\u121d\u1235\u122b\u1243\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 “\u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1273\u1275 \u1293\u1278\u12cd" \u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1209\u1275 \u1260\u121d\u12d5\u122b\u1263\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1362\u00a0 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u130d\u1295 \u122b\u1231 \u1290\u12cd “\u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca" \u1260\u121b\u1208\u1275 \u122b\u1231\u1295 \u1218\u1325\u122b\u1275 \u12e8\u1300\u1218\u1228\u12cd\u1362 \u12a8\u12da\u12eb \u1260\u128b\u120b \u1243\u1209\u1363 \u1260\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1283\u120b\u134a\u12ce\u127d\u1293 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed\u121d \u1260\u12a2\u1274\u126a \u1260\u1270\u12f0\u130b\u130b\u121a \u12a8\u1218\u1290\u1233\u1271\u1293 \u12ab\u1208\u1266\u1273\u12cd \u12a8\u1218\u12f0\u1295\u130e\u1229 \u12e8\u1270\u1290\u1233 \u12e8\u121a\u12c8\u12ad\u1208\u12cd \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u12a8\u1270\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u12a2\u12ae\u1296\u121a \u1235\u122d\u12d3\u1275 \u1218\u1206\u1291 \u1240\u122d\u1276 \u1260\u1240\u120b\u1209 \u1232\u1273\u12ed “\u12e8\u121a\u1320\u1349 \u1325\u134b\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u120b\u12e8 \u12a0\u120d\u134e\u1365 \u1235\u1208\u121a\u1208\u1219 \u120d\u121b\u1276\u127d \u1265\u127b \u121b\u12cd\u122b\u1275\u1295"\u1363 \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u1260\u1325\u120d\u1241 \u1232\u1218\u1228\u1218\u122d “\u1308\u12e2\u12cd \u1353\u122d\u1272\u1295 \u12a8\u1290\u1246\u123b\u123b\u12cd \u1218\u12f0\u1308\u134d\u1295" \u12ed\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1273\u120d\u1362 \u122b\u1235\u1295 \u121b\u12d5\u1228\u130d \u12e8\u1218\u1235\u1320\u1275 \u1326\u1231 \u12ed\u12b8\u12cd \u1290\u12cd\u1362 <\/p>\n
\u12a2\u1215\u12a0\u12f4\u130d \u12f0\u130b\u134a\u12ce\u1279\u1295 \u12c8\u1323\u1276\u127d “\u12e8\u120d\u121b\u1275 \u1220\u122b\u12ca\u1275" \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u120b\u1278\u12cd\u1364 \u1240\u122a\u12cd \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1325\u134b\u1275 \u1220\u122b\u12ca\u1275 \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1246\u1320\u1228\u12cd\u1362 \u120c\u120b\u12cd \u1262\u1240\u122d \u1201\u1208\u1271\u1295\u121d \u12a0\u1208\u1218\u1206\u1295 \u12a0\u12ed\u1348\u1240\u12f5\u1208\u1275\u121d\u1362 \u12a2\u1215\u12a0\u12f4\u130d \u122b\u1231\u1295 \u1265\u127b \u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca \u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u130e \u12e8\u1218\u1241\u1320\u1229 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u1260\u1235\u1205\u1270\u1275 \u12e8\u1218\u1323 \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1364 \u12e8\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u134d\u120d\u1235\u134d\u1293 \u1309\u12f3\u12ed \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed \u1230\u121e\u1291\u1295 \u1353\u122d\u1272\u12cd \u1260\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275\u1290\u1275 \u1235\u1219 \u1270\u1320\u1245\u121e \u1260\u121a\u12eb\u12d8\u130b\u1303\u1278\u12cd \u1235\u1265\u1230\u1263\u12ce\u127d \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1273\u12ed\u12cb\u1295 \u12a5\u1293 \u12f0\u1261\u1265 \u12ae\u122d\u12eb \u1235\u121d \u1270\u12f0\u130b\u130d\u121e \u1260\u121d\u1233\u120c\u1290\u1275 \u12ed\u1320\u1240\u1233\u120d\u1364 \u1201\u1208\u1271\u121d “\u1208\u120d\u121b\u1275 \u1232\u1263\u120d \u12f4\u121e\u12ad\u122b\u1232\u1295 \u1230\u12cd\u1270\u12cd \u1290\u12cd \u12a5\u12da\u1205 \u12e8\u12f0\u1228\u1231\u1275" \u1260\u121a\u120d\u1362 \u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca\u1290\u1275 \u1208\u12f4\u121e\u12ad\u122b\u1232 \u12a0\u12eb\u1323\u12f5\u134d\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121b\u1208\u1275\u1362 <\/p>\n
\u12ad\u134b\u1271 \u12a2\u1215\u12a0\u12f4\u130d \u12a5\u121d\u1290\u1271\u1295 \u1260\u1340\u1263\u12ed \u1208\u121b\u1233\u1218\u1295 \u12a0\u1208\u1218\u1348\u1208\u1309\u1295\u121d \u12ed\u1328\u121d\u122b\u120d\u1362 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1205 \u12a5\u12eb\u1208 \u12a5\u12eb\u12c8\u122b\u121d \u130d\u1295 ‘\u12f4\u121e\u12ad\u122b\u1232\u12eb\u12ca \u1290\u129d\u1363 \u12eb\u1208\u1218\u1206\u1295 \u134d\u120b\u130e\u1275\u121d \u12e8\u1208\u129d’ \u12a5\u12eb\u1208 \u1260\u12a0\u12f0\u1263\u1263\u12ed \u12a5\u12e8\u12cb\u1238 \u12eb\u1273\u120d\u120b\u120d\u1362 \u130d\u1295 \u1218\u120d\u1236\u1363 “\u1201\u1209\u121d \u1290\u1308\u122d \u12c8\u12f0\u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca\u1290\u1275 \u130d\u1295\u1263\u122d" \u12ed\u120b\u120d – \u1260\u122b\u1231 \u12e8\u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca\u1290\u1275 \u1265\u12eb\u1294\u1362 \u12e8\u1208\u121d\u1363 \u12a5\u1294 \u1260\u122b\u1234 \u1265\u12eb\u1294 \u12a5\u1220\u122b\u1208\u1201 \u1265\u120e \u1290\u1308\u122d \u12e8\u1208\u121d\u1362 \u1208\u121d\u1233\u120c\u1364<\/p>\n
\u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca \u1270\u1243\u12cb\u121a\u12ce\u127d<\/p>\n
\u12a2\u1215\u12a0\u12f4\u130d \u1270\u1243\u12cb\u121a\u12ce\u127d “\u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca" \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1206\u1291 \u12ed\u1348\u120d\u130b\u120d\u1362 “\u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca \u1270\u1243\u12cb\u121a\u12ce\u127d" \u121b\u1208\u1275 \u12e8\u1201\u1208\u1275 \u12a0\u1210\u12d9 \u12d5\u12f5\u1308\u1275\u1295 \u12eb\u1208\u1218\u1320\u12e8\u1245 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u121d\u1291\u1363 \u1235\u1208\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab\u12cd \u121d\u1285\u12f3\u122d \u1218\u1325\u1260\u1265 \u1275\u1295\u134d\u123d \u12e8\u121b\u12ed\u1209 \u12a5\u1293 \u120c\u120b\u12cd \u1240\u122d\u1276 \u1260\u121d\u122d\u132b \u1232\u1238\u1290\u1349 \u1260\u12a2\u1274\u126a \u1240\u122d\u1260\u12cd \u12ed\u1205 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121a\u1206\u1295 \u1240\u12f5\u1218\u12cd\u121d \u12eb\u12cd\u1241 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1290\u1260\u122d \u12e8\u121a\u1218\u1230\u12ad\u1229\u1293 \u12e8\u1270\u1238\u1290\u1349\u1275 \u1260\u122b\u1233\u1278\u12cd \u12f5\u12ad\u1218\u1275 \u1218\u1206\u1291\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u1293\u1308\u1229\u2026 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1362 \u12e8\u121a\u12c8\u12f3\u12f0\u1229\u1275 \u12cd\u12f5\u12f5\u1229\u1295 \u1208\u121b\u12f5\u1218\u1245 \u1290\u12cd -\u120d\u12ad \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1273\u120b\u1241 \u1229\u132b \u1265\u12d9\u1283\u1295\u1362 \u121d\u1233\u120c \u12e8\u12a0\u1276 \u1218\u1233\u134d\u1295\u1275 \u1218\u12a2\u1265\u1295\u1295 \u12a5\u1293 \u12e8\u12a0\u1276 \u12a0\u12e8\u1208 \u132b\u121a\u1236\u1295 \u1245\u1295\u1305\u1275\u1295 \u1218\u1325\u1240\u1235 \u12ed\u127b\u120b\u120d\u1362 \u1260\u12a0\u132d\u1229 \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u1353\u122d\u1272\u12ce\u127d\u1363 \u1270\u1243\u12cb\u121a\u121d\u1363 \u12a0\u121b\u122b\u132d \u1353\u122d\u1272\u121d \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1209\u121d\u1364 \u12f0\u130b\u134a \u1353\u122d\u1272\u12ce\u127d \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1362 <\/p>\n
“\u12f0\u130b\u134a \u12e8\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u1353\u122d\u1272\u12ce\u127d" (AKA \u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca \u1353\u122d\u1272\u12ce\u127d) \u12cb\u1290\u129b \u1225\u122b \u122b\u1235\u1295 \u1270\u1243\u12cb\u121a \u1290\u1295 \u1265\u120e \u1208\u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u1218\u1295\u1308\u122d\u1363 \u1260\u1308\u12e2\u12cd \u1353\u122d\u1272 \u12e8\u1270\u12a8\u134b\u12cd\u1295 \u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u120d\u1265\u1293 \u1240\u120d\u1265 \u121b\u130d\u1298\u1275\u1363 \u1240\u120d\u1261\u1295 \u1208\u1230\u1320\u12cd \u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u1353\u122d\u1272\u12ce\u1279 \u1235\u1208\u121a\u1273\u1308\u1209\u1208\u1275 \u1233\u12ed\u1206\u1295 \u12a2\u1215\u12a0\u12f4\u130d \u1235\u1208\u121a\u1220\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u1225\u122b\u12ce\u127d \u121b\u12cd\u122b\u1275\u1363 \u1208\u12a2\u1215\u12a0\u12f4\u130d \u12f5\u121d\u1345 \u121b\u1235\u1308\u1298\u1275 \u12ab\u120d\u1270\u127b\u1208 “\u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca \u12ab\u120d\u1206\u1291\u1275 \u1353\u122d\u1272\u12ce\u127d" \u12f5\u121d\u1345 \u1218\u1240\u121b\u1275\/\u1218\u12a8\u134b\u1348\u120d \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1362 <\/p>\n
