{"id":302206,"date":"2014-12-16T20:24:00","date_gmt":"2014-12-17T01:24:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mereja.com\/amharic\/?guid=7aaa7fd2f0fce348b0136ca17ec78436"},"modified":"2014-12-16T20:24:00","modified_gmt":"2014-12-17T01:24:00","slug":"%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%9b%e1%8b%ad%e1%88%a8%e1%88%b1-%e1%8b%a8%e1%8d%95%e1%88%ac%e1%88%b5-%e1%8b%8d%e1%8c%a4%e1%89%b6%e1%89%bd-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mereja.net\/amharic\/302206","title":{"rendered":"\u12e8\u121b\u12ed\u1228\u1231 \u12e8\u1355\u122c\u1235 \u12cd\u1324\u1276\u127d-2"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u1338\u1210\u134a\u1361 \u12a0\u1348\u1295\u12f2 \u1219\u1270\u1242<\/span><\/div>\n
—-<\/span><\/div>\n
\u201c\u12e8\u121b\u12ed\u1228\u1231 \u12e8\u1355\u122c\u1235 \u12cd\u1324\u1276\u127d\u201d \u1260\u121a\u120d \u122d\u12d5\u1235 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u133d\u1211\u134d \u12a0\u1245\u122d\u1264 \u1290\u1260\u1228\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u12eb \u133d\u1211\u134d \u1260\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1232\u1273\u1270\u1219 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275\u1295 \u130b\u12dc\u1326\u127d\u1293 \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u1290\u1260\u122d \u12e8\u12f3\u1230\u1235\u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205\u129b\u12cd \u12ad\u134d\u120d \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u1260\u130d\u120d \u12a0\u1233\u1273\u121a\u12ce\u127d \u12a0\u121b\u12ab\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u1232\u1273\u1270\u1219 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275\u1295 \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1276\u127d \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u1235\u1233\u1208\u1295\u1361\u1361 \u1273\u12f2\u12eb \u1260\u130d\u120d \u12e8\u1270\u1218\u1230\u1228\u1271\u1275 \u12e8\u1355\u122c\u1235 \u12cd\u1324\u1276\u127d \u12a5\u1305\u130d \u1260\u122d\u12ab\u1273 \u1260\u1218\u1206\u1293\u1278\u12cd \u1201\u1209\u1295\u121d \u121b\u12f3\u1228\u1235 \u12a0\u1295\u127d\u120d\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1235\u1208\u12da\u1205 \u1273\u12cb\u1242 \u12e8\u1206\u1291\u1275\u1295 \u1265\u127b  <\/span>\u12a5\u1295\u1320\u1243\u1245\u1235\u1293 \u12e8\u1240\u1228 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u12ab\u1208 \u12c8\u12f0\u134a\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u1218\u1208\u1235\u1260\u1273\u1208\u1295\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
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1.      <\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u201c\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u1295 \u12a6\u1265\u1230\u122d\u1268\u122d\u201d \u12a5\u1293 \u201c\u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u122a\u1356\u122d\u1270\u122d\u201d \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1276\u127d<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u1260\u1240\u12f3\u121b\u12ca<\/span> \u1283\u12ed\u1208\u1225\u120b\u1224 \u12d8\u1218\u1290-\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1260\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd\u129b \u12ed\u12c8\u1321 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1229 \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1276\u127d \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1276\u1279\u1295 \u1232\u12eb\u1290\u1261 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1229 \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u1260\u12ed\u12d8\u1273\u1278\u12cd\u121d \u1206\u1290 \u1260\u1235\u1290-\u133d\u1211\u134b\u12ca \u12cd\u1260\u1273\u1278\u12cd \u1260\u1323\u121d \u12eb\u12f0\u1295\u124b\u1278\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1218\u133d\u1214\u1276\u1279 \u120b\u12ed \u12ed\u133d\u1349 \u12a8\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275 \u1338\u1210\u134d\u1275 \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u12a0\u1265\u12ec \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271 \u1208\u121b \u12a5\u1293 \u12f3\u129b\u1278\u12cd \u12c8\u122d\u1241 \u12ed\u1320\u1240\u1233\u1209\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
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2.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201c\u1218\u1290\u1295\u201d \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 <\/span><\/div>\n
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\u12a8<\/span>1950\u12ce\u1279 \u1218\u1328\u1228\u123b \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 1960\u12ce\u1279 \u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u12ed\u1273\u1270\u121d \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228 \u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1218\u133d\u1214\u1271 \u12cb\u1293 \u12a0\u12d8\u130b\u1305 \u1260\u12d3\u1209 \u130d\u122d\u121b \u1232\u1206\u1295 \u1235\u1265\u1210\u1275 \u1308\/\u12a5\u130d\u12da\u12a0\u1265\u1204\u122d\u1295 \u1328\u121d\u122e \u120c\u120e\u127d \u1273\u12cb\u1242 \u1338\u1210\u134d\u1275 \u12ed\u1233\u1270\u1349\u1260\u1275 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
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3.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201c\u1338\u12f0\u12ed\u201d \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275<\/span><\/div>\n
\u12e8\u12e8\u12ab\u1272\u1275 1966 \u12e8\u12a0\u1265\u12ee\u1275 \u134d\u1295\u12f3\u1273\u1295 \u1270\u12a8\u1275\u120e \u12e8\u1270\u1218\u1230\u1228\u1270 \u12e8\u130d\u120d \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1271 \u1260\u12d8\u1218\u1291 \u12e8\u1236\u123b\u120a\u1235\u1275 \u122d\u12d5\u12ee\u1270-\u12d3\u1208\u121d \u1275\u1295\u1270\u1293 \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u121b\u1205\u1260\u122b\u12ca\u1293 \u12aa\u1290-\u1325\u1260\u1263\u12ca \u1309\u12f3\u12ee\u127d \u120b\u12ed \u12eb\u1270\u12ae\u1228 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1270\u1328\u121b\u122a\u121d \u1208\u12e8\u1275 \u12eb\u1209 \u12a9\u1290\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u1260\u201c\u12ab\u122d\u1271\u1295\u201d \u1235\u12d5\u120d \u121b\u1233\u12e8\u1275 \u12e8\u1300\u1218\u1228\u12cd \u12a5\u122d\u1231 \u12ed\u1218\u1235\u1208\u129b\u120d (\u12a5\u122d\u130d\u1320\u129b \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u1201\u121d)\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
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 <\/span>\u201c\u1338\u12f0\u12ed\u201d \u12e8\u12d8\u1218\u1291 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12a8\u121a\u12a8\u1270\u1208\u12cd \u12e8\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u1218\u1235\u1218\u122d \u12a0\u12b3\u12eb \u12e8\u1270\u1243\u1298 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1218\u1206\u1291\u121d \u1260\u12da\u12eb \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1229 \u1260\u122d\u12ab\u1273 \u12a0\u1295\u1263\u1262\u12eb\u1295 \u201c\u1338\u12f0\u12ed\u201d\u1295 \u1260\u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u1263\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u12ed\u1270\u1279\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1206\u1296\u121d \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1271 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12a0\u1201\u1295 \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u1260\u1270\u12c8\u12f3\u1305\u1290\u1273\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1320\u1240\u1231 \u133d\u1211\u134e\u127d\u1295\u121d \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u1293\u130d\u12f7\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1208\u121d\u1233\u120c \u130b\u123c \u1235\u1265\u1210\u1275 \u1235\u1208\u201c\u12a0\u130b\u134b\u122a \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u123b\u12cd\u201d \u1218\u133b\u134d \u12e8\u1300\u1218\u1228\u12cd \u1260\u12da\u12eb \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u201c\u12d4\u120a\u1295 \u12f5\u1295\u130b\u12ed \u12eb\u1208\u1260\u1235\u12ad\u201d \u12e8\u121a\u1208\u12cd \u12a0\u132d\u122d \u12c8\u130d\u121d \u1260\u12da\u1201 \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u1218\u12cd\u1323\u1271\u1295 \u12a0\u1235\u1273\u12cd\u1233\u1208\u1201 (\u12a5\u1294 \u12e8\u12da\u12eb \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12a0\u1295\u1263\u1262 \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u1201\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1201\u1295 \u12e8\u121d\u120b\u127d\u1201\u1295 \u133d\u1211\u134d \u12eb\u1290\u1260\u1265\u12a9\u1275 \u12601980\u12ce\u1279 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1290\u12cd)\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
