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\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u1235\u134b\u134b\u12cd\u1363 \u12e8\u1234\u1275 \u1270\u121b\u122a\u12ce\u127d \u1241\u1325\u122d \u12eb\u12f0\u1308\u12cd \u12a8\u12a0\u1265\u12ee\u1271 \u1260\u134a\u1275 \u1290\u12cd \u12c8\u12ed\u1235 \u1260\u128b\u120b?
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\u1260\u12a5\u1205\u120d \u121d\u122d\u1275\u1363 \u1260\u12a2\u1295\u12f1\u1235\u1275\u122a\u1363 \u1260\u12a4\u12ad\u1235\u1356\u122d\u1275 \u1218\u1235\u12ae\u127d \u12e8\u1265\u120d\u1345\u130d\u1293 \u121d\u120d\u12ad\u1275 \u12e8\u1273\u12e8\u12cd\u1293 \u12e8\u1320\u134b\u12cd\u1235?
\u12e8\u1219\u12eb \u134d\u1245\u122d \u12eb\u1260\u1260\u12cd\u1364 \u1235\u1290\u1345\u1201\u134d\u1363 \u1275\u12eb\u1275\u122d\u1293 \u1219\u12da\u1243 \u12eb\u12f0\u1308\u12cd\u1364 \u1235\u1356\u122d\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u123b\u123b\u1208\u12cd \u1218\u127c \u12ed\u1206\u1295?<\/p>\n
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\u12ed\u1205\u121d \u1265\u127b \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1362 \u12e8\u12f5\u122e \u1208\u1245\u1236 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u12db\u122c \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1362 \u1260\u12a5\u122d\u130d\u1325 \u12db\u122c\u121d \u1262\u1206\u1295\u1364 \u12e8\u12a0\u1308\u122b\u127d\u1295 \u1208\u1245\u1236 \u1208\u1273\u12ed\u1273 \u12e8\u121a\u1240\u122d\u1265 \u1245\u1325 \u12eb\u1323 \u120d\u121b\u12f5 \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u130d\u1295 \u12e8\u12f5\u122e\u12cd \u12ed\u1265\u1233\u120d\u1362 \u1230\u12cd \u1232\u121e\u1275\u1363 \u120d\u1265\u1235 \u1218\u1245\u12f0\u12f5\u1293 \u1340\u1309\u122d \u1218\u1295\u1328\u1275\u1364 \u134a\u1275 \u1218\u1267\u1328\u122d\u1293 \u12f0\u1228\u1275 \u1218\u12f0\u1208\u1245\u1364 \u1218\u122c\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u1218\u1295\u12a8\u1263\u1208\u120d\u1293 \u12a0\u1348\u122d \u1218\u120d\u1260\u1235 \u12e8\u1270\u1208\u1218\u12f0 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1362 \u1290\u12cd\u1320\u129b \u1208\u1245\u1236 \u12ed\u1209\u1203\u120d \u12ed\u1204 \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u12ed\u1205\u1295 \u1208\u121b\u1235\u1240\u1228\u1275 \u1295\u1309\u1221 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1323\u1229 \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u120d\u1341\u1275 \u1232\u121e\u1295 \u121c\u1232\u1295\u1364 \u1290\u1320\u120b \u12a0\u12d8\u1245\u12dd\u1246 \u1218\u120d\u1260\u1235 \u12e8\u1270\u1300\u1218\u1228\u12cd \u12eb\u1294 \u1290\u12cd \u12ed\u120b\u1209\u1362 Changing Ethiopia\u1361 Simon D. MessingSource: Middle East Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Autumn, 1955), pp. 413-432\u1362
\u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1205 \u1260\u12e8\u1218\u1235\u12a9 \u12e8\u1235\u120d\u1323\u1294 \u132d\u120b\u1295\u132d\u120e\u127d \u1265\u1245 \u1265\u1245 \u1262\u1209\u121d\u1364 \u12e81960\u12ce\u1279 \u1270\u121b\u122a\u12ce\u127d\u1293 \u12c8\u1323\u1275 \u121d\u1201\u122b\u1295\u1364 \u1260\u1295\u1309\u1221 \u12f0\u1235\u1270\u129b \u12a0\u120d\u1290\u1260\u1229\u121d\u1362 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12eb\u12cd\u121d\u1364 \u1295\u1309\u1221\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u12cb\u1290\u129b \u1320\u120b\u1275 \u1348\u122d\u1300\u12cb\u1278\u12cb\u120d\u1362 \u201c\u1295\u1309\u1221 \u12a0\u1308\u122a\u1271\u1295 \u1260\u128b\u120b\u1240\u122d\u1290\u1275 \u12a0\u1235\u1228\u12cd \u12ed\u12d8\u12cb\u120d\u1362 \u1205\u12dd\u1261\u1295 \u12a8\u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u12a0\u122b\u122d\u1240\u12cd\u1273\u120d\u1364 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed \u1234\u1276\u127d \u1260\u1218\u1203\u12ed\u121d\u1290\u1275 \u1328\u1208\u121b \u1270\u12cd\u1320\u12cb\u120d (\u12f5\u122d\u1265 \u132d\u1246\u1293 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1209)\u1362 \u1205\u12dd\u1261 \u12a8\u1218\u1230\u1228\u1270 \u120d\u121b\u1275\u1293 \u12a8\u12a2\u12ae\u1296\u121a \u12a5\u12f5\u1308\u1275\u1363 \u12a8\u12a4\u120c\u12ad\u1275\u122a\u12ad\u1293 \u12a8\u1235\u120d\u12ad\u1363 \u12a8\u1218\u1295\u1308\u12f5\u1293 \u12a8\u1275\u122b\u1295\u1235\u1356\u122d\u1275 \u12a0\u1308\u120d\u130d\u120e\u1276\u127d \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u12ed\u1270\u12cb\u12c8\u1245\u1364 \u12e8\u12a5\u122d\u123b\u1293 \u12e8\u12a2\u1295\u12f1\u1235\u1275\u122a \u12a5\u12f5\u1308\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u12eb\u12ed \u12eb\u12f0\u1228\u1309\u1275 \u1295\u1309\u1221 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u201d \u12e8\u121a\u1209 \u12cd\u130d\u12d8\u1276\u127d\u1364 \u1260\u12eb\u1294\u12ce\u1279 \u201c\u12e8\u12a0\u1265\u12ee\u1273\u12ca \u1275\u12cd\u120d\u12f5\u201d \u12a0\u1263\u120b\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1270\u1300\u1218\u1229 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8\u12db\u122c \u12d8\u120d\u1240\u12cb\u120d\u1362