\u1308\u12e2\u12cd \u1353\u122d\u1272 \u12a5\u1290\u1231\u1295 \u1260\u121b\u1260\u122d\u12a8\u1275 \u12e8\u12a0\u1325\u1242\u1290\u1275 \u121a\u1293\u12cd\u1295 \u12a5\u12e8\u1270\u12c8\u1323 \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u12a5\u1290\u1231 \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12e8\u121b\u12eb\u1308\u1299\u1275 \u12e8\u1225\u120d\u1323\u1295 \u1325\u121b\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u12a2\u1215\u12a0\u12f4\u130d \u1309\u12f3\u12ed \u12a0\u1235\u1348\u1343\u121a \u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u1313\u1278\u12cb\u120d\u1362 <\/p>\n
\u12a8\u12a2\u1215\u12a0\u12f4\u130d \u1218\u1225\u1218\u122d \u1260\u121b\u12ed\u130b\u1320\u121d \u12a0\u1245\u1323\u132b \u12e8\u121a\u1204\u12f1 \u12e8\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u1353\u122d\u1272\u12ce\u127d \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u1215\u120d\u12cd\u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12a0\u12f0\u130b \u120b\u12ed \u1260\u121a\u1325\u120d \u1240\u132d\u1295 \u123d\u1266 \u120b\u12ed \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u122b\u1218\u12f1 \u12ed\u12f0\u1228\u130b\u1209\u1362 <\/p>\n
\u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca \u130b\u12dc\u1320\u129d\u1290\u1275<\/p>\n
\u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca \u130b\u12dc\u1320\u129d\u1290\u1275\u121d \u1260\u1308\u12e2\u12cd \u1265\u12eb\u1294 \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u12e8\u12a2\u12ae\u1296\u121a \u12a5\u1293 \u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u12a5\u122d\u121d\u1303\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u12a0\u12ce\u1295\u1273\u12ca \u134b\u12ed\u12f3\u1295 \u1265\u127b \u121b\u12cd\u122b\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u1208\u121d\u1233\u120c \u12a8\u1323\u120a\u12eb\u1295 \u1265\u12f5\u122d \u1208\u121b\u130d\u1298\u1275 \u1270\u1265\u120e \u1208\u1233\u120a\u1292 \u12eb\u1208\u1328\u1228\u1273 \u1355\u122e\u1300\u12ad\u1275 \u1218\u1230\u1320\u1271 \u121d\u1295 \u12eb\u12ad\u120d \u1308\u1295\u12d8\u1265 \u12f5\u1200\u12ea\u1271\u1295 \u12a0\u1308\u122d \u12eb\u12a8\u1235\u122b\u1273\u120d \u12e8\u121a\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u121b\u12cd\u122b\u1275 \u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1362 \u1355\u122e\u1300\u12ad\u1271 \u1218\u1300\u1218\u1229\u1363 \u1232\u1320\u1293\u1240\u1245 \u12e8\u121a\u1296\u1228\u12cd\u1295 \u134b\u12ed\u12f3 \u121b\u12cd\u122b\u1275 \u130d\u1295 \u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca \u1290\u12cd\u1362 <\/p>\n