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4.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201c\u130e\u1205 \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275\u201d       <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u12e8\u122d\u12d5\u12ee\u1270-\u12d3\u1208\u121d \u12ed\u12d8\u1275 \u12eb\u120b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u133d\u1211\u134e\u127d \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1235\u1270\u1293\u130d\u12f0\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1201\u1295\u1293 \u12e8\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u1218\u1235\u1218\u1229 \u1260\u12d8\u1218\u1291 \u1273\u12cb\u1242 \u12a8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd\u1293 \u201c\u12a2\u1205\u12a0\u1353\u201d \u12a8\u1270\u1230\u1298\u12cd \u1205\u1261\u12a5 \u1353\u122d\u1272 \u12a0\u12b3\u12eb \u12e8\u1270\u1243\u1298 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1218\u1206\u1291\u121d \u201c\u130e\u1205\u201d \u1260\u1205\u1275\u1218\u1275 \u1265\u12d9 \u1218\u1230\u1295\u1260\u1275 \u12a0\u120d\u127b\u1208\u121d (\u1205\u1275\u1218\u1271 \u12a8\u1236\u1235\u1275 \u12a5\u1275\u121e\u127d \u1260\u128b\u120b \u12e8\u1270\u124b\u1228\u1320 \u12ed\u1218\u1235\u1208\u129b\u120d)\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u1273\u12f2\u12eb \u201c\u130e\u1205\u201d \u1260\u12da\u12eb\u127d \u1275\u1295\u123d \u130a\u12dc \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12a8\u134d\u1270\u129b \u1218\u1290\u130b\u1308\u122a\u12eb \u1208\u1218\u1206\u1295 \u1260\u1245\u1277\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed\u121d \u12e8\u1306\u1234\u134d \u1235\u1273\u120a\u1295 \u12e8\u1205\u12ed\u12c8\u1275 \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u1260\u121b\u1235\u1218\u120d\u12a8\u1275 \u1260\u1338\u12f0\u12ed \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u1260\u12c8\u1323 \u130a\u12dc \u130e\u1215 \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u133d\u1211\u1349\u1295 \u1260\u1218\u1243\u12c8\u121d \u1235\u1273\u120a\u1295\u1295 \u12a5\u12e8\u12c8\u1240\u1230 \u12e8\u1230\u1320\u12cd \u121d\u120b\u123d \u12a8\u1338\u12f0\u12ed \u130b\u122d \u1326\u122d\u1290\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12a8\u1275\u1276\u1275 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205\u121d \u12e8\u1270\u1290\u1233 \u12e8\u1338\u12f0\u12ed \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u1338\u1210\u134a\u12ce\u127d \u130e\u1205\u1295 \u201c\u12a0\u1293\u122d\u12aa\u1235\u1275\u201d \u12a5\u1235\u12a8\u121b\u1208\u1275 \u12f0\u122d\u1230\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
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\u1260\u130e\u1205 \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u12ed\u133d\u1349 \u12a8\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275 \u1273\u12cb\u1242 \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u12a0\u1295\u12f1 \u12e8\u12a2\u1205\u12a0\u1353 \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120b\u12ca \u12ae\u121a\u1274 \u12a0\u1263\u120d \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u1265\u122d\u1203\u1294 \u1290\u12cd (\u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u12e8\u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263 \u12e9\u1292\u1268\u122d\u1232\u1272 \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u121b\u122a \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228 \u1232\u1206\u1295 \u1260\u1218\u130b\u1262\u1275 \u12c8\u122d 1969 \u1260\u12a0\u1243\u1242 \u12ac\u120b \u120b\u12ed \u1270\u1308\u12f5\u120f\u120d)\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1290\u1308\u122b\u127d\u1295 \u120b\u12ed \u130e\u1215 \u12a8\u12f0\u122d\u130d \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12cd\u12f5\u1240\u1275 \u1260\u128b\u120b \u12601984 \u1218\u1328\u1228\u123b \u120b\u12ed \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1308\u1293 \u1218\u12cd\u1323\u1275 \u1300\u121d\u122e \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u130d\u1295 \u1260\u1308\u1260\u12eb \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1265\u12d9\u121d \u120a\u1246\u12ed \u12a0\u120d\u127b\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u12da\u12eb\u121d \u12a8\u12d8\u1320\u129d \u12d3\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u1260\u128b\u120b (\u12601993) \u201c\u130e\u1205\u201d \u12e8\u1270\u1230\u1298 \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u1270\u1300\u121d\u122f\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1206\u1296\u121d \u12ed\u1205\u129b\u12cd\u121d \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u12a8\u1201\u1208\u1275 \u12d3\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u1246\u12ed\u1273 \u1260\u128b\u120b \u1270\u12d8\u130d\u1277\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
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5.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201c\u1262\u120b\u120d\u201d <\/span><\/div>\n
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\u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1219\u1235\u120a\u121e\u127d \u1309\u12f3\u12ed \u120b\u12ed \u1260\u121b\u1270\u12ae\u122d \u12e8\u121a\u12d8\u130b\u1305 \u1232\u1206\u1295 \u12601966 \u12e8\u12a0\u1265\u12ee\u1275 \u134d\u1295\u12f3\u1273 \u12c8\u1245\u1275 \u1290\u12cd \u1218\u1273\u1270\u121d \u12e8\u1300\u1218\u1228\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u130d\u1295 \u12a8\u1201\u1208\u1275 \u12a5\u1275\u121d \u1260\u120b\u12ed \u1233\u12ed\u122b\u1218\u12f5 \u1320\u134b\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u12a0\u1235\u122b \u12a0\u122b\u1275 \u12d3\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u1260\u128b\u120b \u1260\u1218\u1235\u12a8\u1228\u121d \u12c8\u122d 1985 \u1260\u12da\u1201 \u1235\u121d \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u1218\u12d8\u130b\u1300\u1275 \u1300\u1218\u1228\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1201\u1295\u1293 \u12e8\u128b\u1208\u129b\u12cd \u201c\u1262\u120b\u120d\u201d \u12a8\u12f5\u122e\u12cd \u130b\u122d \u1270\u1218\u1233\u1233\u12ed \u1235\u12eb\u121c \u12a8\u1218\u12eb\u12d9 \u12cd\u132d \u12a0\u1233\u1273\u121a\u12eb\u1278\u12cd \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d (\u12e81985\u1271 \u201c\u1262\u120b\u120d\u201d \u1260\u1290\u1303\u123a \u12a0\u1233\u1273\u121a \u12a0\u121b\u12ab\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u1290\u1260\u122d \u12e8\u121a\u12d8\u130b\u1300\u12cd)\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u12a8\u1201\u1208\u1271 \u201c\u1262\u120b\u120d\u201d \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1276\u127d \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u1260\u12a0\u1295\u1263\u1262\u12eb\u1295 \u12d8\u1295\u12f5 \u120d\u12e9 \u1275\u12cd\u1235\u1273\u1295 \u1325\u120e \u12eb\u1208\u1348\u12cd \u12e81985\u1271 \u201c\u1262\u120b\u120d\u201d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12da\u1205 \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u12cb\u1293 \u12a0\u12d8\u130b\u1305 \u1273\u12cb\u1242\u12cd \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12e8\u12a5\u1235\u120d\u121d\u1293 \u120a\u1245 \u1210\u1302 \u1219\u1210\u1218\u12f5 \u12c8\u120c \u1290\u1260\u1229\u1361\u1361 \u12601987 \u1260\u12a0\u1295\u12cb\u122d \u1218\u1235\u130a\u12f5 \u1228\u1265\u123b \u1232\u1290\u1233 \u12e8\u201c\u1262\u120b\u120d\u201d\u121d \u1205\u1275\u1218\u1275 \u1270\u124b\u122d\u1327\u120d\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