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\u12e8\u12a8\u134d\u1270\u129b \u1275\u121d\u1205\u122d\u1275 \u1270\u121b\u122a\u12ce\u127d \u1241\u1325\u122d\u1363 \u1260\u1295\u1309\u1221 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1260\u1203\u12eb \u12a0\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325\u1363 \u12a8\u12a0\u122b\u1275 \u1218\u1276 \u1308\u12f0\u121b \u12c8\u12f0 6500 \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u1328\u121d\u122f\u120d – \u1260\u12a0\u1235\u122b \u12a0\u121d\u1235\u1275 \u12a5\u1325\u134d\u1362 \u1260\u12f0\u122d\u130d \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1236\u1235\u1275 \u12a5\u1325\u134d \u1308\u12f0\u121b \u12a0\u12f5\u130e 18\u123a \u12e8\u12f0\u1228\u1230 \u1232\u1206\u1295\u1363 \u1260\u12a2\u1205\u12a0\u12f4\u130d \u12e8\u1203\u12eb \u12a0\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u130a\u12dc\u1363 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u1295\u1309\u1221 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12a8\u12a0\u1235\u122b \u12a0\u121d\u1235\u1275 \u12a5\u1325\u134d \u1260\u121b\u12f0\u130d \u12a8350\u123a \u1260\u120b\u12ed \u1206\u1297\u120d\u1362<\/p>\n
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\u12601947 \u12d3.\u121d\u1363 \u1260\u12a0\u1308\u122a\u1271 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u12a0\u1218\u1273\u12ca \u12e8\u12a4\u120c\u12ad\u1275\u122a\u12ad \u1203\u12ed\u120d \u12a0\u1245\u122d\u1266\u1275\u1363 33 \u130a\u130b\u12cb\u1275\u1203\u12c8\u122d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1290\u1260\u122d \u12e8\u12cd\u1203 \u121a\u1292\u1235\u1274\u122d \u1263\u1208\u1219\u12eb \u1218\u1228\u1303 \u12eb\u1233\u12eb\u120d\u1362 \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u12ab\u12ed \u1208\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1230\u12cd 1600 \u12cb\u1275\u12a0\u12c8\u122d… \u1260\u1323\u121d \u1275\u1295\u123d \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u1208\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1264\u1270\u1230\u1265 \u1260\u1240\u1295 \u120825 \u12f0\u1242\u1243 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12a0\u121d\u1356\u120d \u1265\u127b \u12eb\u1260\u122b \u1290\u1260\u122d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121b\u1208\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12a0\u1265\u12ee\u1271 \u12cb\u12dc\u121b \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u1203\u12eb \u12d3\u1218\u1275 \u1263\u120d\u121e\u120b \u130a\u12dc \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u130d\u1295\u1363 \u12a0\u1245\u122d\u1266\u1271 \u126018 \u12a5\u1325\u134d \u1328\u121d\u122f\u120d\u1362 18 \u12a5\u1325\u134d? \u1348\u1323\u1295 \u12a5\u12f5\u1308\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1362
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\u1260\u12f0\u122d\u130d \u12d8\u1218\u1295\u1235? \u126017 \u12e8\u12f0\u122d\u130d \u12a0\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325\u1363 \u12e8\u12a4\u120c\u12ad\u1275\u122a\u12ad \u1203\u12ed\u120d \u12a0\u1245\u122d\u1266\u1275 1210 \u130a\u130b\u12cb\u1275\u12a0\u12c8\u122d \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u12f0\u1228\u1230\u12cd\u1362 \u1260\u1295\u1309\u1221 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12a8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u130b\u122d \u1232\u1290\u1343\u1340\u122d \u1260\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12a5\u1325\u134d \u1265\u127b \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u1328\u1218\u1228\u12cd\u1362 \u130d\u1295 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u12e8\u12a4\u120c\u12ad\u1275\u122a\u12ad \u1203\u12ed\u120d \u12e8\u121b\u130d\u1298\u1275 \u12a5\u12f5\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u1265\u12d9\u121d \u12a0\u120d\u1328\u1218\u1228\u121d\u1362 \u1208\u121d\u1295 \u1262\u1263\u120d\u1363 \u12e8\u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u1241\u1325\u122d\u121d \u1328\u121d\u122f\u120b\u1362 \u12a5\u1293\u121d\u1363 \u1260\u1264\u1270\u1230\u1265 \u1232\u1230\u120b\u1363 \u1260\u12e8\u1240\u1291 6 \u1230\u12d3\u1275 \u1208\u121b\u12ed\u121e\u120b \u130a\u12dc \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12a0\u121d\u1356\u120d \u12e8\u121b\u1265\u122b\u1275 \u12eb\u1205\u120d \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u1260\u12a0\u132d\u1229\u1363 \u1260\u12f0\u122d\u130d \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12a4\u120c\u12ad\u1275\u122a\u12ad \u12e8\u1218\u1320\u1240\u121d \u12a5\u12f5\u120d \u12e8\u1270\u123b\u123b\u1208\u12cd\u1363 \u12a8\u1230\u1263\u1275 \u1260\u1218\u1276 \u1263\u1290\u1230 \u1218\u1320\u1295 \u1290\u12cd\u1362
\u1260\u12a2\u1205\u12a0\u12f4\u130d \u12d8\u1218\u1295\u1235? \u12a81983 \u12d3.\u121d \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 2003 \u12d3.\u121d \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u1203\u12eb \u12a0\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u12a5\u12f5\u1308\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u1218\u120d\u12a8\u1275\u1362 \u12e8\u12a4\u120c\u12ad\u1275\u122a\u12ad \u1203\u12ed\u120d \u12a0\u1245\u122d\u1266\u1271 \u1260\u121d\u1295 \u12eb\u1205\u120d \u1328\u1218\u1228? \u12a0\u1201\u1295\u121d \u12e8\u12a0\u1208\u121d \u1263\u1295\u12ad \u1218\u1228\u1303\u1295 \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u121d\u1320\u1245\u1230\u12cd\u1362 \u1260\u130a\u130b\u12cb\u1275\u12a0\u12c8\u122d\u1363 1210 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u12c8\u12f0 5000 \u1308\u12f0\u121b \u1328\u121d\u122f\u120d\u1362 \u1260\u12a0\u122b\u1275 \u12a5\u1325\u134d \u1308\u12f0\u121b \u121b\u1208\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u130d\u1295\u1363 \u1260\u1295\u1309\u1221 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12a0\u1265\u12ee\u1271 \u12cb\u12dc\u121b \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u1260\u1290\u1260\u1229 \u1203\u12eb \u12d3\u1218\u1273\u1275\u1363 \u12e8\u12a4\u120c\u12ad\u1275\u122a\u12ad \u12a0\u1245\u122d\u1266\u1275 \u12a818 \u12a5\u1325\u134d \u1260\u120b\u12ed \u121b\u12f0\u1309\u1295 \u1218\u12d8\u1295\u130b\u1275 \u12e8\u1208\u1265\u1295\u121d\u1362 \u1260\u12f0\u122d\u130d \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12a8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u130b\u122d \u1232\u1290\u1343\u1340\u122d \u130d\u1295\u1363 \u1260\u12a2\u1205\u12a0\u12f4\u130d \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12e8\u1273\u12e8\u12cd \u12a5\u12f5\u1308\u1275 \u1260\u12a5\u1305\u1309 \u12e8\u1270\u123b\u1208 \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u1260\u12a4\u120c\u12ad\u1275\u122a\u12ad \u12e8\u1218\u1320\u1240\u121d \u12a5\u12f5\u120b\u1278\u12cd\u1235 \u121d\u1295 \u12eb\u1205\u120d \u1270\u123b\u123b\u1208? \u1260\u12a2\u1205\u12a0\u12f4\u130d \u1203\u12eb \u12a0\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325\u1363 \u12a8\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12a5\u1325\u134d \u1260\u120b\u12ed \u1270\u123b\u123d\u120f\u120d\u1362 \u1260\u1264\u1270\u1230\u1265 \u1232\u1230\u120b\u1363 \u1260\u12e8\u1240\u1291 \u12c8\u12f0 15 \u1230\u12d3\u1273\u1275 \u12eb\u1205\u120d \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12a0\u121d\u1356\u120d \u1208\u121b\u1265\u122b\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u127d\u120d \u12e8\u12a4\u120c\u12ad\u1275\u122a\u12ad \u1203\u12ed\u120d \u1270\u1308\u129d\u1277\u120d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121b\u1208\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1362
\u12a5\u1295\u130d\u12f2\u1205 \u12a0\u1235\u1261\u1275\u1362 \u12601947 \u12d3.\u121d \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1264\u1270\u1230\u1265 \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u12ab\u12ed \u1260\u12e8\u1240\u1291 \u120825 \u12f0\u1242\u1243 \u1265\u127b \u12a0\u1295\u12f2\u1275 \u12a0\u121d\u1351\u120d \u121b\u1265\u122b\u1275 \u12ed\u127d\u120d \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1362 \u12601966 \u12d3.\u121d\u1363 \u1260\u12e8\u1240\u1291 \u12085 \u1230\u12d3\u1273\u1275 \u12eb\u1205\u120d \u121b\u1265\u122b\u1275 \u127b\u1208\u1362 \u12601983 \u12d3.\u121d \u12c8\u12f0 6 \u1230\u12d3\u1275 \u12eb\u1205\u120d \u134e\u1240\u1245 \u12a0\u1208\u1362 \u12602003 \u12d3.\u121d\u1363 \u12c8\u12f0 15 \u1230\u12d3\u1275 \u1308\u12f0\u121b \u12a0\u12f0\u1308\u1362 \u12e8\u1275\u129b\u12cd \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12a5\u12f5\u1308\u1275 \u12ed\u123b\u120b\u120d?
\u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u12a4\u120c\u12ad\u1275\u122a\u12ad \u1203\u12ed\u120d \u12a0\u1245\u122d\u1266\u1275 \u1201\u1209\u1364 \u12e8\u1218\u1295\u1308\u12f5 \u130d\u1295\u1263\u1273\u1363 \u12e8\u12a0\u12cd\u122e\u1355\u120b\u1295 \u1275\u122b\u1295\u1235\u1356\u122d\u1275\u1293 \u12e8\u1235\u120d\u12ad \u1218\u1235\u1218\u122d \u12a0\u1308\u120d\u130d\u120e\u1275\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1201\u1364 \u12a8\u12a0\u1265\u12ee\u1271 \u12d8\u1218\u1293\u1275 \u12ed\u120d\u1245 \u1260\u1295\u1309\u1221 \u130a\u12dc \u12e8\u1270\u123b\u1208 \u12a5\u12f5\u1308\u1275 \u1270\u1218\u12dd\u130d\u1267\u120d\u1362 \u1208\u121d\u1233\u120c \u1260\u1274\u120c\u12ae\u1219\u1292\u12ac\u123d\u1295 \u12d8\u122d\u134d\u1364 \u12a81950 \u12d3.\u121d \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 1966 \u12d3.\u121d \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1235\u12f5\u1235\u1275 \u12a5\u1325\u134d \u1308\u12f0\u121b \u1260\u1218\u1235\u134b\u134b\u1275\u1363 45\u123a \u1308\u12f0\u121b \u12e8\u1235\u120d\u12ad \u1218\u1235\u1218\u122e\u127d \u12a0\u1308\u120d\u130d\u120e\u1275 \u120b\u12ed \u12cd\u1208\u12cb\u120d\u1362
\u1260\u12f0\u122d\u130d \u12d8\u1218\u1295\u1235? \u1260\u1201\u1208\u1275 \u12a5\u1325\u134d \u1308\u12f0\u121b \u1290\u12cd \u12eb\u12f0\u1308\u12cd – \u12c8\u12f0 135\u123a \u1308\u12f0\u121b \u12e8\u1235\u120d\u12ad \u1218\u1235\u1218\u122e\u127d\u1362 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u1295\u1309\u1221 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12a8\u1235\u12f5\u1235\u1275 \u12a5\u1325\u134d \u1260\u120b\u12ed \u12a5\u12f5\u1308\u1275 \u12e8\u1273\u12e8\u12cd \u1260\u12a2\u1205\u12a0\u12f4\u130d \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u12e8\u1235\u120d\u12ad \u1218\u1235\u1218\u122e\u127d \u1241\u1325\u122d \u1260\u1203\u12eb \u12a0\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 900\u123a \u12f0\u122d\u1230\u12cb\u120d\u1362
\u12ed\u1205\u121d \u1265\u127b \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1362 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 \u12a0\u1265\u12ee\u1271 \u12cb\u12dc\u121b \u12f5\u1228\u1235\u1363 \u12e8\u12a4\u12ad\u1235\u1356\u122d\u1275 \u1308\u1260\u12eb \u12a0\u122b\u1275 \u12a5\u1325\u134d \u1308\u12f0\u121b \u12a0\u12f5\u1313\u120d – \u12a870 \u121a\u120a\u12ee\u1295 \u12f6\u120b\u122d \u12c8\u12f0 270 \u121a\u120a\u12ee\u1295 \u12f6\u120b\u122d\u1362 \u1260\u12f0\u122d\u130d \u12d8\u1218\u1295\u1363 \u1260\u12a5\u1290\u12da\u12eb \u1201\u1209 \u12a0\u1218\u1273\u1275\u1363 \u12e8\u12a4\u12ad\u1235\u1356\u122d\u1275 \u1308\u1260\u12eb \u1260\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12a5\u1325\u134d \u12a5\u1295\u12b3 \u121b\u12f0\u130d \u12a0\u120d\u127b\u1208\u121d\u1362 \u12a8470 \u121a\u120a\u12ee\u1295 \u12f6\u120b\u122d \u12a0\u12ab\u1263\u1262 \u12a0\u120b\u1208\u1348\u121d\u1362 \u1260\u12a2\u1205\u12a0\u12f4\u130d \u12d8\u1218\u1295\u121d \u1260\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb\u12ce\u1279 \u12a0\u1235\u122d \u12a0\u1218\u1273\u1275\u1363 \u12a8\u12a4\u1235\u1356\u122d\u1275 \u1308\u1260\u12eb \u12e8\u1270\u1308\u1298\u12cd \u1308\u1262 \u12a5\u12da\u12eb\u12cd \u1308\u12f0\u121b \u1270\u1308\u12f5\u1266 \u1246\u12ed\u1277\u120d\u1362 \u12a8\u12da\u12eb \u1260\u128b\u120b \u1290\u12cd \u12a8\u1240\u12f5\u121e\u12cd \u12e8\u1270\u123b\u1208 \u1348\u1323\u1295 \u12a5\u12f5\u1308\u1275 \u1218\u1273\u12e8\u1275 \u12e8\u1300\u1218\u1228\u12cd\u1362 \u1260\u1325\u1245\u1209\u1363 \u1260\u1203\u12eb \u12e8\u12a2\u1205\u12a0\u12f4\u130d \u12a0\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8 2003 \u12d3.\u121d \u12f5\u1228\u1235 \u12e8\u12a4\u12ad\u1235\u1356\u122d\u1275 \u1308\u1262\u1363 \u12a8\u12a0\u122b\u1275 \u12a5\u1325\u134d \u1260\u120b\u12ed \u1260\u121b\u12f0\u130d\u1363 \u12a82 \u1262\u120a\u12ee\u1295 \u12f6\u120b\u122d \u1260\u120b\u12ed \u1206\u1297\u120d – \u1260\u1295\u1309\u1221 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12a8\u1270\u1218\u12d8\u1308\u1260\u12cd \u12a5\u12f5\u1308\u1275 \u130b\u122d \u1270\u1240\u122b\u122b\u1262 \u1290\u12cd\u1362 <\/p>\n