\u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb 35 \u1260\u1218\u1276 \u12e8\u1218\u1228\u1303 \u1325\u12eb\u1244\u12ce\u127d \u1260\u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u130d\u1295\u1299\u1290\u1275 \u12a0\u1263\u120e\u127d \u12ed\u1328\u1293\u1308\u134b\u1209 \u12e8\u121a\u1208\u12cd \u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1363 65 \u1260\u1218\u1276 \u12e8\u121a\u1206\u1291 \u12e8\u1218\u1228\u1303 \u1325\u12eb\u1244\u12ce\u127d \u121d\u120b\u123d \u12eb\u1308\u129b\u1209 \u12e8\u121a\u1208\u12cd \u130d\u1295 \u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u12e8\u1201\u1208\u1271 \u12dc\u1293\u12ce\u127d \u120d\u12e9\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u1275\u12a9\u1228\u1275 \u12a0\u1245\u1323\u132b\u1278\u12cd \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u12e8\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb\u12cd \u120a\u1235\u1270\u12ab\u12ad\u120d \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1263\u12cd\u1295 \u1232\u12eb\u12c8\u122b\u1363 \u1201\u1208\u1270\u129b\u12cd \u12e8\u1270\u1233\u12ab\u12cd\u1295 \u12eb\u12c8\u122b\u120d\u1362 \u1201\u1208\u1271\u121d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1270\u1243\u122b\u1292\u12cd \u1262\u1296\u122d\u121d \u12e8\u12dc\u1293\u12ce\u1279 \u12a0\u1295\u1263\u1262\u12ce\u127d \u130d\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12eb\u1270\u12a9\u1229 \u12e8\u1270\u1348\u1208\u1308\u12cd\u1295 \u1265\u127b \u12e8\u121b\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u120d \u12d5\u12f5\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u1230\u134a \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u1235\u1208\u12da\u1205 \u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca \u130b\u12dc\u1320\u129d\u1290\u1275\u00a0 \u1260\u1270\u1233\u1233\u1270 \u1265\u12eb\u1294\u12cd \u1219\u1308\u1233 \u12a0\u12dd\u121b\u122a\u1290\u1275 \u1206\u1297\u120d \u121b\u1208\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u12a5\u1293\u121d\u1363 \u12dc\u1293\u12cd \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1270\u1320\u1240\u1230\u12cd \u1325\u1293\u1275 \u1260\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1235\u1208\u1270\u1220\u122b \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u12e8\u1218\u1228\u1303 \u1295\u134d\u1308\u1271 \u12a835 \u1260\u1218\u1276 \u1260\u120b\u12ed \u1290\u12cd\u1364 \u1208\u121d\u1233\u120c \u12e8\u130d\u120d \u130b\u12dc\u1320\u129e\u127d \u12e8\u130b\u12dc\u1323\u12ca \u1218\u130d\u1208\u132b \u120b\u12ed \u12ab\u120d\u1206\u1290 \u1260\u1240\u122d \u1218\u1228\u1303 \u1320\u12ed\u1240\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1230\u1323\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u1208\u121d \u12e8\u121a\u120d \u12a0\u1235\u1270\u12eb\u12e8\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1235\u1270\u1293\u130d\u12f5 \u130b\u12dc\u1320\u129b \u12a8\u1218\u1323 \u132d\u122b\u1239\u1291 \u1266\u1273 \u12e8\u1208\u12cd\u121d\u1362 <\/p>\n
\u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca \u12a0\u122b\u121b\u1305\u1290\u1275<\/p>\n