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6.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201c\u12a5\u134e\u12ed\u1273\u201d<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u12601984 \u12e8\u1355\u122c\u1235 \u12a0\u12cb\u1305 \u1232\u1273\u12c8\u1305 \u1208\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb \u130a\u12dc \u12e8\u1273\u1270\u1218\u12cd \u12e8\u130d\u120d \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u201c\u12a5\u134e\u12ed\u1273\u201d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1233\u1273\u121a\u12cd \u201c\u134b\u1293 \u12f4\u121e\u12ad\u122b\u1232 \u12a0\u1233\u1273\u121a\u201d \u12ed\u1263\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1208\u1228\u1305\u121d \u130a\u12dc \u12e8\u1218\u133d\u1214\u1271 \u12cb\u1293 \u12a0\u12d8\u130b\u1305 \u1206\u1296 \u12eb\u1308\u1208\u1308\u1208\u12cd \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u1270\u1235\u134b\u12ec \u1308\u1265\u1228\u12a0\u1265 \u1290\u12cd (\u1270\u1235\u134b\u12ec \u1260\u1218\u133d\u1214\u1271 \u120b\u12ed \u1260\u12a0\u12d8\u130b\u1305\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u1320\u1240\u1230\u12cd \u201c\u12cb\u1208\u120d\u129d \u1265\u122d\u1203\u1290\u201d \u1260\u121a\u120d \u1235\u121d \u1290\u1260\u122d)\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1201\u1295\u1293 \u1218\u133d\u1204\u1271 \u201c\u1290\u133b \u1290\u129d\u201d \u1262\u120d\u121d \u12a0\u1265\u12db\u129b\u12cd \u12a0\u1295\u1263\u1262 \u12e8\u12a2\u1205\u12a0\u12f4\u130d \u120d\u1233\u1295 \u12ed\u1208\u12cd \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a5\u122d\u130d\u1325\u121d \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1271 \u12e8\u12a2\u1205\u12a0\u12f4\u130d \u1218\u1235\u1218\u122d \u1270\u12a8\u1273\u12ed \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1290\u1260\u1228 \u12a8\u133d\u1211\u134e\u1279 \u1218\u1228\u12f3\u1275 \u12ed\u127b\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1270\u1235\u134b\u12ec \u1308\u1265\u1228\u12a0\u1265 \u1263\u1233\u1270\u1218\u12cd \u12e8\u130b\u12dc\u1320\u129b\u12cd \u121b\u1235\u1273\u12c8\u123b\u121d \u12ed\u1205\u1295\u1291 \u12a0\u121d\u1296 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12a2\u1205\u12a0\u12f4\u130d \u12a0\u1263\u120b\u1275 \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1271\u1295 \u1260\u1275\u12d5\u12db\u12dd \u12ed\u1308\u12d9\u1275 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228 \u1218\u1206\u1291\u121d \u120c\u120b\u12cd \u12a0\u1235\u1228\u1302 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
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   <\/span>\u201c\u12a5\u134e\u12ed\u1273\u201d \u1218\u1273\u1270\u121d \u1232\u1300\u121d\u122d \u1260\u12f0\u122d\u130d \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1260\u1270\u1348\u1338\u1219 \u12e8\u1240\u12ed \u123d\u1265\u122d \u12c8\u1295\u1300\u120e\u127d\u1363 \u1260\u12d3\u1208\u121d \u12a0\u1240\u134d \u1309\u12f3\u12ee\u127d\u1293 \u1260\u12aa\u1290-\u1325\u1260\u1263\u1275 \u1309\u12f3\u12ee\u127d \u120b\u12ed \u1235\u1208\u121a\u12eb\u1270\u12a9\u122d  <\/span>\u1260\u122d\u12ab\u1273 \u12a0\u1295\u1263\u1262\u12eb\u1295 \u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12dd\u130d\u1305\u1271\u121d \u12e8\u123a\u1325\u120b \u12ae\u12a8\u1265\u1363 \u12f0\u1228\u1304 \u12f0\u1235\u1273\u1364 \u1235\u1265\u1210\u1275 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u12a5\u130d\u12da\u12a0\u1265\u1204\u122d \u12a5\u1293 \u12a0\u1228\u1348\u12d3\u12ed\u1294 \u1210\u130e\u1235\u1295 \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1230\u1209 \u12f0\u122b\u1232\u12ce\u127d\u1293 \u130b\u12dc\u1320\u129e\u127d \u12ed\u1233\u1270\u1349 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1218\u133d\u1214\u1271 \u12e8\u1273\u1270\u1219 \u1260\u122d\u12ab\u1273 \u1218\u1323\u1325\u134e\u127d\u1293 \u12a0\u132b\u132d\u122d \u120d\u1265-\u12c8\u1208\u12f6\u127d \u201c\u12a5\u134d\u1273\u201d \u1260\u1270\u1230\u1299\u1275 \u1270\u12a8\u1273\u1273\u12ed \u1218\u12f5\u1265\u120e\u127d \u1270\u1230\u1263\u1235\u1260\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
  <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
\u201c\u12a5\u134e\u12ed\u1273\u201d \u12a81987 \u1260\u128b\u120b \u12f5\u122e \u1260\u1290\u1260\u1228\u1260\u1275 \u12ed\u12d8\u1275 \u1218\u1240\u1320\u120d \u12a0\u120d\u127b\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1218\u1206\u1291\u121d \u12e8\u12a0\u1295\u1263\u1262\u12ce\u1279 \u1241\u1325\u122d \u12a8\u130a\u12dc \u12c8\u12f0 \u130a\u12dc \u1240\u1295\u1237\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1262\u1206\u1295\u121d \u1260\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1273\u12ca\u12ce\u1279 \u201c\u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12d8\u1218\u1295\u201d \u12a5\u1293 \u201c\u12a2\u1274\u126a\u201d \u12e8\u121b\u12ed\u12d8\u1308\u1261 \u12c8\u1245\u1273\u12ca \u1309\u12f3\u12ee\u127d\u1295 \u1260\u1265\u1278\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12eb\u1235\u1270\u1293\u130d\u12f5 \u1235\u1208\u121a\u12f0\u1228\u130d \u12a5\u1235\u12a8\u12c8\u12f2\u12eb\u129b\u12cd \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u1260\u12a0\u1295\u1263\u1262 \u12a5\u1326\u1275 \u12f5\u122d\u1245 \u12a0\u120d\u1270\u1218\u1273\u121d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
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7.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201c\u1229\u1215\u201d<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u201c\u12e9\u122c\u12ab\u201d \u1260\u121a\u1263\u120d \u12a0\u1233\u1273\u121a \u12f5\u122d\u1305\u1275 \u12a0\u121b\u12ab\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u1260\u121a\u12eb\u12da\u12eb 1984 \u1290\u12cd \u1218\u1273\u1270\u121d \u12e8\u1300\u1218\u1228\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1218\u133d\u1214\u1271 \u12cb\u1293 \u12a0\u12d8\u130b\u1305 \u130b\u123d \u1333\u12cd\u120e\u1235 \u129e\u129e \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1206\u1296\u121d \u1333\u12cd\u120e\u1235 \u12a8\u1325\u1242\u1275 \u12a5\u1275\u121e\u127d \u1260\u128b\u120b (\u12601984 \u12ad\u1228\u121d\u1275 \u12c8\u122b\u1275) \u121e\u1277\u120d\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
\u1260\u1218\u133d\u1214\u1271 \u120b\u12ed \u12a8\u121a\u133d\u1349 \u1265\u122d\u12d5\u1270\u129e\u127d \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u201c\u1231\u120d\u1323\u1295 \u12a2\u1295\u123b \u12a0\u120b\u1205\u201d \u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1208\u12cd \u1338\u1210\u134a \u12ed\u1320\u1240\u1233\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205 \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u12601985 \u12a8\u1270\u124b\u1228\u1320 \u1260\u128b\u120b \u12601993 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1308\u1293 \u12a0\u1295\u1230\u122b\u122d\u1277\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u130d\u1295 \u1260\u12da\u1205\u129b\u12cd\u121d \u130a\u12dc \u1265\u12d9 \u1233\u12ed\u1313\u12dd \u1270\u124b\u122d\u1327\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u201c\u1229\u1215\u201d \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u1260\u12f0\u1295\u1265 \u12e8\u121a\u1273\u12c8\u1230\u12cd \u12e8\u123c\u12bd \u1211\u1234\u1295 \u1302\u1265\u122a\u120d\u1295 \u1275\u1295\u1262\u1273\u12ca \u130d\u1325\u121e\u127d \u1208\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb \u12a8\u12a0\u1295\u1263\u1262\u12eb\u1295 \u130b\u122d \u1260\u1235\u134b\u1275 \u12eb\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u12c8\u1240 \u1260\u1218\u1206\u1291 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