\u12e8\u12a5\u1205\u120d \u121d\u122d\u1275\u1293 \u12a5\u1326\u1275
\u12e8\u12a5\u1205\u120d \u121d\u122d\u1275\u1295 \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12a5\u1295\u1218\u120d\u12a8\u1275\u1362 \u12a8\u12a0\u1265\u12ee\u1271 \u1260\u134a\u1275 \u1260\u1290\u1260\u1229 20 \u12d3\u1218\u1273\u1275\u1363 \u1208\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1230\u12cd \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u12ab\u12ed \u1260\u12e8\u12a0\u1218\u1271 175 \u12aa\u120e \u1308\u12f0\u121b \u12a5\u1205\u120d \u12ed\u1218\u1228\u1275 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1362 \u1260\u12a0\u1265\u12ee\u1271 \u12d8\u1218\u1293\u1275 \u1260\u12f0\u122d\u130d \u130a\u12dc\u1235? \u1208\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1230\u12cd \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u12ab\u12ed 135 \u12aa\u120e \u1308\u12f0\u121b \u12a5\u1205\u120d \u1290\u12cd \u1260\u12e8\u12d3\u1218\u1271 \u1232\u1218\u1228\u1275 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd\u1362 \u1260\u120c\u120b \u12a0\u1290\u130b\u1308\u122d\u1364 \u12e8\u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u1265\u12db\u1275\u1295 \u12a8\u130d\u121d\u1275 \u12a0\u1235\u1308\u1265\u1270\u1295 \u1235\u1293\u1230\u120b\u12cd \u12e8\u12a5\u1205\u120d \u121d\u122d\u1275\u1363 \u1260\u1295\u1309\u1221 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12e830 \u1260\u1218\u1276 \u1265\u120d\u132b \u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd\u1362
\u1260\u12a2\u1205\u12a0\u12f4\u130d \u12d8\u1218\u1295\u1235? \u1260\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb\u12ce\u1279 \u12e8\u12a2\u1205\u12a0\u12f4\u130d \u12a0\u1235\u122d \u12a0\u1218\u1273\u1275\u1363 \u12e8\u12a0\u1308\u122a\u1271 \u12e8\u12a5\u1205\u120d \u121d\u122d\u1275\u1363 \u12a8\u12f0\u122d\u130d \u12d8\u1218\u1295\u121d \u12e8\u1263\u1230 \u1290\u1260\u122d – \u1260\u12e8\u12a0\u1218\u1271 \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u12ab\u12ed \u1208\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1230\u12cd 125 \u12aa\u120e \u12a5\u1205\u120d \u1290\u1260\u122d \u12e8\u121a\u1218\u1228\u1270\u12cd\u1362 \u1240\u1325\u1208\u12cd \u1263\u1209\u1275 \u12a0\u1235\u122d \u12a0\u1218\u1273\u1275\u1235? \u121d\u122d\u1271 \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u12ab\u12ed \u12c8\u12f0 165 \u12aa\u120e \u130d\u122b\u121d \u1308\u12f0\u121b \u12f0\u122d\u1237\u120d\u1362 \u1260\u12a5\u122d\u130d\u1325 \u12eb\u1208\u1349\u1275\u1295 \u1235\u121d\u1295\u1275 \u12a0\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u1265\u127b \u12ab\u12e8\u1295\u1363 \u12e8\u12a0\u1308\u122a\u1271 \u12e8\u12a5\u1205\u120d \u121d\u122d\u1275 \u12a5\u12e8\u1270\u123b\u123b\u1208\u1363 \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u12ab\u12ed 175 \u12aa\u120e \u1308\u12f0\u121b \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u12f0\u1228\u1230 \u12a5\u1293\u12eb\u1208\u1295\u1362 \u1260\u12a0\u1320\u1243\u120b\u12ed \u1232\u1273\u12ed\u1364 \u12a8\u12a0\u1265\u12ee\u1271 \u12cb\u12dc\u121b \u1300\u121d\u122e \u12c8\u12f0 \u1273\u127d \u1232\u12eb\u123d\u1246\u1208\u1241\u120d \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd \u12a0\u1265\u12ee\u1273\u12ca \u12e8\u12cd\u12f5\u1240\u1275 \u1309\u12de \u1240\u1235 \u1260\u1240\u1235 \u12e8\u1270\u1308\u1273\u12cd\u1364 \u12e8\u1236\u123b\u120a\u12dd\u121d \u12a0\u1265\u12ee\u1275 \u12a8\u1270\u1308\u1273 \u1260\u128b\u120b \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u1240\u1235 \u1260\u1240\u1235\u121d \u12a5\u12eb\u1308\u1308\u1218\u1363 \u12e8\u12a0\u1308\u122a\u1271 \u12a2\u12ae\u1296\u121a \u1260\u1295\u1309\u1231 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1290\u1260\u1228\u1260\u1275 \u12f0\u1228\u1303 \u1208\u121b\u12f0\u130d \u127d\u120f\u120d\u1362 \u1260\u120c\u120b \u12a0\u1290\u130b\u1308\u122d\u1364 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u1293 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12ca\u12eb\u1295 \u1260\u12a0\u1265\u12ee\u1271 \u1233\u1262\u12eb \u1208\u12f5\u1205\u1290\u1275\u1293 \u1208\u1228\u1203\u1265 \u12a8\u1218\u12f3\u1228\u130b\u1278\u12cd \u1260\u1270\u1328\u121b\u122a\u1364 \u120830 \u12a0\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u12eb\u1205\u120d \u12e8\u128b\u120a\u1275 \u1270\u1309\u12d8\u12cb\u120d\u1362 \u12a0\u12f2\u1233\u12f5\u121b\u1235 \u130b\u12d8\u1323 \u1290\u133b \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12eb\u12e8\u1275<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
By Addis Admass Newspaper , Written by Administrator<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
ኪሳራው በጊዜ ሲሰላ፣ የአገሪቱን የስልጣኔ ጭላንጭል ያዳፈነ፣ የ30 ዓመት የኋሊት ጉዞ ነው።
30 ዓመት ቀላል አይደለም፤ እነ ደቡብ ኮሪያ ከድህነት ወደ ብልፅግና የተሸጋገሩበት ጊዜ ነው።
“የአብዮተኛው ትውልድ”ን ኪሳራዎችን ለመደበቅ ተብሎ ብዙ ታሪክ ተድበስብሷል
ትምህርት የተስፋፋው፣ የሴት ተማሪዎች ቁጥር ያደገው ከአብዮቱ በፊት ነው ወይስ በኋላ?
