲምቡክቱ መስጊዶችም የማሊን ጥንታዊ የኪነ-ህንጻ ጥበብ መሰረት በማድረግ ነው የተሰሩት፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
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ጥንት ከተገነቡት እስላማዊ ቅርሶች መካከል ከፊሎቹ ጠፍተዋል፡፡ ግማሽ ያህሉ ግን ዛሬም ቋሚ ሆነው ታሪክን ይመሰክራሉ፡፡ በእስላማዊ ግንባታዎቻቸው በዓለም ዙሪያ የተደነቁት ከተሞች የሚከተሉት ናቸው፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
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1.      <\/span><\/span><\/span>መካ<\/span><\/div>\n
2.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>መዲና<\/span><\/div>\n
3.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>እየሩሳሌም <\/span><\/div>\n
4.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>ባግዳድ (ኢራቅ)<\/span><\/div>\n
5.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>ሰመራ (ኢራቅ)<\/span><\/div>\n
6.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>ቡኻራ (ኡዝቤኪስታን)<\/span><\/div>\n
7.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>ሰመርቀንድ (ኡዝቤኪስታን)<\/span><\/div>\n
8.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>ደማስቆ (ሶሪያ)<\/span><\/div>\n
9.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>ኢስታንቡል (ቱርክ)<\/span><\/div>\n
10.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>ሂራት (አፍጋኒስታን)<\/span><\/div>\n
11.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>መዘር-ኢ-ሸሪፍ (አፍጋኒስታን)<\/span><\/div>\n
12.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>ቁርጡባ (ስፔን)<\/span><\/div>\n
13.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>ግሪናዳ (ስፔን)<\/span><\/div>\n
14.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>ካይሮ (ግብጽ)<\/span><\/div>\n
15.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>ሰንዓ (የመን)<\/span><\/div>\n
16.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>ዘቢድ (የመን)<\/span><\/div>\n
17.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>ፌዝ (ሞሮኮ)<\/span><\/div>\n
18.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>መራኪሽ (ሞሮኮ)<\/span><\/div>\n
19.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>ቱኒስ (ቱኒዚያ)<\/span><\/div>\n
20.   <\/span><\/span><\/span>ቲምቡክቱ (ማሊ)<\/span><\/div>\n
21.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>ጄኔ (ማሊ)<\/span><\/div>\n
22.   <\/span><\/span><\/span>ሀረር (ኢትዮጵያ)<\/span><\/div>\n
23.   <\/span><\/span><\/span>ዛንዚባር (ታንዛኒያ)<\/span><\/div>\n
24.   <\/span><\/span><\/span>ኒሻፑር (ኢራን)<\/span><\/div>\n
25.   <\/span><\/span><\/span>ኢስፋሓን (ኢራን)<\/span><\/div>\n
26.   <\/span><\/span><\/span>ሺራዝ (ኢራን)<\/span><\/div>\n
27.   <\/span><\/span><\/span>ቴህራን (ኢራን)<\/span><\/div>\n
28.   <\/span><\/span><\/span>ጠብሪዝ (ኢራን)<\/span><\/div>\n
29.   <\/span><\/span><\/span>ዴልሂ (ህንድ)<\/span><\/div>\n