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8.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201c\u1326\u1262\u12eb\u201d<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u1260\u1273\u12cb\u1242\u12cd \u130b\u12dc\u1320\u129b \u1219\u1209\u130c\u1273 \u1209\u120c \u12a0\u121b\u12ab\u129d\u1290\u1275 \u12601984 \u12e8\u1270\u1300\u1218\u1228 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u201c\u1326\u1262\u12eb\u201d\u1295 \u1208\u12e8\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u1308\u12cd \u1260\u121a\u12eb\u12da\u12eb 1984 \u12a8\u1270\u1300\u1218\u1229\u1275 \u12e8\u1290\u133b \u1355\u122c\u1235 \u12cd\u1324\u1276\u127d \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u1233\u12ed\u124b\u1228\u1325 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u1218\u1235\u12a8\u1228\u121d 1998 \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u1208\u1218\u1313\u12dd \u12e8\u127b\u1208 \u1265\u1278\u129b \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u1218\u1206\u1291 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1218\u133d\u1214\u1271 \u120b\u12ed \u12ed\u133d\u1349 \u12a8\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275 \u1265\u12d5\u122d\u1270\u129e\u127d \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u1338\u130b\u12ec \u1308\u1265\u1228\u1218\u12f5\u1205\u1295 \u12a0\u122d\u12a0\u12eb\u1363 \u1235\u1295\u123b\u12cd \u1270\u1308\u1298 \u12a5\u1293 \u1210\u1230\u1295 \u12d1\u1218\u122d \u12a0\u1265\u12f0\u120b \u1260\u1323\u121d \u12ed\u1273\u12c8\u1233\u1209\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
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\u1260\u1326\u1262\u12eb \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u12a8\u12c8\u1321\u1275 \u133d\u1211\u134e\u127d \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d\u121d \u12f6\/\u122d \u1218\u1228\u122b \u1309\u12f2\u1293 \u1260\u12a6\u122e\u121e \u1205\u12dd\u1265 \u1325\u12eb\u1244 \u12d9\u122a\u12eb \u12e8\u133b\u134f\u1278\u12cd \u1270\u12a8\u1273\u1273\u12ed \u133d\u1211\u134e\u127d\u1293 \u12601953\u1271 \u12e8\u1273\u1205\u1233\u1235 \u130d\u122d\u130d\u122d \u12d9\u122a\u12eb \u12e8\u1270\u1320\u1293\u1240\u1228\u12cd \u1273\u122a\u12ab\u12ca \u12d8\u1308\u1263 \u12ed\u1320\u1240\u1233\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12601987 \u12a0\u130b\u121b\u123d \u120b\u12ed \u1260\u1304\u1294\u126d \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12a0\u121d\u1263\u1233\u12f0\u122d \u12a8\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275 \u1313\u12f5 \u12ab\u1233 \u12a8\u1260\u12f0 \u130b\u122d \u12e8\u1270\u12f0\u1228\u1308\u12cd \u1243\u1208-\u1218\u1320\u12ed\u1245\u121d \u12e8\u1218\u133d\u1214\u1271\u1295 \u1270\u1348\u120b\u130a\u1290\u1275 \u1260\u12a5\u1305\u1309 \u12a0\u1295\u122e\u1275 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361  <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
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9.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201c\u1233\u120c\u121d\u201d <\/span><\/div>\n
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\u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb<\/span> \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12a8\u1270\u12a8\u1230\u1271 \u12e8\u121d\u1295\u130a\u12dc\u121d \u1270\u12c8\u12f3\u1305 \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1276\u127d \u12a0\u1295\u12f1 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u201c\u1233\u120c\u121d\u201d \u1260\u12a0\u1240\u122b\u1228\u1261 \u121a\u12db\u1293\u12ca \u1260\u1218\u1206\u1291 \u1260\u122d\u12ab\u1273 \u12f0\u1295\u1260\u129e\u127d \u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1201\u121d \u1208\u130d\u120d \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1276\u127d \u1263\u120d\u1270\u1208\u1218\u12f0 \u1201\u1294\u1273 \u12e8\u1275\u129b\u12cd\u1295\u121d \u12a0\u12ab\u120d \u12a0\u1290\u130b\u130d\u122e \u12d8\u1308\u1263 \u12ed\u1230\u122b \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1263\u1208\u1235\u120d\u1323\u1293\u1275 \u1208\u1233\u120c\u121d \u1218\u1228\u1303\u1293 \u1243\u1208-\u1218\u1320\u12ed\u1245 \u12ed\u1230\u1321 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1270\u1243\u12cb\u121a \u12e8\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u12f5\u122d\u1305\u1276\u127d\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u12da\u12eb\u12cd!! <\/span><\/div>\n
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\u1233\u120c\u121d \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u1260\u12a0\u1295\u1263\u1262\u12eb\u1295 \u12d8\u1295\u12f5 \u1260\u1323\u121d \u12e8\u121a\u1273\u12c8\u1230\u12cd \u1260\u1201\u1208\u1275 \u1290\u1308\u122e\u127d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1295\u12f0\u129b\u12cd \u1260\u12c8\u1229 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12a0\u1290\u130b\u130b\u122a \u1260\u1206\u1290 \u1309\u12f3\u12ed \u12d9\u122a\u12eb \u12e8\u130d\u122b\u1293 \u12e8\u1240\u129d \u121d\u1295\u132e\u127d\u1295 \u12a5\u12eb\u1290\u130b\u1308\u1228 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1240\u122d\u1260\u12cd \u201c\u12a0\u1262\u12ed \u122d\u12d5\u1235\u201d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12da\u1205 \u12d8\u1308\u1263 \u12a0\u133b\u133b\u134d \u12a8\u1265\u12d9 \u12d3\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u1260\u128b\u120b \u201c\u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u1290\u1308\u122d\u201d \u130b\u12dc\u1323 \u12ed\u12de\u1275 \u12a8\u1218\u1323\u12cd \u201c\u134a\u1278\u122d \u133d\u1211\u134d \u12a0\u133b\u133b\u134d\u201d \u130b\u122d \u1270\u1218\u1233\u1233\u12ed \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u120d\u12e9\u1290\u1271 \u1233\u120c\u121d \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u12a8\u12cb\u1293\u12cd \u12d8\u1308\u1263 \u12a0\u1320\u1308\u1265 \u134e\u1276\u130d\u122b\u134e\u127d\u1295\u1293 \u1309\u12f3\u12e9 \u12a8\u121a\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1273\u1278\u12cd \u12a0\u12ab\u120b\u1275 \u130b\u122d \u12e8\u1270\u12f0\u1228\u1309 \u12a0\u132b\u132d\u122d \u1243\u1208-\u121d\u120d\u120d\u1236\u127d\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12ad\u120d \u1218\u1206\u1291 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
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  <\/span>\u1260\u120c\u120b \u1260\u12a9\u120d \u1233\u120c\u121d \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u1273\u12cb\u1242 \u12e8\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u1230\u12ce\u127d\u1295\u1363 \u121d\u1201\u122b\u1295\u1295\u1293 \u12a0\u122d\u1272\u1235\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u12a5\u12e8\u130b\u1260\u12d8 \u1260\u121a\u1230\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u120d\u12e9 \u1243\u1208-\u1218\u1320\u12ed\u1246\u127d\u121d \u12ed\u1273\u12c8\u1233\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1233\u120c\u121d \u12ab\u1235\u1270\u1293\u1308\u12f3\u1278\u12cd \u1243\u1208-\u1218\u1320\u12ed\u1246\u127d \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u12e8\u12a6\u1290\u130d \u121d\/\u120a\u1240\u1218\u1295\u1260\u122d \u12a8\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275 \u12a0\u1276 \u120c\u1295\u132e \u1208\u1273\u1363 \u12a8\u1240\u12f5\u121e\u12cd \u12e8\u12f0\u1205\u1295\u1290\u1275 \u121a\u1292\u1235\u1275\u122d \u12ae\/\u120d \u1270\u1235\u134b\u12ec \u12c8\u120d\u12f0\u1225\u120b\u1224\u1363 \u12a8\u1240\u12f5\u121e\u12cd \u1320\/\u121a\u1292\u1235\u1275\u122d \u134d\u1245\u1228 \u1225\u120b\u1224 \u12c8\u130d\u12f0\u1228\u1235\u1363 \u12e8\u12f0\u122d\u130d \u12a8\u134d\u1270\u129b \u1263\u1208\u1235\u120d\u1323\u1293\u1275 \u12a8\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275 \u12ae\/\u120d \u12f0\u1260\u120b \u12f2\u1295\u1233\u1293 \u12f6\/\u122d \u12d3\u1208\u1219 \u12a0\u1260\u1260 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1201\u121d \u12a8\u12a0\u122d\u1272\u1235\u1275 \u1219\u1209\u1240\u1295 \u1218\u1208\u1220 \u130b\u122d \u12e8\u1270\u12f0\u1228\u1309\u1275 \u12ed\u1320\u1240\u1233\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u201c\u1233\u120c\u121d\u201d \u12601986 \u1218\u1328\u1228\u123b \u120b\u12ed \u1208\u130a\u12dc\u12cd \u1263\u120b\u12c8\u1245\u12a9\u1275 \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1275 \u1270\u12d8\u130d\u1277\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1218\u133d\u1214\u1271 \u120b\u12ed \u1260\u12d8\u130b\u1262\u1290\u1275 \u12ed\u1230\u1229 \u12a8\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275 \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u12e8\u12a0\u1201\u1291 \u12a0\u122d\u1272\u1235\u1275 \u1230\u12ed\u1349 \u134b\u1295\u1273\u1201\u1295 \u12ed\u1320\u1240\u1233\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