\u12a0\u122b\u121b\u1305\u1290\u1275 (activism) \u1260\u1263\u1215\u122a\u12cd \u121d\u1293\u1263\u12ca \u1260\u1206\u1291 \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1273\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1246\u1218 \u12e8\u1208\u12cd\u1325 \u12a5\u1295\u1245\u1235\u1243\u1234 \u1290\u12cd\u1362 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12a0\u122b\u121b\u1305 \u12ed\u1205 \u1208\u12cd\u1325 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1218\u1323 \u12a5\u1348\u120d\u130b\u1208\u1201 \u12ab\u1208\u1363 \u12e8\u121a\u1218\u1323\u12cd\u1295 \u1208\u12cd\u1325 \u12e8\u1218\u1328\u1228\u123b \u130d\u1265 \u12a5\u12eb\u1208\u1218\u1293 \u1201\u1209\u1295\u121d \u1290\u1308\u122d \u12a8\u12da\u12eb \u130d\u1265 (\u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u1208\u12da\u12eb \u130d\u1265 \u12a8\u121a\u1296\u1228\u12cd \u134b\u12ed\u12f3) \u12a0\u1295\u1343\u122d \u12a5\u12e8\u1218\u12d8\u1290 \u12e8\u121a\u1204\u12f5 \u1290\u12cd\u1362 <\/p>\n
\u1208\u121d\u1233\u120c \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u129b \u1263\u1208 \u1320\u1245\u120b\u12ed\u1308\u1290\u1295\u1290\u1275 (authoritarianism) \u1235\u122d\u12d3\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12f4\u121e\u12ad\u122b\u1232 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1218\u1323 \u12e8\u121a\u1220\u122b\u1295 \u12a0\u122b\u121b\u1305 \u12a5\u1295\u12cd\u1230\u12f5\u1362 \u12ed\u1205 \u12a0\u122b\u121b\u1305 \u1260\u1290\u1263\u122b\u12ca\u12cd \u1201\u1294\u1273 \u12eb\u1209 \u1270\u1243\u12cb\u121a \u12e8\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u1353\u122d\u1272\u12ce\u127d \u1208\u12cd\u1325 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121b\u12eb\u1218\u1321 \u12eb\u121d\u1293\u120d \u12a5\u1295\u1260\u120d\u1362 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12eb\u12cd\u121d \u12a5\u1290\u1231 \u122b\u1233\u1278\u12cd \u121a\u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1208\u1218\u12c8\u1323\u1275 \u1208\u12cd\u1325 \u12ed\u1348\u120d\u130b\u1209\u1364 \u12f4\u121e\u12ad\u122b\u1232 \u12ed\u1348\u120d\u130b\u1209\u1362 \u130b\u12dc\u1320\u129e\u127d\u121d \u1210\u1233\u1263\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1208\u1218\u130d\u1208\u133d \u1290\u133b\u1290\u1275 \u12ed\u1348\u120d\u130b\u1209\u1364 \u12a5\u1290\u1231\u121d \u12f4\u121e\u12ad\u122b\u1232 \u12ed\u1348\u120d\u130b\u1209\u1362 \u1235\u1208\u12da\u1205 \u12a0\u122b\u121b\u1301 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1235\u1240\u121d\u1320\u12cd \u1218\u1208\u12aa\u12eb \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205\u1295 \u12a5\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u1309\u1275\u1295 \u1218\u1208\u12aa\u12eb\u12ce\u127d \u1290\u12cd\u1362 <\/p>\n