30.   <\/span><\/span><\/span>አግራ (ህንድ)<\/span><\/div>\n
—<\/span><\/div>\n
እስላማዊ ኪነ-ህንጻ ሲጠቀስ በቀዳሚነት ከሚወሱት ጠቢባን መካከል አንዱ ከ1489 እስከ 1588 የኖረው ቱርካዊው “ሲናን” ነው፡፡ ቱርኮች ይህንን ሰው ሲጠሩት “ኮጃ ሚማር ሲናን”፣ ማለትም “ታላቁ አርክቴክት ሲናን” ይሉታል፡፡ ችሎታውን ሲገልጹም “እርሱን የመሰለ የኪነ-ህንጻ ጠቢብ አልተፈጠረም” ነው የሚሉት፡፡ በርግጥም በመቶ የሚቆጠሩ “እጹብ ድንቅ” የተባሉ ስራዎቹን ያየ ሰው በከፊልም ቢሆን የቱርኮችን አባባል መጋራቱ የማይቀር ነው፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
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 <\/span>“ሲናን” የተወለደው “አጊርናዝ” በተባለች የቱርክ አነስተኛ ከተማ ነው፡፡ በልጅነቱ በአባቱ ስር የአናጺነትና ድንጋይ የማሳመር ጥበብን ተማረ፡፡ አንድ ቀን ግን ህይወቱን የቀየረ አጋጣሚ ተፈጠረ፡፡ በዚያ ቀን (በ1521) የኦቶማን ቱርክ ወታደራዊ ኦፊሰሮች ወደ ሲናን መንደር ሄደው ለውትድርና የሚቀጠሩ ወጣቶችን ይመዘግቡ ነበር፡፡ የሲናን ወታደራዊ አቋም የሚያመረቃ ሆኖ ስለተገኘ እርሱንም መዘገቡትና ወደ ቁስጥንጥንያ (የአሁኗ ኢስታንቡል) ወሰዱት፡፡ እዚያም ልዩ ልዩ ትምህርቶችን እንዲያጠና አደረጉት፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
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የሲናን የጥበብ ተሰጥኦ መታየት የጀመረው በ1530 ድልድዮችንና ልዩ ልዩ ወታደራዊ ግንባታዎችን መስራት ሲጀምር ነው፡፡ በ1539 ግን ከውትድርናው ዓለም ተሰናብቶ የሲቪል ግንባታዎችን ጀመረ፡፡ በቀጣዮቹ 40 ዓመታትም ቱርክን በዓለም ዙሪያ ያስጠሯትን የልዩ ልዩ ግንባታዎችን ንድፍ እየወጠነ በራሱ አመራር በማስገንባት ለአግልግሎት አበቃ፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
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ሲናን በህይወት ዘመኑ 79 መስጊዶችን፣ 34 ቤተ መንግሥቶችን፣ 33 የህዝብ የመታጠቢያ ገንዳዎችን (በተለምዶ “Turkish bath የሚባሉት)፣ 19 የመቃብር ስፍራዎችን፣ 55 ትምህርት ቤቶችን፣ 16 የድኾች መኖሪያ ማዕከላትን፣ 7 የከፍተኛ ደረጃ መድረሳዎችን፣ 12 ታላላቅ ምግብ ቤቶችን ሰርቷል፡፡ የፍሳሽ መውረጃዎች፣ ፋውንቴኖች፣ ሆስፒታሎችና ሌሎችንም ገንብቷል፡፡ የሁሉንም ግንባታዎች ንድፍ (ዲዛይን) የሰራው ራሱ ሲሆን በመሃንዲስነት አስጀምሮ የሚጨርሰውም እርሱ ነበረ፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
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ከሲናን ግንባታዎች መካከል በግንባር ቀደምትነት የሚጠቀሱት የሱሌይማኒያ መስጊድ (በፎቶው ላይ ያለው)፣ የሻሕ ዛድ መስጊድ እና የሰሊም መስጊድ ናቸው (የመጀመሪያዎቹ ሁለቱ በኢስታንቡል ነው የሚገኙት፤ የሰሊም መስጊድ ግን በኢድሪን ከተማ ነው የተሰራው)፡፡ ሲናን የኔ ምርጥ ስራ ነው የሚለው “የሻህ ዛድ መስጊድ”ን ነው፡፡ የኪነ-ህንጻ ጠበብት በጣም የሚያደንቁት ግን የሱለይማኒያ መስጊድን ነው፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
—-<\/span><\/div>\n
አፈንዲ ሙተቂ<\/span><\/div>\n
ህዳር 6\/2007<\/span><\/div>\n
—-<\/span><\/div>\n
The writer, Afendi Muteki, is a researcher and author of the ethnography and history of the peoples of East Ethiopia.  <\/span>You may like his facebook page and stay in touch with his articles and analysis: Just click the following link to go to his page. <\/span><\/div>\n
https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/afendimutekiharar<\/span><\/a> <\/span><\/div>\n
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Read more ›<\/a><\/div>\n

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