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10.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201c\u12a0\u120c\u134d\u201d<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u1260<\/span>1985\/86 \u12a8\u1233\u120c\u121d \u1240\u1325\u120e \u1230\u134a \u1270\u1290\u1263\u1262\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a0\u1240\u122b\u1228\u1261\u121d \u12a8\u1233\u120c\u121d \u130b\u122d \u12e8\u1218\u1218\u1233\u1230\u120d \u1290\u1308\u122d \u12ed\u1273\u12ed\u1260\u1275 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed \u12e8\u1218\u133d\u1214\u1271 \u201c\u12d0\u1262\u12ed \u122d\u12d5\u1235\u201d \u12a0\u1320\u122d \u12a8\u121b\u1208\u1271 \u1260\u1235\u1270\u1240\u122d \u12a8\u1233\u120c\u121d \u12e8\u201c\u134a\u1278\u122d \u12d8\u1308\u1263\u201d \u130b\u122d \u1270\u1218\u1233\u1233\u12ed \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a0\u120c\u134d \u12e8\u121a\u1273\u12e8\u12cd \u12e8\u1270\u1208\u12e8 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u1262\u1296\u122d \u12a8\u12cb\u1293\u12cd \u12d8\u1308\u1263 \u12a0\u1320\u1308\u1265 \u12a8\u122d\u12d5\u1231 \u130b\u122d \u12e8\u121a\u1204\u12f1 \u12a0\u1290\u130b\u130b\u122a \u133d\u1211\u134e\u127d\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12ad\u120d \u1218\u1206\u1291 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
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\u12e8\u12a0\u120c\u134d \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u1263\u1208\u1264\u1275 \u12a0\u1276 \u1265\u122d\u1203\u1290 \u1218\u12cb \u1290\u1260\u1229\u1361\u1361 \u12cb\u1293 \u12a0\u12d8\u130b\u1301 \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12a0\u1201\u1295 \u12e8\u126a.\u12a6.\u12a4 \u12d8\u130b\u1262 \u1206\u1296 \u12e8\u121a\u1230\u122b\u12cd \u1218\u1208\u1235\u12ab\u1278\u12cd \u12a0\u1218\u1200 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12d8\u130b\u1262\u1290\u1275 (\u122a\u1353\u122d\u1270\u122d\u1290\u1275) \u12ed\u1230\u1229 \u12a8\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275 \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d\u121d \u12a0\u1201\u1295 \u12e8\u1238\u1308\u122d \u12a4\u134d.\u12a4\u121d \u1273\u12cb\u1242 \u1230\u12cd \u12e8\u1206\u1290\u127d\u12cd \u130b\u12dc\u1320\u129b \u1218\u12a0\u12db \u1265\u1229 \u1275\u1320\u1240\u1233\u1208\u127d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
\u12ed\u1205 \u1218\u133d\u1204\u1275 \u1235\u1208\u12a2\u1205\u12a0\u1353 \u1309\u12f3\u12ed \u12a5\u12e8\u12f0\u130b\u1308\u1218 \u12ed\u133d\u134d \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u12601986 \u1208\u1218\u12d8\u130b\u1275 \u12e8\u1260\u1243\u12cd \u1260\u12da\u1201 \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
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11.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201c\u122a\u1356\u122d\u1270\u122d\u201d \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u12e8\u12a0\u121b\u1228<\/span> \u12a0\u1228\u130b\u12ca \u12a9\u1263\u1292\u12eb \u1260\u1206\u1290\u12cd \u121a\u12f2\u12eb\u1293 \u12ae\u121a\u1292\u12ac\u123d\u1295 \u1234\u1295\u1270\u122d \u12e8\u121a\u12d8\u130b\u1305 \u12c8\u122d\u1203\u12ca \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u1290\u1260\u1228\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1218\u133d\u1214\u1271 \u12cb\u1293 \u12a0\u12d8\u130b\u1305 \u12a5\u1238\u1274 \u12a0\u1230\u134b  <\/span>\u1232\u1206\u1295 \u12a8\u1218\u133d\u1214\u1271 \u12a8\u134d\u1270\u129b \u12a0\u12d8\u130b\u1306\u127d \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u128b\u120b \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u130b\u12dc\u1323 \u121b\u1294\u1302\u1295\u130d \u12a4\u12f2\u1270\u122d \u12e8\u1206\u1290\u12cd \u1218\u1235\u134d\u1295 \u1290\u130b\u123d \u12ed\u1320\u1240\u1233\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
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 <\/span>\u122a\u1356\u122d\u1270\u122d \u1260\u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275\u1290\u1271 \u12a8\u122a\u1356\u122d\u1270\u122d \u130b\u12dc\u1323 \u1260\u1323\u121d \u12ed\u1208\u12eb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u122a\u1356\u122d\u1270\u122d \u130b\u12dc\u1323 \u1265\u12d9 \u1308\u133d \u1262\u1296\u1228\u12cd\u121d \u12a0\u1265\u12db\u129b\u12cd \u12ad\u134d\u120d \u1260\u121b\u1235\u1273\u12c8\u1242\u12eb \u12e8\u1270\u12eb\u12d8 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1295\u1263\u1265 \u1325\u121b\u1275 \u120b\u1208\u12cd \u1230\u12cd \u1265\u12d9\u121d \u12a0\u122d\u12aa \u12e8\u121a\u1263\u120d \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u122a\u1356\u122d\u1270\u122d \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u130d\u1295 \u1260\u1218\u1228\u1303\u1293 \u1260\u121d\u122d\u121d\u122d \u12e8\u1270\u12f0\u1308\u1349 \u12a0\u1290\u130b\u130b\u122a\u1363 \u12a0\u12a8\u122b\u12ab\u122a \u12a5\u1293 \u12a0\u12c8\u12eb\u12ed \u133d\u1211\u134e\u127d\u1295 \u12ed\u12de \u12ed\u12c8\u1323 \u1235\u1208\u1290\u1260\u1228 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed\u121d \u1260\u121d\u1201\u1229 \u12ad\u134d\u120d \u12a8\u134d\u1270\u129b \u1270\u1290\u1263\u1262\u1290\u1275 \u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u122a\u1356\u122d\u1270\u122d \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u12a8\u12c8\u1321 \u133d\u1211\u134e\u127d \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u12a4\u122d\u1275\u122b \u201c\u1293\u1245\u134b\u201d \u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u1308\u1295\u12d8\u1265 \u1260\u1235\u122b \u120b\u12ed \u1263\u12cb\u1208\u127d\u1260\u1275 \u12c8\u1245\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u1320\u1293\u1240\u1228\u12cd \u12d8\u1308\u1263\u1363 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee-\u12a4\u122d\u1275\u122b \u1326\u122d\u1290\u1275 \u1260\u1348\u1290\u12f3\u1260\u1275 \u130a\u12dc \u12e8\u1270\u1320\u1293\u1240\u1228 \u12d8\u1308\u1263\u1363 \u12a5\u1290 \u1270\u12c8\u120d\u12f0 \u12c8\u120d\u12f0\u121b\u122a\u12eb\u121d \u12a8\u1205\u12c8\u1210\u1275 \u1270\u1308\u1295\u1325\u1208\u12cd \u1260\u12c8\u1321\u1260\u1275 \u12c8\u1245\u1275 \u201c\u1266\u1293\u1353\u122d\u1272\u12dd\u121d\u201d \u1260\u121a\u120d \u122d\u12d5\u1235 \u12e8\u12c8\u1323\u12cd \u12a0\u1290\u130b\u130b\u122a \u12d8\u1308\u1263\u1363 \u12f6\/\u122d \u1290\u130b\u1236 \u130a\u12f3\u12f3 \u12a8\u12a6\u1205\u12f4\u12f5 \u1260\u12c8\u1321\u1260\u1275 \u130a\u12dc \u12e8\u1270\u1320\u1293\u1240\u1228\u12cd \u1243\u1208-\u121d\u120d\u120d\u1235\u1363 \u1260\u130b\u121d\u1264\u120b\u12cd \u130d\u132d\u1275 \u12d9\u122a\u12eb \u12e8\u1270\u1320\u1293\u1240\u1228\u12cd \u122a\u1356\u122d\u1273\u12e5 \u1260\u12a8\u134d\u1270\u129b \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u1270\u1290\u1260\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1218\u133d\u1214\u1271 \u120b\u12ed \u1218\u1323\u1325\u134e\u127d\u1295 \u12a8\u121a\u12eb\u1240\u122d\u1261 \u1265\u12d5\u122d\u1270\u129e\u127d \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u12e8\u12a2\u1205\u12f4\u1295\/\u1265\u12a0\u12f4\u1295 \u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120b\u12ca \u12ae\u121a\u1274 \u12a0\u1263\u120d \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u1218\u12dd\u1219\u122d \u1348\u1295\u1274 \u12ed\u1320\u1240\u1233\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u122a\u1356\u122d\u1270\u122d<\/span> \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 1997 \u1218\u130d\u1262\u12eb \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u1260\u1205\u1275\u1218\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1290\u1260\u1228 \u12a0\u1235\u1273\u12cd\u1233\u1208\u1201\u1361\u1361 \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1271 \u1218\u127c \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1270\u124b\u1228\u1320\u1293 \u1260\u121d\u1295 \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1270\u124b\u1228\u1320 \u130d\u1295 \u1275\u12ad\u12ad\u1208\u129b \u1218\u1228\u1303 \u12e8\u1208\u129d\u121d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
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12.    <\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>\u201c\u12a2\u1275\u12a6\u1335\u201d<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u1260\u1230\u1294<\/span> \u12c8\u122d 1991 \u12e8\u1270\u1300\u1218\u1228 \u12e8\u130d\u120d \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1271 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed \u1260\u1218\u1228\u1303 \u1235\u134b\u1275\u1293 \u1320\u1208\u1245 \u1263\u1208 \u1275\u1295\u1273\u1294\u12cd \u12ed\u1273\u12c8\u1233\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1273\u122a\u12ad-\u1290\u12ad \u1309\u12f3\u12ee\u127d\u1295\u121d \u12a5\u12e8\u1246\u1230\u1246\u1230 \u1265\u12d9 \u12a0\u1295\u1263\u1262\u12eb\u1295\u1295 \u1260\u121b\u134d\u122b\u1271\u121d \u12ed\u1273\u12c8\u1243\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u12da\u1205\u121d \u1260\u1270\u1328\u121b\u122a \u12a8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u130b\u122d \u1260\u1265\u122d\u1271 \u12e8\u1270\u124b\u1230\u1209 \u1273\u12cb\u1242 \u12e8\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u12ed\u133d\u1349\u1260\u1275 \u1235\u1208\u1290\u1260\u1228 \u12a8\u134d\u1270\u129b \u1270\u1348\u120b\u130a\u1290\u1275 \u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1208\u121d\u1233\u120c \u12a5\u1290 \u12a0\u1276 \u12a5\u12eb\u1231 \u12a0\u1208\u121b\u12e8\u1201\u1363 \u12a0\u1276 \u12a0\u1230\u134b \u132b\u1266\u1363 \u12a0\u1276 \u12a0\u1265\u122d\u1203\u121d \u12eb\u12e8\u1205\u1363 \u12a0\u1276 \u130c\u1273\u1278\u12cd \u130b\u1228\u12f0\u12cd \u12e8\u1218\u1233\u1230\u1209\u1275 \u12e8\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u1260\u122d\u12ab\u1273 \u133d\u1211\u134e\u127b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12a0\u1245\u122d\u1260\u12cd\u1260\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1308\u1323\u121a \u1200\u12ed\u1209 \u1308\u1265\u1228\u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 (\u1308\u121e\u122b\u12cd) \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u1205\u12c8\u1210\u1275 \u1241\u120d\u134d \u1230\u12cd \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u12e8\u1265\u1235\u122b\u1275 \u12a0\u121b\u1228 (\u12a8\u12ae\u120e\u121d\u1260\u1235-\u12a6\u1203\u12ee) \u1270\u12a8\u1273\u1273\u12ed \u133d\u1211\u134e\u127d\u121d \u1270\u1235\u1270\u1293\u130d\u12f0\u12cd\u1260\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 <\/span><\/div>\n
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\u1260\u120c\u120b<\/span> \u1260\u12a9\u120d \u201c\u12a2\u1275\u12a6\u1335\u201d \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u1260\u1205\u1275\u1218\u1275 \u12a2\u1295\u12f1\u1235\u1275\u122a\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1273\u12c8\u1235\u1260\u1275 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12a0\u1208\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205\u121d \u1273\u12cb\u1242\u1293 \u12dd\u1290\u129e\u127d \u1265\u127b \u12e8\u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u12f3 \u12e8\u121a\u12f0\u1228\u1309\u1260\u1275\u1295 \u120d\u121b\u12f5 \u1260\u1218\u1235\u1260\u122d \u1260\u12dd\u1245\u1270\u129b \u1291\u122e \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1208\u121a\u1308\u1299\u1275 \u12e8\u1205\u1265\u1228\u1270\u1230\u1265 \u12ad\u134d\u120e\u127d \u1243\u1208-\u1218\u1320\u12ed\u1245 \u12e8\u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130d \u120d\u121b\u12f5\u1295 \u121b\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u12c8\u1241 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u1243\u1208-\u1218\u1320\u12ed\u1246\u127d \u201c\u1218\u1295\u1308\u12f5\u201d \u1260\u1270\u1230\u1298\u12cd \u12a0\u121d\u12f5 \u12ed\u1235\u1270\u1293\u1308\u12f1 \u1290\u1260\u122d (\u12a5\u1294 \u12a2\u1275\u12a6\u1335\u1295 \u121b\u1295\u1260\u1265 \u12e8\u121d\u1300\u121d\u1228\u12cd \u201c\u1218\u1295\u1308\u12f5\u201d \u12a8\u1270\u1230\u1298\u12cd \u12d3\u121d\u12f5 \u1290\u1260\u1228)\u1361\u1361 \u201c\u12a2\u1275\u12a6\u1335\u201d \u12a8\u121d\u122d\u132b 1997 \u130d\u122d\u130d\u122d \u130b\u122d \u1260\u1270\u12eb\u12eb\u12d8 \u1260\u1218\u1235\u12a8\u1228\u121d \u12c8\u122d 1998 \u1270\u12d8\u130d\u1277\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
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13.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>\u201c\u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u1309\u12f3\u12ed\u201d<\/span><\/div>\n
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\u12ed\u1205 \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1275 \u1260<\/span>1998 \u1308\u12f0\u121b \u1232\u1300\u1218\u122d \u201c\u122e\u12dd\u201d \u12e8\u121a\u120d \u1235\u121d \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12602003 \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u201c\u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u1309\u12f3\u12ed\u201d \u12e8\u121a\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u1235\u12eb\u121c \u12eb\u12d8\u1361\u1361<\/span>\u1218\u133d\u1214\u1271<\/span> \u1260\u1305\u121d\u1229 \u120b\u12ed \u1260\u12aa\u1290-\u1325\u1260\u1265\u1293 \u121b\u1205\u1260\u122b\u12ca \u1309\u12f3\u12ee\u127d \u12d9\u122a\u12eb \u12eb\u1270\u12a9\u122d \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u201c\u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u1309\u12f3\u12ed\u201d \u1260\u121a\u120d \u1235\u121d \u1218\u12d8\u130b\u1300\u1275 \u12a8\u1300\u1218\u1228 \u1260\u128b\u120b \u130d\u1295 \u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab\u12ca\u1293 \u12a2\u12ae\u1296\u121a\u12eb\u12cd \u1309\u12f3\u12ee\u127d\u1295 \u1328\u121d\u122e \u1201\u1209\u1295\u121d \u12d8\u122d\u134e\u127d \u12e8\u121a\u12f3\u1235\u1235 \u1206\u1297\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1218\u133d\u1204\u1271 \u120b\u12ed \u1235\u121d \u12eb\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u121d\u1201\u122b\u1295\u1293 \u1273\u12cb\u1242 \u12c8\u1323\u1275 \u1338\u1210\u134d\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1233\u1270\u1349 \u12a8\u1218\u1206\u1293\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u1270\u1290\u1233 \u1260\u12a0\u132d\u122d \u130a\u12dc \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1230\u134a \u12a0\u1295\u1263\u1262\u12eb\u1295\u1295 \u1208\u121b\u134d\u122b\u1275 \u1260\u1245\u1277\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u201c\u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u1309\u12f3\u12ed\u201d \u12e8\u121a\u1273\u12c8\u1235\u1260\u1275 \u120c\u120b\u129b\u12cd \u1290\u1308\u122d \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1276\u127d \u1260\u12c8\u122d \u1265\u127b \u12e8\u121a\u12d8\u130b\u1301\u1260\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u1228\u1305\u121d \u130a\u12dc \u120d\u121b\u12f5 \u1230\u1265\u122e \u12e8\u12a0\u1235\u122b \u12a0\u121d\u1235\u1275 \u1240\u1295 \u12a5\u1293 \u1233\u121d\u1295\u1273\u12ca \u1205\u1275\u1218\u1275\u1295 \u121b\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u12c8\u1241 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