\u1290\u1308\u122d \u130d\u1295\u1363 \u1260\u12a2\u1215\u12a0\u12f4\u130d \u12e8\u12a5\u12eb\u1295\u12f3\u1295\u12f1 \u12dc\u130b “\u12e8\u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca" \u1218\u1206\u1295 \u12e8\u12cd\u1235\u1320 \u1273\u12cb\u1242 \u1218\u1218\u122a\u12eb \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1275 \u1308\u12e2\u12cd\u1295 \u121b\u1260\u1228\u1273\u1273\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u1218\u1270\u1278\u1275 \u12eb\u1235\u1240\u1235\u134b\u120d\u1362 \u12a0\u122b\u121b\u1301 \u1235\u1208\u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab \u121d\u1285\u12f3\u122d \u1232\u12eb\u12c8\u122b\u1363 \u1308\u12e2\u12cd \u1235\u1208\u1218\u1220\u1228\u1270 \u120d\u121b\u1271 \u12a0\u12cd\u122b \u12ed\u1208\u12cb\u120d\u1364 \u1235\u1208\u1218\u1220\u1228\u1270 \u120d\u121b\u1271 \u12e8\u12a0\u1308\u1290\u1263\u1265 \u1212\u12f0\u1275 \u1201\u1209\u1295\u121d \u1260\u12d5\u12a9\u120d \u12a0\u1233\u1273\u134a\u1290\u1275\/\u1320\u1243\u121a\u1290\u1275 \u1309\u12f3\u12ed \u1232\u12eb\u12c8\u122b\u1363 \u1235\u1208\u1270\u1308\u1298\u12cd \u1235\u12ac\u1275 \u12a0\u12cd\u122b \u12ed\u1263\u120b\u120d\u1362 \u1235\u1208\u12da\u1205 \u12a5\u1295\u12b3\u1295 \u1208\u120c\u120e\u127d \u12f4\u121e\u12ad\u122b\u1232\u1295 \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u132d\u1290\u1275 \u120a\u12eb\u130d\u12dd \u12e8\u122b\u1231\u1295\u121d \u121b\u1235\u1320\u1260\u1245 \u12ed\u1278\u1308\u122b\u120d\u1362 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u12a0\u122b\u121b\u1301\u1295 “\u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca" \u12e8\u121b\u12f5\u1228\u130d \u12a0\u12ab\u1204\u12f5 \u12a0\u122b\u121b\u1301 \u12e8\u12a2\u1215\u12a0\u12f4\u130d \u1215\u120d\u121d \u12a0\u1235\u1348\u1343\u121a \u1265\u127b \u1290\u12cd \u1218\u1206\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u127d\u1208\u12cd\u1362<\/p>\n
\u12a0\u122b\u121b\u1306\u127d \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1218\u1220\u1228\u1273\u12ca \u1218\u1290\u123b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u1233\u12ed\u1235\u1271 \u12a8\u1246\u12e9 (“\u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca" \u12a0\u1295\u1206\u1295\u121d \u12ab\u1209\u1365) \u1260\u1308\u12e2\u12cd \u1235\u12eb\u121c \u12ed\u1230\u1323\u1278\u12cb\u120d\u1362 \u12e8\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb\u12cd ‘\u12a0\u1238\u1263\u122a’ \u1290\u12cd\u1362 ‘\u1345\u1295\u1348\u129e\u127d\u1363 \u12e8\u1292\u12ee \u120a\u1260\u122b\u120d \u1270\u120b\u120b\u12aa\u12ce\u127d\u1363 \u1340\u1228-\u120d\u121b\u1276\u127d\u2026" \u12e8\u121a\u1209\u1275\u121d \u12ed\u1308\u1299\u1260\u1273\u120d\u1362 \u12a5\u1290\u12da\u1205 \u1235\u12eb\u121c\u12ce\u127d \u121d\u1293\u120d\u1263\u1275\u121d \u12a5\u122b\u1231\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1348\u1323\u122a \u1218\u120d\u12d5\u12ad\u1270\u129b \u1208\u121a\u1246\u1325\u122d \u12a0\u122b\u121b\u1305 \u12a0\u1235\u1260\u122d\u130b\u130a \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1362 \u1235\u12eb\u121c\u12ce\u1279\u1363 \u12a8\u1270\u122b \u12cd\u1295\u1300\u120b \u12c8\u12f0 \u12ad\u1235 \u1218\u12dd\u1308\u1265\u1290\u1275 \u1232\u1240\u12e8\u1229 \u12e8\u1260\u1208\u1320 \u12eb\u1238\u121b\u1245\u1243\u1209\u1362 <\/p>\n