የኤሌክትሪክ፣ የስልክ፣ የመንገድና የአየር ትራንስፖርት በፍጥነት የተሻሻለውስ መቼ ነው?
በእህል ምርት፣ በኢንዱስትሪ፣ በኤክስፖርት መስኮች የብልፅግና ምልክት የታየውና የጠፋውስ?
የሙያ ፍቅር ያበበው፤ ስነፅሁፍ፣ ትያትርና ሙዚቃ ያደገው፤ ስፖርት የተሻሻለው መቼ ይሆን?<\/p>\n
በ1950 ዓ.ም በአዲስ አበባ፣ ከተለያዩ የአገሪቱ ክፍል የመጡ የከፍተኛ ሁለተኛ ደረጃ ተማሪዎች ላይ የዳሰሳ ጥናት ያካሄዱት ዊሊያም ሻክ፤ በአገሪቱ እያቆጠቆጠ ከመጣው የትምህርትና የስልጣኔ ጅምር ጋር መልካም የአስተሳሰብ ለውጥ እየመጣ እንደነበር ይገልፃሉ። አንደኛ፤ የዘመኑ ወጣቶች እንደ ጥንቱ የመንግስት ስልጣንንና ተቀጣሪነትን አልያም የሃይማኖት መሪነትንና ሰባኪነትን የሚመኙ አይደሉም። ሁለተኛ፤ “ይሄኛው ሙያና ይሄኛው የሕይወት ዘይቤ፣ ለአማራ፣ ለኦሮሞ ወይም ለሶማሌ ተወላጅ ነው። ያኛው ሙያና ያኛው የኑሮ ዘይቤ ደግሞ ለትግራይ፣ ለወላይታ ወይም ለጉራጌ ተወላጅ ነው” የሚሉ የዘልማድ አዝማሚያዎችን አይቀበሉም። የ1950ዎቹ ወጣቶች የሙያና የግል ሕይወታቸውን በራሳቸው መንገድ መምራት እንደሚችሉ የሚያምኑ ሆነዋል።
ተማሪዎቹ ከተለያዩ የአገሪቱ አካባቢዎች የመጡ ቢሆኑም፤ የሙያ ምርጫቸው ይመሳሰላል። ከመንግስት ስልጣንና ተቀጣሪነት ወይም ከሃይማኖት ሰባኪነት ይልቅ፤ ከሁሉም በላይ ቅድሚያ የሚሰጡት ለምህንድስና ወይም ለህክምና ሙያ፣ ለሜካኒክነት ወይም ለአስተማሪነት ሙያ እንደሆነ ጥናቱ ገልጿል። በአጭሩ፤ በያኔው የስልጣኔ ጭላንጭል፤ ለእውቀትና ለሳይንስ፤ ለሙያዊና ለምርታማ ስራ ክብር የሚሰጥ ትውልድ እየተፈጠረ ነበር። በአገሪቱ እየታየ የነበረውንም የትምህርትና የኢኮኖሚ ብሩህ አቅጣጫ ያመላክታል። Occupational Prestige, Status, and Social Change in Modern Ethiopia: William A. ShackSource: Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 46, No. 2 (1976), pp. 166-181
በ1950ዎቹ ዓ.ም ኢትዮጵያ በሁሉም መስኮች ከእንቅልፏ እየነቃች እንደነበረ የሚያሳዩ የጥበብ ስራዎችንም መጥቀስ ይቻላል። የሃዲስ አለማየሁና የፀጋዬ ገብረመድህን ድርሰቶች፣ የነጥላሁን ገሠሠና የነምኒልክ ወስናቸው የሙዚቃ ስራዎች፣ ዛሬ ከአርባ እና ሃምሳ አመታት በኋላም፣ ወደር አልተገኘላቸውም። በእግር ኳስ እና በሩጫ ስፖርቶችም እንዲሁ።
በመንግስት አስተዳደር በኩልም፤ ትልቅ “የስልጣኔ አብዮት” የተካሄደው፣ ከ1960ዎቹ “አብዮተኛ ትውልድ” በፊት ነው። ለሺ አመታት በሃይማኖታዊ ሰነዶች (በክብረ ነገስትንና በፍትሃ ነገስት) ላይ ተመስርቶ የቆየውን የአገሪቱ ሥርዓትና ሕግ፣ ከኋላቀርነት ለማላቀቅና የስልጣኔ እድል ለመፍጠር ያስችላሉ የተባሉ የሕገመንግስት እና የምርጫ ህጎች ከ1923 እስከ 1948 ዓ.ም ፀድቀዋል። የተለያዩ የፍትሐ ብሄርና የወንጀል ሕጎች ከ1935 እስከ 1960ዎቹ መግቢያ ድረስ ታውጀዋል። የወንጀልና የፍትሐ ብሄር ህጎቹ እስከ ዛሬ ድረስ ይሰራሉ – (በ2000 ዓ.ም የተወሰነ ማሻሻያ ቢታከልባቸውም)።
ነገር ግን ሕጎችን በማወጅ ብቻ ሳይሆን፤ በግል አርአያነትና ጥረትም አገሬውን ወደ ስልጣኔ ለማራመድ ሙከራዎች ተደርገዋል። “በለውጥ ላይ የምትገኝ ኢትዮጵያ” በሚል ርዕስ በ1948 ዓ.ም ጥናታዊ ፅሁፍ ያቀረቡ ሲሞን ሜሲን፤ በ1925 ገደማ ዓ.ም የንጉሡ ሴት ልጅ መሞቷን ጠቅሰው፤ ለሟቿ ልዕልት የተዝካር ድግስ እንደማይዘጋጅ በአዋጅ መነገሩን ይገልፃሉ። ኢትዮጵያውያን ገበሬዎች ያለ አቅማቸው በሚደግሱት ተዝካር ኑሯቸው መናጋቱ ብቻ አይደለም ችግሩ። የየአካባቢው የመንግስት ባለስልጣናት በየፊናቸው ተዝካር ሲደግሱ፤ የአካባቢው ነዋሪና ገበሬ፤ ወደደም ጠላም፤ እህል፣ ከብት እና ገንዘብ እንዲያዋጣ ይገደዳል። ገበሬዎችን ከዚህ ልማዳዊ ሸክም ለመገላገል ነበር የንጉሡ ሙከራ – ይላሉ ፀሐፊው።
ይህም ብቻ አይደለም። የድሮ ለቅሶ እንደዛሬ አይደለም። በእርግጥ ዛሬም ቢሆን፤ የአገራችን ለቅሶ ለታይታ የሚቀርብ ቅጥ ያጣ ልማድ ነው። ግን የድሮው ይብሳል። ሰው ሲሞት፣ ልብስ መቅደድና ፀጉር መንጨት፤ ፊት መቧጨርና ደረት መደለቅ፤ መሬት ላይ መንከባለልና አፈር መልበስ የተለመደ ነበር። ነውጠኛ ለቅሶ ይሉሃል ይሄ ነው። ይህን ለማስቀረት ንጉሡ እንደጣሩ የሚገልፁት ሲሞን ሜሲን፤ ነጠላ አዘቅዝቆ መልበስ የተጀመረው ያኔ ነው ይላሉ። Changing Ethiopia፡ Simon D. MessingSource: Middle East Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4 (Autumn, 1955), pp. 413-432።