*****<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
\u12a8\u120b\u12ed \u12a8\u1320\u1240\u1235\u12b3\u1278\u12cd \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1276\u127d \u1260\u1270\u1328\u121b\u122a \u1218\u1235\u1273\u12c8\u1275\u1363 \u121b\u1208\u12f3\u1363 \u12a0\u12a5\u121d\u122e\u1363 \u12a0\u1262\u1232\u1292\u12eb\u1363 \u1209\u1232\u1363 \u1308\u12f3\u1363 \u12e8\u12a0\u134d\u122a\u12ab \u1240\u1295\u12f5\u1363 \u1205\u1265\u122d\u1363 \u1208\u12db\u1363 \u121d\u1292\u120d\u12ad\u1363 \u120d\u1233\u1290-\u1205\u12dd\u1265\u1363 \u12ae\u12a8\u1265\u1363 \u121b\u1215\u120c\u1275\u1363 \u12dc\u130b\u1363 \u12c8\u12d8\u1270\u2026 \u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1209 \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1276\u127d\u121d \u1260\u1200\u1308\u122b\u127d\u1295 \u12ed\u1273\u1270\u1219 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1201\u1295 \u130d\u1295 \u12a0\u1295\u12f3\u1278\u12cd\u121d \u12e8\u1209\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1205\u1275\u1218\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u12ab\u1209\u1275 \u1218\u133d\u1214\u1276\u127d \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u12d8\u120b\u1242 \u1260\u1206\u1290 \u1218\u120d\u12a9 \u12e8\u121a\u1240\u1325\u1209\u1275 \u12e8\u1275\u129e\u1279 \u1293\u1278\u12cd?\u2026 \u12c8\u12f0\u134a\u1275 \u12a0\u1265\u1228\u1295 \u12e8\u121d\u1293\u12e8\u12cd \u12ed\u1206\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u12f5\u121c\u1293 \u1324\u1293 \u12ed\u1235\u1320\u1295\u1293!!<\/span><\/div>\n
—-<\/span><\/div>\n
\u1290\u1210\u1234 11\/2006<\/span><\/div>\n
\u12a0\u1348\u1295\u12f2 \u1219\u1270\u1242<\/span><\/div>\n
—-<\/span><\/div>\n
Afendi Muteki is a researcher and author of the ethnography and history with special focus on the peoples of East Ethiopia. You may follow him on his blog and his facebook page by clicking the following links<\/span><\/div>\n
Facebook  <\/span>https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/afendimutekiharar<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n
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Blog:  <\/span><\/span>https:\/\/afendimutekiharar.blogspot.com<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n
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ጸሐፊ፡ አፈንዲ ሙተቂ<\/span><\/div>\n
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“የማይረሱ የፕሬስ ውጤቶች” በሚል ርዕስ አንድ ጽሑፍ አቅርቤ ነበረ፡፡ በዚያ ጽሑፍ በመንግሥት ሲታተሙ የነበሩትን ጋዜጦችና መጽሔቶችን ነበር የዳሰስነው፡፡ በዚህኛው ክፍል ደግሞ በግል አሳታሚዎች አማካኝነት ሲታተሙ የነበሩትን መጽሔቶች እንዳስሳለን፡፡ ታዲያ በግል የተመሰረቱት የፕሬስ ውጤቶች እጅግ በርካታ በመሆናቸው ሁሉንም ማዳረስ አንችልም፡፡ ስለዚህ ታዋቂ የሆኑትን ብቻ  <\/span>እንጠቃቅስና የቀረ ነገር ካለ ወደፊት እንመለስበታለን፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
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1.      <\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>“ኢትዮጵያን ኦብሰርቨር” እና “አዲስ ሪፖርተር” መጽሔቶች<\/span><\/div>\n
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በቀዳማዊ<\/span> ኃይለሥላሤ ዘመነ-መንግሥት በእንግሊዝኛ ይወጡ የነበሩ መጽሔቶች ናቸው፡፡ መጽሔቶቹን ሲያነቡ የነበሩ ሰዎች በይዘታቸውም ሆነ በስነ-ጽሑፋዊ ውበታቸው በጣም ያደንቋቸዋል፡፡ በመጽሔቶቹ ላይ ይጽፉ ከነበሩት ጸሐፍት መካከል አብዬ መንግሥቱ ለማ እና ዳኛቸው ወርቁ ይጠቀሳሉ፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
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2.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>“መነን” መጽሔት <\/span><\/div>\n
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ከ<\/span>1950ዎቹ መጨረሻ እስከ 1960ዎቹ መጀመሪያ ድረስ ይታተም የነበረ የአማርኛ መጽሔት ነው፡፡ የመጽሔቱ ዋና አዘጋጅ በዓሉ ግርማ ሲሆን ስብሐት ገ\/እግዚአብሄርን ጨምሮ ሌሎች ታዋቂ ጸሐፍት ይሳተፉበት ነበር፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
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3.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>“ጸደይ” መጽሔት<\/span><\/div>\n
የየካቲት 1966 የአብዮት ፍንዳታን ተከትሎ የተመሰረተ የግል መጽሔት ነው፡፡ መጽሔቱ በዘመኑ የሶሻሊስት ርዕዮተ-ዓለም ትንተና እና በማህበራዊና ኪነ-ጥበባዊ ጉዳዮች ላይ ያተኮረ ነው፡፡ በተጨማሪም ለየት ያሉ ኩነቶችን በ“ካርቱን” ስዕል ማሳየት የጀመረው እርሱ ይመስለኛል (እርግጠኛ አይደለሁም)፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
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 <\/span>“ጸደይ” የዘመኑ መንግሥት ከሚከተለው የፖለቲካ መስመር አኳያ የተቃኘ ነው፡፡ በመሆኑም በዚያ ዘመን የነበሩ በርካታ አንባቢያን “ጸደይ”ን በአድርባይነት ይተቹታል፡፡ ሆኖም መጽሔቱ እስከ አሁን ድረስ በተወዳጅነታቸው የሚጠቀሱ ጽሑፎችንም አስተናግዷል፡፡ ለምሳሌ ጋሼ ስብሐት ስለ“አጋፋሪ እንደሻው” መጻፍ የጀመረው በዚያ መጽሔት ላይ ነው፡፡ “ዔሊን ድንጋይ ያለበስክ” የሚለው አጭር ወግም በዚሁ መጽሔት ላይ መውጣቱን አስታውሳለሁ (እኔ የዚያ ዘመን አንባቢ አይደለሁም፡፡ አሁን የምላችሁን ጽሑፍ ያነበብኩት በ1980ዎቹ ውስጥ ነው)፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
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4.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>“ጎህ መጽሔት”       <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
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የርዕዮተ-ዓለም ይዘት ያላቸውን ጽሑፎች ነው የሚያስተናግደው፡፡ ይሁንና የፖለቲካ መስመሩ በዘመኑ ታዋቂ ከነበረውና “ኢህአፓ” ከተሰኘው ህቡእ ፓርቲ አኳያ የተቃኘ ነው፡፡ በመሆኑም “ጎህ” በህትመት ብዙ መሰንበት አልቻለም (ህትመቱ ከሶስት እትሞች በኋላ የተቋረጠ ይመስለኛል)፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
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ታዲያ “ጎህ” በዚያች ትንሽ ጊዜ ውስጥ ከፍተኛ መነጋገሪያ ለመሆን በቅቷል፡፡ በተለይም የጆሴፍ ስታሊን የህይወት ታሪክ በማስመልከት በጸደይ መጽሔት ላይ በወጣ ጊዜ ጎሕ መጽሔት ጽሑፉን በመቃወም ስታሊንን እየወቀሰ የሰጠው ምላሽ ከጸደይ ጋር ጦርነት ውስጥ ከትቶት ነበር፡፡ በዚህም የተነሳ የጸደይ መጽሔት ጸሐፊዎች ጎህን “አናርኪስት” እስከማለት ደርሰዋል፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
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በጎህ መጽሔት ላይ ይጽፉ ከነበሩት ታዋቂ ሰዎች አንዱ የኢህአፓ ማዕከላዊ ኮሚቴ አባል የነበረው ዮሐንስ ብርሃኔ ነው (ዮሐንስ የአዲስ አበባ ዩኒቨርሲቲ አስተማሪ የነበረ ሲሆን በመጋቢት ወር 1969 በአቃቂ ኬላ ላይ ተገድሏል)፡፡ በነገራችን ላይ ጎሕ ከደርግ መንግሥት ውድቀት በኋላ በ1984 መጨረሻ ላይ እንደገና መውጣት ጀምሮ ነበር፡፡ ነገር ግን በገበያ ውስጥ ብዙም ሊቆይ አልቻለም፡፡ ከዚያም ከዘጠኝ ዓመታት በኋላ (በ1993) “ጎህ” የተሰኘ መጽሔት ተጀምሯል፡፡ ሆኖም ይህኛውም መጽሔት ከሁለት ዓመታት ቆይታ በኋላ ተዘግቷል፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
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5.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>“ቢላል” <\/span><\/div>\n
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በኢትዮጵያ ሙስሊሞች ጉዳይ ላይ በማተኮር የሚዘጋጅ ሲሆን በ1966 የአብዮት ፍንዳታ ወቅት ነው መታተም የጀመረው፡፡ ነገር ግን ከሁለት እትም በላይ ሳይራመድ ጠፋ፡፡ ከአስራ አራት ዓመታት በኋላ በመስከረም ወር 1985 በዚሁ ስም አዲስ መጽሔት መዘጋጀት ጀመረ፡፡ ይሁንና የኋለኛው “ቢላል” ከድሮው ጋር ተመሳሳይ ስያሜ ከመያዙ ውጭ አሳታሚያቸው አንድ አይደለም (የ1985ቱ “ቢላል” በነጃሺ አሳታሚ አማካኝነት ነበር የሚዘጋጀው)፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
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ከሁለቱ “ቢላል” መጽሔቶች መካከል በአንባቢያን ዘንድ ልዩ ትውስታን ጥሎ ያለፈው የ1985ቱ “ቢላል” ነው፡፡ የዚህ መጽሔት ዋና አዘጋጅ ታዋቂው የኢትዮጵያ የእስልምና ሊቅ ሐጂ ሙሐመድ ወሌ ነበሩ፡፡ በ1987 በአንዋር መስጊድ ረብሻ ሲነሳ የ“ቢላል”ም ህትመት ተቋርጧል፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
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6.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>“እፎይታ”<\/span><\/div>\n
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በ1984 የፕሬስ አዋጅ ሲታወጅ ለመጀመሪያ ጊዜ የታተመው የግል መጽሔት “እፎይታ” ነው፡፡ አሳታሚው “ፋና ዴሞክራሲ አሳታሚ” ይባላል፡፡ ለረጅም ጊዜ የመጽሔቱ ዋና አዘጋጅ ሆኖ ያገለገለው ደግሞ ተስፋዬ ገብረአብ ነው (ተስፋዬ በመጽሔቱ ላይ በአዘጋጅነት የተጠቀሰው “ዋለልኝ ብርሃነ” በሚል ስም ነበር)፡፡ ይሁንና መጽሄቱ “ነጻ ነኝ” ቢልም አብዛኛው አንባቢ የኢህአዴግ ልሳን ይለው ነበር፡፡ በእርግጥም መጽሔቱ የኢህአዴግ መስመር ተከታይ እንደነበረ ከጽሑፎቹ መረዳት ይቻላል፡፡ ተስፋዬ ገብረአብ ባሳተመው የጋዜጠኛው ማስታወሻም ይህንኑ አምኖ ነበር፡፡ የኢህአዴግ አባላት መጽሔቱን በትዕዛዝ ይገዙት የነበረ መሆኑም ሌላው አስረጂ ነው፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
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   <\/span>“እፎይታ” መታተም ሲጀምር በደርግ ዘመን በተፈጸሙ የቀይ ሽብር ወንጀሎች፣ በዓለም አቀፍ ጉዳዮችና በኪነ-ጥበባት ጉዳዮች ላይ ስለሚያተኩር  <\/span>በርካታ አንባቢያን ነበሩት፡፡ በዝግጅቱም የሺጥላ ኮከብ፣ ደረጄ ደስታ፤ ስብሐት ገብረ እግዚአብሄር እና አረፈዓይኔ ሐጎስን የመሳሰሉ ደራሲዎችና ጋዜጠኞች ይሳተፉ ነበር፡፡ በመጽሔቱ የታተሙ በርካታ መጣጥፎችና አጫጭር ልብ-ወለዶች “እፍታ” በተሰኙት ተከታታይ መድብሎች ተሰባስበዋል፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