እንዲህ በየመስኩ የስልጣኔ ጭላንጭሎች ብቅ ብቅ ቢሉም፤ የ1960ዎቹ ተማሪዎችና ወጣት ምሁራን፤ በንጉሡ ደስተኛ አልነበሩም። እንዲያውም፤ ንጉሡን እንደ ዋነኛ ጠላት ፈርጀዋቸዋል። “ንጉሡ አገሪቱን በኋላቀርነት አስረው ይዘዋል። ህዝቡን ከትምህርት አራርቀውታል፤ በተለይ ሴቶች በመሃይምነት ጨለማ ተውጠዋል (ድርብ ጭቆና እንዲሉ)። ህዝቡ ከመሰረተ ልማትና ከኢኮኖሚ እድገት፣ ከኤሌክትሪክና ከስልክ፣ ከመንገድና ከትራንስፖርት አገልግሎቶች እንዳይተዋወቅ፤ የእርሻና የኢንዱስትሪ እድገት እንዳያይ ያደረጉት ንጉሡ ናቸው” የሚሉ ውግዘቶች፤ በያኔዎቹ “የአብዮታዊ ትውልድ” አባላት እንደተጀመሩ እስከዛሬ ዘልቀዋል።
እውነታው ግን፤ ሙሉ ለሙሉ የዚህ ተቃራኒ ነው። በእርግጥ፤ የንጉሡን ዘመን በብዙ ምክንያቶች መተቸት ይቻላል። “የአገሪቱ የስልጣኔ ጅምር ተንቀራፈፈ፤ መፍጠን ነበረበት” ብሎ መተቸት ስህተት አይሆንም። በአብዮቱ የመጣው ለውጥ ግን፤ ጭራሽ የስልጣኔ ጅምርን አዳፍኖ የሚደመስስ ሆነ። ከንጉሡ ድክመት ይልቅ “የአብዮታዊው ትውልድ” ጥፋት በብዙ እጥፍ ይልቃል። “የአብዮታዊው ትውልድ” በርካታ አባላት ታዲያ፣ ይህ ታሪካዊ ውድቀታቸውና ኪሳራቸው በግልፅ እንዲታወቅ አይፈልጉም። ለዚህም ነው፤ እንደያኔው አሁንም ጨምር፤ የንጉሡን አስተዳደር ከማውገዝና ከማጥላላት ያልቦዘኑት። ነገር ግን እውነታውን ለዘላለም መሸፈን አይችሉም። የንጉሡንና የአብዮቱን ዘመናት፤ የዛሬውንም ጭምር ለመመዘንና ለማነፃፀር የምንችልባቸው መረጃዎች ብዙ ናቸው። ዛሬ ጥቂቶቹን ብቻ እንመልከት። <\/p>\n
ትምህርት ከጀማሪ እስከ ዩኒቨርስቲ
በ1938 ዓ.ም የአንደኛና የሁለተኛ ደረጃ ተማሪዎች ቁጥር፣ 35ሺ እንደነበር የሚገልፁት ዶ\/ር ተከስተ ነጋሽ፣ ከአስር አመት በኋላ 95ሺ እንደደረሰ ይገልፃሉ – ዘጠኛ ሺ ገደማ የአንደኛ ደረጃ፣ አራት ሺ ገደማ የሁለተኛ ደረጃ፣ አራት መቶ ገደማ የከፍተኛ ትምህረት ተማሪዎች። በ1955 ዓ.ም፣ የሁለተኛ ደረጃ ተማሪዎች አስር ሺ፣ የአንደኛ ደረጃ ተማሪዎች ደግሞ 305 ሺ መድረሱን ዶ\/ር ተከስተ ጠቅሰዋል – በወቅቱ የስምንተኛ ክፍል ተማሪ እንደነበሩ በማስታወስ Education in Ethiopia Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, Uppsala። እንደገና ከአስር አመት በኋላ በአብዮቱ ዋዜማ፣ የአንደኛ ደረጃ ተማሪዎች ቁጥር 1.04 ሚሊዮን ደርሷል – በሃያ አመታት ውስጥ ከአስር እጥፍ በላይ በማደግ።
በደርግ ዘመን፣ በአንደኛ ደረጃ ትምህርት የተመዘገበው የተማሪዎች ቁጥር ወደ 2.9 ሚሊዮን ገደማ ነው – በሶስት እጥፍ አድጓል ማለት ነው። በኢህአዴግ 20 አመታት ውስጥስ? የተማሪዎቹ ቁጥር ወደ 15 ሚሊዮን ገደማ ሆኗል። በደርግ ዘመን ከነበረው ቁጥር ጋር ሲነፃፀር በአምስት እጥፍ ይበልጣል።
በንጉሡ ዘመን በሃያ አመታት ውስጥ ከሃያ እጥፍ በላይ የጨመረው የሁለተኛ ደረጃ ተማሪዎች ቁጥር በ1966 ዓ.ም 190ሺ ገደማ እንደደረሰ የሚገልፀው የአለም ባንክ መረጃ፣ በደርግ ዘመን ወደ 900ሺ እንደተጠጋ ይገልፃል። የደርግ ዘመን የተመዘገበው የአራት እጥፍ እድገት ከንጉሡ ዘመን ያነሰ ነው። በኢህአዴግ ጊዜም እንዲሁ። ኢህአዴግ ደግሞ በሃያ አመታት ውስጥ ወደ አምስት እጥፍ ገደማ በማሳደግ 4.5 ሚሊዮን አድርሶታል።
የከፍተኛ ትምህርት ተማሪዎች ቁጥር፣ በንጉሡ ዘመን በሃያ አመታት ውስጥ፣ ከአራት መቶ ገደማ ወደ 6500 አካባቢ ጨምሯል – በአስራ አምስት እጥፍ። በደርግ ዘመን ወደ ሶስት እጥፍ ገደማ አድጎ 18ሺ የደረሰ ሲሆን፣ በኢህአዴግ የሃያ አመታት ጊዜ፣ እንደ ንጉሡ ዘመን ከአስራ አምስት እጥፍ በማደግ ከ350ሺ በላይ ሆኗል።<\/p>\n
ትምህርት በወንዶችና በሴቶች
የአብዮተኞቹ አንዱ መፈክር፣ የፆታ እኩልነት የሚል አልነበር? እስቲ የሴት ተማሪዎችን ድርሻ እንመልከት። አብዮተኞቹ የንጉሡን ዘመን ሲያወግዙ ስትሰሙ፤ በአብዮቱ ዋዜማ በአንደኛ ደረጃ ትምህርት፣ የሴቶች ድርሻ ከዜሮ በታች የነበረ ነው የሚመስላችሁ። ነገር ግን፣ የትምህርት ሚኒስቴር መረጃ እንደሚያመለክተው፣ በ66 ዓ.ም. ከአንደኛ ደረጃ ተማሪዎች መካከል 32 በመቶ ያህሉ ሴቶች ነበሩ። በደርግ ዘመን የሴቶች ድርሻ ወደ 40 በመቶ ገደማ ደረሰ፣ በኢህአዴግ ደግሞ ወደ 47 በመቶ።
በከፍተኛ ትምህርት፣ እዚህ ግባ የማይባል ድርሻ የነበራቸው ሴቶች፣ በ1952 ዓ.ም ወደ 3 በመቶ ድርሻ ካገኙ በኋላ፣ በሶስት እጥፍ አድጎ በአብዮቱ ዋዜማ ወደ አስር በመቶ ገደማ ድርሻ ለመያዝ የበቁ ሲሆን፣ በደርግ ዘመን የሴቶች ድርሻ ወደ 18 በመቶ አድጓል። በኢህአዴግ ዘመን ደግሞ፣ ወደ 30 በመቶ ገደማ ደርሷል።
በሴቶች ትምህርት ዙሪያ ፈጣን እድገት የተመዘገበው መቼ እንደነበር፤ ይሄው መረጃው ራሱ ይናገራል።
የቴክኒክና ሙያ ትምህርት ላይም አብዮተኞቹ ለውጥ አላመጡም። በንጉሡ ዘመን፣ በመጨረሻዎቹ ሃያ አመታት፣ የቴክኒክና ሙያ ትምህርት ከሰላሳ እጥፍ በላይ ስለጨመረ፣ የተማሪዎቹ ቁጥር በአብዮቱ ዋዜማ 8700 ገደማ ደርሶ ነበር። በደርግ ዘመን የታየው እድገት ኢምንት ነው። የተማሪዎች ቁጥር ከአስር ሺ ብዙም ፈቀቅ አላለም። በመጀመሪያዎቹ የኢህአዴግ አስር አመታትም እንዲሁ፣ የእድገት ፍንጭ አልታየም። ከዚያ በኋላ ነው በፍጥነት ማደግ የጀመረው። በኢህአዴግ ሃያኛ አመት ላይ፣ የቴክኒክና ሙያ ተማሪዎች ቁጥር፣ ከሰላሳ እጥፍ በላይ በማደግ ከ350ሺ በላይ ሆኗል።<\/p>\n
የ“መሰረተ ልማት” አቅርቦት
በ1947 ዓ.ም፣ በአገሪቱ የነበረው አመታዊ የኤሌክትሪክ ሃይል አቅርቦት፣ 33 ጊጋዋትሃወር እንደነበር የውሃ ሚኒስቴር ባለሙያ መረጃ ያሳያል። በአማካይ ለአንድ ሰው 1600 ዋትአወር… በጣም ትንሽ ነው። ለአንድ ቤተሰብ በቀን ለ25 ደቂቃ አንድ አምፖል ብቻ ያበራ ነበር እንደማለት ነው። እስከ አብዮቱ ዋዜማ ድረስ ሃያ ዓመት ባልሞላ ጊዜ ውስጥ ግን፣ አቅርቦቱ በ18 እጥፍ ጨምሯል። 18 እጥፍ? ፈጣን እድገት ነው።
የአለም ባንክ መረጃ እንደሚያሳየው፣ በአብዮቱ ዋዜማ አመታዊው የኤሌክትሪክ ሃይል አቅርቦት 590 ጊጋዋትአወር ደርሶ ነበር። ግን በእነዚሁ አመታት ውስጥ የሕዝብ ቁጥርም ስለጨመረ፣ የኤሌክትሪክ ሃይል የማግኘት እድል በ18 እጥፍ ሳይሆን በ11 እጥፍ ነው የጨመረው። ይሄም ቀላል አይደለም። በቤተሰብ በየቀኑ 5 ሰዓት ያህል አምፖል እንደማብራት ቁጠሩት። ይሄ በንጉሡ ዘመን ነው።
በደርግ ዘመንስ? በ17 የደርግ አመታት ውስጥ፣ የኤሌክትሪክ ሃይል አቅርቦት 1210 ጊጋዋትአወር ነው የደረሰው። በንጉሡ ዘመን ከነበረው ጋር ሲነፃፀር በአንድ እጥፍ ብቻ ነው የጨመረው። ግን ኢትዮጵያውያን የኤሌክትሪክ ሃይል የማግኘት እድላቸው ብዙም አልጨመረም። ለምን ቢባል፣ የሕዝብ ቁጥርም ጨምሯላ። እናም፣ በቤተሰብ ሲሰላ፣ በየቀኑ 6 ሰዓት ለማይሞላ ጊዜ አንድ አምፖል የማብራት ያህል ነው። በአጭሩ፣ በደርግ ዘመን ኤሌክትሪክ የመጠቀም እድል የተሻሻለው፣ ከሰባት በመቶ ባነሰ መጠን ነው።
በኢህአዴግ ዘመንስ? ከ1983 ዓ.ም እስከ 2003 ዓ.ም ድረስ ያለውን የሃያ አመታት እድገት እንመልከት። የኤሌክትሪክ ሃይል አቅርቦቱ በምን ያህል ጨመረ? አሁንም የአለም ባንክ መረጃን ነው የምጠቅሰው። በጊጋዋትአወር፣ 1210 የነበረው ወደ 5000 ገደማ ጨምሯል። በአራት እጥፍ ገደማ ማለት ነው። ነገር ግን፣ በንጉሡ ዘመን እስከ አብዮቱ ዋዜማ ድረስ በነበሩ ሃያ ዓመታት፣ የኤሌክትሪክ አቅርቦት ከ18 እጥፍ በላይ ማደጉን መዘንጋት የለብንም። በደርግ ዘመን ከነበረው ጋር ሲነፃፀር ግን፣ በኢህአዴግ ዘመን የታየው እድገት በእጅጉ የተሻለ ነው። ሰዎች በኤሌክትሪክ የመጠቀም እድላቸውስ ምን ያህል ተሻሻለ? በኢህአዴግ ሃያ አመታት ውስጥ፣ ከአንድ እጥፍ በላይ ተሻሽሏል። በቤተሰብ ሲሰላ፣ በየቀኑ ወደ 15 ሰዓታት ያህል አንድ አምፖል ለማብራት የሚችል የኤሌክትሪክ ሃይል ተገኝቷል እንደማለት ነው።
እንግዲህ አስቡት። በ1947 ዓ.ም አንድ የኢትዮጵያ ቤተሰብ በአማካይ በየቀኑ ለ25 ደቂቃ ብቻ አንዲት አምፑል ማብራት ይችል ነበር። በ1966 ዓ.ም፣ በየቀኑ ለ5 ሰዓታት ያህል ማብራት ቻለ። በ1983 ዓ.ም ወደ 6 ሰዓት ያህል ፎቀቅ አለ። በ2003 ዓ.ም፣ ወደ 15 ሰዓት ገደማ አደገ። የትኛው ዘመን እድገት ይሻላል?