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“እፎይታ” ከ1987 በኋላ ድሮ በነበረበት ይዘት መቀጠል አልቻለም፡፡ በመሆኑም የአንባቢዎቹ ቁጥር ከጊዜ ወደ ጊዜ ቀንሷል፡፡ ቢሆንም በመንግሥታዊዎቹ “አዲስ ዘመን” እና “ኢቴቪ” የማይዘገቡ ወቅታዊ ጉዳዮችን በብቸኝነት እንዲያስተናግድ ስለሚደረግ እስከወዲያኛው ድረስ በአንባቢ እጦት ድርቅ አልተመታም፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
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7.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>“ሩሕ”<\/span><\/div>\n
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“ዩሬካ” በሚባል አሳታሚ ድርጅት አማካኝነት በሚያዚያ 1984 ነው መታተም የጀመረው፡፡ የመጽሔቱ ዋና አዘጋጅ ጋሽ ጳውሎስ ኞኞ ነው፡፡ ሆኖም ጳውሎስ ከጥቂት እትሞች በኋላ (በ1984 ክረምት ወራት) ሞቷል፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
በመጽሔቱ ላይ ከሚጽፉ ብርዕተኞች መካከል “ሱልጣን ኢንሻ አላህ” የተባለው ጸሐፊ ይጠቀሳል፡፡ ይህ መጽሔት በ1985 ከተቋረጠ በኋላ በ1993 እንደገና አንሰራርቷል፡፡ ነገር ግን በዚህኛውም ጊዜ ብዙ ሳይጓዝ ተቋርጧል፡፡ “ሩሕ” መጽሔት በደንብ የሚታወሰው የሼኽ ሑሴን ጂብሪልን ትንቢታዊ ግጥሞች ለመጀመሪያ ከአንባቢያን ጋር በስፋት ያስተዋወቀ በመሆኑ ነው፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
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8.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>“ጦቢያ”<\/span><\/div>\n
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በታዋቂው ጋዜጠኛ ሙሉጌታ ሉሌ አማካኝነት በ1984 የተጀመረ ነው፡፡ “ጦቢያ”ን ለየት የሚያደርገው በሚያዚያ 1984 ከተጀመሩት የነጻ ፕሬስ ውጤቶች መካከል ሳይቋረጥ እስከ መስከረም 1998 ድረስ ለመጓዝ የቻለ ብቸኛ መጽሔት መሆኑ ነው፡፡ በመጽሔቱ ላይ ይጽፉ ከነበሩት ብዕርተኞች መካከል ጸጋዬ ገብረመድህን አርአያ፣ ስንሻው ተገኘ እና ሐሰን ዑመር አብደላ በጣም ይታወሳሉ፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
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በጦቢያ መጽሔት ከወጡት ጽሑፎች መካከልም ዶ\/ር መረራ ጉዲና በኦሮሞ ህዝብ ጥያቄ ዙሪያ የጻፏቸው ተከታታይ ጽሑፎችና በ1953ቱ የታህሳስ ግርግር ዙሪያ የተጠናቀረው ታሪካዊ ዘገባ ይጠቀሳሉ፡፡ በ1987 አጋማሽ ላይ በጄኔቭ የኢትዮጵያ አምባሳደር ከነበሩት ጓድ ካሳ ከበደ ጋር የተደረገው ቃለ-መጠይቅም የመጽሔቱን ተፈላጊነት በእጅጉ አንሮት ነበር፡፡  <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
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9.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>“ሳሌም” <\/span><\/div>\n
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በኢትዮጵያ<\/span> ታሪክ ከተከሰቱ የምንጊዜም ተወዳጅ መጽሔቶች አንዱ ነው፡፡ “ሳሌም” በአቀራረቡ ሚዛናዊ በመሆኑ በርካታ ደንበኞች ነበሩት፡፡ እንዲሁም ለግል መጽሔቶች ባልተለመደ ሁኔታ የትኛውንም አካል አነጋግሮ ዘገባ ይሰራ ነበር፡፡ የመንግሥት ባለስልጣናት ለሳሌም መረጃና ቃለ-መጠይቅ ይሰጡ ነበር፡፡ የተቃዋሚ የፖለቲካ ድርጅቶችም እንደዚያው!! <\/span><\/div>\n
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ሳሌም መጽሔት በአንባቢያን ዘንድ በጣም የሚታወሰው በሁለት ነገሮች ነው፡፡ አንደኛው በወሩ ውስጥ አነጋጋሪ በሆነ ጉዳይ ዙሪያ የግራና የቀኝ ምንጮችን እያነጋገረ የሚያቀርበው “አቢይ ርዕስ” ነው፡፡ የዚህ ዘገባ አጻጻፍ ከብዙ ዓመታት በኋላ “አዲስ ነገር” ጋዜጣ ይዞት ከመጣው “ፊቸር ጽሑፍ አጻጻፍ” ጋር ተመሳሳይ ነው፡፡ ልዩነቱ ሳሌም መጽሔት ከዋናው ዘገባ አጠገብ ፎቶግራፎችንና ጉዳዩ ከሚመለከታቸው አካላት ጋር የተደረጉ አጫጭር ቃለ-ምልልሶችን የሚያክል መሆኑ ነው፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
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  <\/span>በሌላ በኩል ሳሌም መጽሔት ታዋቂ የፖለቲካ ሰዎችን፣ ምሁራንንና አርቲስቶችን እየጋበዘ በሚሰራቸው ልዩ ቃለ-መጠይቆችም ይታወሳል፡፡ ሳሌም ካስተናገዳቸው ቃለ-መጠይቆች መካከል የኦነግ ም\/ሊቀመንበር ከነበሩት አቶ ሌንጮ ለታ፣ ከቀድሞው የደህንነት ሚኒስትር ኮ\/ል ተስፋዬ ወልደሥላሤ፣ ከቀድሞው ጠ\/ሚኒስትር ፍቅረ ሥላሤ ወግደረስ፣ የደርግ ከፍተኛ ባለስልጣናት ከነበሩት ኮ\/ል ደበላ ዲንሳና ዶ\/ር ዓለሙ አበበ እንዲሁም ከአርቲስት ሙሉቀን መለሠ ጋር የተደረጉት ይጠቀሳሉ፡፡ “ሳሌም” በ1986 መጨረሻ ላይ ለጊዜው ባላወቅኩት ምክንያት ተዘግቷል፡፡ በመጽሔቱ ላይ በዘጋቢነት ይሰሩ ከነበሩት መካከል የአሁኑ አርቲስት ሰይፉ ፋንታሁን ይጠቀሳል፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
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10.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>“አሌፍ”<\/span><\/div>\n
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በ<\/span>1985\/86 ከሳሌም ቀጥሎ ሰፊ ተነባቢነት የነበረው መጽሔት ነው፡፡ በአቀራረቡም ከሳሌም ጋር የመመሳሰል ነገር ይታይበት ነበር፡፡ በተለይ የመጽሔቱ “ዐቢይ ርዕስ” አጠር ከማለቱ በስተቀር ከሳሌም የ“ፊቸር ዘገባ” ጋር ተመሳሳይ ነው፡፡ በአሌፍ የሚታየው የተለየ ነገር ቢኖር ከዋናው ዘገባ አጠገብ ከርዕሱ ጋር የሚሄዱ አነጋጋሪ ጽሑፎችን የሚያክል መሆኑ ነው፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
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የአሌፍ መጽሔት ባለቤት አቶ ብርሃነ መዋ ነበሩ፡፡ ዋና አዘጋጁ ደግሞ አሁን የቪ.ኦ.ኤ ዘጋቢ ሆኖ የሚሰራው መለስካቸው አመሀ ነው፡፡ በዘጋቢነት (ሪፓርተርነት) ይሰሩ ከነበሩት መካከልም አሁን የሸገር ኤፍ.ኤም ታዋቂ ሰው የሆነችው ጋዜጠኛ መአዛ ብሩ ትጠቀሳለች፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
ይህ መጽሄት ስለኢህአፓ ጉዳይ እየደጋገመ ይጽፍ ነበር፡፡ በ1986 ለመዘጋት የበቃው በዚሁ ምክንያት ነው፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
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11.     <\/span><\/span><\/span>“ሪፖርተር” መጽሔት<\/span><\/div>\n
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የአማረ<\/span> አረጋዊ ኩባኒያ በሆነው ሚዲያና ኮሚኒኬሽን ሴንተር የሚዘጋጅ ወርሃዊ መጽሔት ነበረ፡፡ የመጽሔቱ ዋና አዘጋጅ እሸቴ አሰፋ  <\/span>ሲሆን ከመጽሔቱ ከፍተኛ አዘጋጆች መካከል ኋላ ላይ የአዲስ ነገር ጋዜጣ ማኔጂንግ ኤዲተር የሆነው መስፍን ነጋሽ ይጠቀሳል፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
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 <\/span>ሪፖርተር በመጽሔትነቱ ከሪፖርተር ጋዜጣ በጣም ይለያል፡፡ ሪፖርተር ጋዜጣ ብዙ ገጽ ቢኖረውም አብዛኛው ክፍል በማስታወቂያ የተያዘ ነው፡፡ የንባብ ጥማት ላለው ሰው ብዙም አርኪ የሚባል አይደለም፡፡ ሪፖርተር መጽሔት ግን በመረጃና በምርምር የተደገፉ አነጋጋሪ፣ አከራካሪ እና አወያይ ጽሑፎችን ይዞ ይወጣ ስለነበረ በተለይም በምሁሩ ክፍል ከፍተኛ ተነባቢነት ነበረው፡፡ በሪፖርተር መጽሔት ከወጡ ጽሑፎች መካከል ኤርትራ “ናቅፋ” የተባለውን ገንዘብ በስራ ላይ ባዋለችበት ወቅት የተጠናቀረው ዘገባ፣ የኢትዮ-ኤርትራ ጦርነት በፈነዳበት ጊዜ የተጠናቀረ ዘገባ፣ እነ ተወልደ ወልደማሪያም ከህወሐት ተገንጥለው በወጡበት ወቅት “ቦናፓርቲዝም” በሚል ርዕስ የወጣው አነጋጋሪ ዘገባ፣ ዶ\/ር ነጋሶ ጊዳዳ ከኦህዴድ በወጡበት ጊዜ የተጠናቀረው ቃለ-ምልልስ፣ በጋምቤላው ግጭት ዙሪያ የተጠናቀረው ሪፖርታዥ በከፍተኛ ደረጃ ተነበዋል፡፡ በመጽሔቱ ላይ መጣጥፎችን ከሚያቀርቡ ብዕርተኞች መካከል የኢህዴን\/ብአዴን ማዕከላዊ ኮሚቴ አባል የነበረው መዝሙር ፈንቴ ይጠቀሳል፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
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ሪፖርተር<\/span> እስከ 1997 መግቢያ ድረስ በህትመት ላይ እንደነበረ አስታውሳለሁ፡፡ መጽሔቱ መቼ እንደተቋረጠና በምን ምክንያት እንደተቋረጠ ግን ትክክለኛ መረጃ የለኝም፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
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12.    <\/span><\/span><\/span> <\/span>“ኢትኦጵ”<\/span><\/div>\n
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በሰኔ<\/span> ወር 1991 የተጀመረ የግል መጽሔት ነው፡፡ መጽሔቱ በተለይ በመረጃ ስፋትና ጠለቅ ባለ ትንታኔው ይታወሳል፡፡ ታሪክ-ነክ ጉዳዮችንም እየቆሰቆሰ ብዙ አንባቢያንን በማፍራቱም ይታወቃል፡፡ ከዚህም በተጨማሪ ከኢትዮጵያ መንግሥት ጋር በብርቱ የተቋሰሉ ታዋቂ የፖለቲካ ሰዎች ይጽፉበት ስለነበረ ከፍተኛ ተፈላጊነት ነበረው፡፡ ለምሳሌ እነ አቶ እያሱ አለማየሁ፣ አቶ አሰፋ ጫቦ፣ አቶ አብርሃም ያየህ፣ አቶ ጌታቸው ጋረደው የመሳሰሉት የፖለቲካ ሰዎች በርካታ ጽሑፎቻቸውን አቅርበውበታል፡፡ የገጣሚ ሀይሉ ገብረዮሐንስ (ገሞራው) እና የህወሐት ቁልፍ ሰው የነበረው የብስራት አማረ (ከኮሎምበስ-ኦሃዮ) ተከታታይ ጽሑፎችም ተስተናግደውበታል፡፡ <\/span><\/div>\n
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በሌላ<\/span> በኩል “ኢትኦጵ” መጽሔት በህትመት ኢንዱስትሪው የሚታወስበት አንድ ታሪክ አለው፡፡ ይህም ታዋቂና ዝነኞች ብቻ የመጽሔት እንግዳ የሚደረጉበትን ልማድ በመስበር በዝቅተኛ ኑሮ ውስጥ ለሚገኙት የህብረተሰብ ክፍሎች ቃለ-መጠይቅ የማድረግ ልማድን ማስተዋወቁ ነው፡፡ እነዚህ ቃለ-መጠይቆች “መንገድ” በተሰኘው አምድ ይስተናገዱ ነበር (እኔ ኢትኦጵን ማንበብ የምጀምረው “መንገድ” ከተሰኘው ዓምድ ነበረ)፡፡ “ኢትኦጵ” ከምርጫ 1997 ግርግር ጋር በተያያዘ በመስከረም ወር 1998 ተዘግቷል፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
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13.    <\/span><\/span><\/span>“አዲስ ጉዳይ”<\/span><\/div>\n
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ይህ መጽሔት በ<\/span>1998 ገደማ ሲጀመር “ሮዝ” የሚል ስም ነው የነበረው፡፡ በ2003 ደግሞ “አዲስ ጉዳይ” የሚለውን ስያሜ ያዘ፡፡<\/span>መጽሔቱ<\/span> በጅምሩ ላይ በኪነ-ጥበብና ማህበራዊ ጉዳዮች ዙሪያ ያተኩር ነበር፡፡ “አዲስ ጉዳይ” በሚል ስም መዘጋጀት ከጀመረ በኋላ ግን ፖለቲካዊና ኢኮኖሚያው ጉዳዮችን ጨምሮ ሁሉንም ዘርፎች የሚዳስስ ሆኗል፡፡ በመጽሄቱ ላይ ስም ያላቸው ምሁራንና ታዋቂ ወጣት ጸሐፍት የሚሳተፉ ከመሆናቸው የተነሳ በአጭር ጊዜ ውስጥ ሰፊ አንባቢያንን ለማፍራት በቅቷል፡፡ “አዲስ ጉዳይ” የሚታወስበት ሌላኛው ነገር ደግሞ መጽሔቶች በወር ብቻ የሚዘጋጁበትን የረጅም ጊዜ ልማድ ሰብሮ የአስራ አምስት ቀን እና ሳምንታዊ ህትመትን ማስተዋወቁ ነው፡፡<\/span><\/div>\n
*****<\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
ከላይ ከጠቀስኳቸው መጽሔቶች በተጨማሪ መስታወት፣ ማለዳ፣ አእምሮ፣ አቢሲኒያ፣ ሉሲ፣ ገዳ፣ የአፍሪካ ቀንድ፣ ህብር፣ ለዛ፣ ምኒልክ፣ ልሳነ-ህዝብ፣ ኮከብ፣ ማሕሌት፣ ዜጋ፣ ወዘተ… የተባሉ መጽሔቶችም በሀገራችን ይታተሙ ነበር፡፡ አሁን ግን አንዳቸውም የሉም፡፡ በህትመት ላይ ካሉት መጽሔቶች መካከል ዘላቂ በሆነ መልኩ የሚቀጥሉት የትኞቹ ናቸው?… ወደፊት አብረን የምናየው ይሆናል፡፡ እድሜና ጤና ይስጠንና!!<\/span><\/div>\n
—-<\/span><\/div>\n
ነሐሴ 11\/2006<\/span><\/div>\n
አፈንዲ ሙተቂ<\/span><\/div>\n
—-<\/span><\/div>\n
Afendi Muteki is a researcher and author of the ethnography and history with special focus on the peoples of East Ethiopia. You may follow him on his blog and his facebook page by clicking the following links<\/span><\/div>\n
Facebook  <\/span>https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/afendimutekiharar<\/span><\/a><\/div>\n
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Blog:  <\/span><\/span>https:\/\/afendimutekiharar.blogspot.com<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n
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Read more ›<\/a><\/div>\n

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