እንደ ኤሌክትሪክ ሃይል አቅርቦት ሁሉ፤ የመንገድ ግንባታ፣ የአውሮፕላን ትራንስፖርትና የስልክ መስመር አገልግሎትም እንዲሁ፤ ከአብዮቱ ዘመናት ይልቅ በንጉሡ ጊዜ የተሻለ እድገት ተመዝግቧል። ለምሳሌ በቴሌኮሙኒኬሽን ዘርፍ፤ ከ1950 ዓ.ም እስከ 1966 ዓ.ም ድረስ ወደ ስድስት እጥፍ ገደማ በመስፋፋት፣ 45ሺ ገደማ የስልክ መስመሮች አገልግሎት ላይ ውለዋል።
በደርግ ዘመንስ? በሁለት እጥፍ ገደማ ነው ያደገው – ወደ 135ሺ ገደማ የስልክ መስመሮች። እንደ ንጉሡ ዘመን ከስድስት እጥፍ በላይ እድገት የታየው በኢህአዴግ ዘመን ነው። የስልክ መስመሮች ቁጥር በሃያ አመታት ውስጥ 900ሺ ደርሰዋል።
ይህም ብቻ አይደለም። እስከ አብዮቱ ዋዜማ ድረስ፣ የኤክስፖርት ገበያ አራት እጥፍ ገደማ አድጓል – ከ70 ሚሊዮን ዶላር ወደ 270 ሚሊዮን ዶላር። በደርግ ዘመን፣ በእነዚያ ሁሉ አመታት፣ የኤክስፖርት ገበያ በአንድ እጥፍ እንኳ ማደግ አልቻለም። ከ470 ሚሊዮን ዶላር አካባቢ አላለፈም። በኢህአዴግ ዘመንም በመጀመሪያዎቹ አስር አመታት፣ ከኤስፖርት ገበያ የተገኘው ገቢ እዚያው ገደማ ተገድቦ ቆይቷል። ከዚያ በኋላ ነው ከቀድሞው የተሻለ ፈጣን እድገት መታየት የጀመረው። በጥቅሉ፣ በሃያ የኢህአዴግ አመታት ውስጥ እስከ 2003 ዓ.ም ድረስ የኤክስፖርት ገቢ፣ ከአራት እጥፍ በላይ በማደግ፣ ከ2 ቢሊዮን ዶላር በላይ ሆኗል – በንጉሡ ዘመን ከተመዘገበው እድገት ጋር ተቀራራቢ ነው። <\/p>\n
የእህል ምርትና እጦት
የእህል ምርትን ደግሞ እንመልከት። ከአብዮቱ በፊት በነበሩ 20 ዓመታት፣ ለአንድ ሰው በአማካይ በየአመቱ 175 ኪሎ ገደማ እህል ይመረት ነበር። በአብዮቱ ዘመናት በደርግ ጊዜስ? ለአንድ ሰው በአማካይ 135 ኪሎ ገደማ እህል ነው በየዓመቱ ሲመረት የነበረው። በሌላ አነጋገር፤ የሕዝብ ብዛትን ከግምት አስገብተን ስናሰላው የእህል ምርት፣ በንጉሡ ዘመን የ30 በመቶ ብልጫ ነበረው።
በኢህአዴግ ዘመንስ? በመጀመሪያዎቹ የኢህአዴግ አስር አመታት፣ የአገሪቱ የእህል ምርት፣ ከደርግ ዘመንም የባሰ ነበር – በየአመቱ በአማካይ ለአንድ ሰው 125 ኪሎ እህል ነበር የሚመረተው። ቀጥለው ባሉት አስር አመታትስ? ምርቱ በአማካይ ወደ 165 ኪሎ ግራም ገደማ ደርሷል። በእርግጥ ያለፉትን ስምንት አመታት ብቻ ካየን፣ የአገሪቱ የእህል ምርት እየተሻሻለ፣ በአማካይ 175 ኪሎ ገደማ እንደደረሰ እናያለን። በአጠቃላይ ሲታይ፤ ከአብዮቱ ዋዜማ ጀምሮ ወደ ታች ሲያሽቆለቁል የነበረው አብዮታዊ የውድቀት ጉዞ ቀስ በቀስ የተገታው፤ የሶሻሊዝም አብዮት ከተገታ በኋላ ነው። ቀስ በቀስም እያገገመ፣ የአገሪቱ ኢኮኖሚ በንጉሱ ዘመን ወደ ነበረበት ደረጃ ለማደግ ችሏል። በሌላ አነጋገር፤ ኢትዮጵና ኢትዮጵያዊያን በአብዮቱ ሳቢያ ለድህነትና ለረሃብ ከመዳረጋቸው በተጨማሪ፤ ለ30 አመታት ያህል የኋሊት ተጉዘዋል። አዲሳድማስ ጋዘጣ ነጻ አስተያየት<\/p>\n