\u1260\u1218\u1328\u1228\u123b\u121d\u1363 \u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca \u12a0\u122b\u121b\u1306\u127d \u12ed\u1348\u1320\u122b\u1209\u1362 \u12a5\u1290\u122d\u1231\u121d \u120d\u121b\u1275 \u1235\u1208\u121a\u12eb\u1218\u1323\u1278\u12cd \u1290\u133b\u1290\u1276\u127d\u1363 \u1215\u1308 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1271 \u1235\u1208\u1230\u1323\u1278\u12cd \u1218\u1265\u1276\u127d\u1363 \u1263\u120d\u1270\u1208\u12c8\u1320 \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1235\u122d \u12dc\u130e\u127d \u122b\u1233\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1208\u12cd\u1321 \u12ed\u1270\u12cd\u1273\u1209\u1362 \u1260\u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275\u1363 \u1260\u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca \u1270\u1243\u12cb\u121a\u12ce\u127d\u1363 \u1260\u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca \u130b\u12dc\u1320\u129e\u127d\u1363 \u1260\u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca \u12a0\u122b\u121b\u1306\u127d \u12a5\u1293 \u1260\u1270\u1233\u1233\u1270\u12cd \u12e8\u1218\u1238\u1290\u130b\u1308\u12eb “\u12e8\u120d\u121b\u1273\u12ca" \u1275\u122d\u1309\u121d\u1365 \u1263\u1208\u1205\u1260\u1275 \u12a0\u12dd\u130d\u121di<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
ምስራቃውያን “ልማታዊ መንግሥታት ናቸው” የተባሉት በምዕራባውያን ነበር። የኢትዮጵያ መንግሥት ግን ራሱ ነው “ልማታዊ” በማለት ራሱን መጥራት የጀመረው። ከዚያ በኋላ ቃሉ፣ በመንግሥት ኃላፊዎችና በተለይም በኢቴቪ በተደጋጋሚ ከመነሳቱና ካለቦታው ከመደንጎሩ የተነሳ የሚወክለው መንግሥት የሚከተለውን የኢኮኖሚ ስርዓት መሆኑ ቀርቶ በቀላሉ ሲታይ “የሚጠፉ ጥፋቶችን እንዳላየ አልፎ፥ ስለሚለሙ ልማቶች ብቻ ማውራትን”፣ ወይም በጥልቁ ሲመረመር “ገዢው ፓርቲን ከነቆሻሻው መደገፍን” ይመለከታል። ራስን ማዕረግ የመስጠት ጦሱ ይኸው ነው። <\/p>\n
ኢሕአዴግ ደጋፊዎቹን ወጣቶች “የልማት ሠራዊት” ነው የሚላቸው፤ ቀሪው እንደጥፋት ሠራዊት ነው የሚቆጠረው። ሌላው ቢቀር ሁለቱንም አለመሆን አይፈቀድለትም። ኢሕአዴግ ራሱን ብቻ ልማታዊ አድርጎ የመቁጠሩ ነገር በስህተት የመጣ አይደለም፤ የፖለቲካ ፍልስፍና ጉዳይ ነው። በተለይ ሰሞኑን ፓርቲው በመንግሥትነት ስሙ ተጠቅሞ በሚያዘጋጃቸው ስብሰባዎች ላይ የታይዋን እና ደቡብ ኮርያ ስም ተደጋግሞ በምሳሌነት ይጠቀሳል፤ ሁለቱም “ለልማት ሲባል ዴሞክራሲን ሰውተው ነው እዚህ የደረሱት” በሚል። ልማታዊነት ለዴሞክራሲ አያጣድፍም እንደማለት። <\/p>\n
ክፋቱ ኢሕአዴግ እምነቱን በፀባይ ለማሳመን አለመፈለጉንም ይጨምራል። እንዲህ እያለ እያወራም ግን ‘ዴሞክራሲያዊ ነኝ፣ ያለመሆን ፍላጎትም የለኝ’ እያለ በአደባባይ እየዋሸ ያታልላል። ግን መልሶ፣ “ሁሉም ነገር ወደልማታዊነት ግንባር” ይላል – በራሱ የልማታዊነት ብያኔ። የለም፣ እኔ በራሴ ብያኔ እሠራለሁ ብሎ ነገር የለም። ለምሳሌ፤<\/p>\n
ልማታዊ ተቃዋሚዎች<\/p>\n
ኢሕአዴግ ተቃዋሚዎች “ልማታዊ” እንዲሆኑ ይፈልጋል። “ልማታዊ ተቃዋሚዎች” ማለት የሁለት አሐዙ ዕድገትን ያለመጠየቅ የሚያምኑ፣ ስለፖለቲካው ምኅዳር መጥበብ ትንፍሽ የማይሉ እና ሌላው ቀርቶ በምርጫ ሲሸነፉ በኢቴቪ ቀርበው ይህ እንደሚሆን ቀድመውም ያውቁ እንደነበር የሚመሰክሩና የተሸነፉት በራሳቸው ድክመት መሆኑን የሚናገሩ… ናቸው። የሚወዳደሩት ውድድሩን ለማድመቅ ነው -ልክ እንደታላቁ ሩጫ ብዙኃን። ምሳሌ የአቶ መሳፍንት መኢብንን እና የአቶ አየለ ጫሚሶን ቅንጅትን መጥቀስ ይቻላል። በአጭሩ እነዚህ ፓርቲዎች፣ ተቃዋሚም፣ አማራጭ ፓርቲም አይደሉም፤ ደጋፊ ፓርቲዎች ናቸው። <\/p>\n
“ደጋፊ የፖለቲካ ፓርቲዎች” (AKA ልማታዊ ፓርቲዎች) ዋነኛ ሥራ ራስን ተቃዋሚ ነን ብሎ ለሕዝብ መንገር፣ በገዢው ፓርቲ የተከፋውን ሕዝብ ልብና ቀልብ ማግኘት፣ ቀልቡን ለሰጠው ሕዝብ ፓርቲዎቹ ስለሚታገሉለት ሳይሆን ኢሕአዴግ ስለሚሠራቸው ሥራዎች ማውራት፣ ለኢሕአዴግ ድምፅ ማስገኘት ካልተቻለ “ልማታዊ ካልሆኑት ፓርቲዎች” ድምፅ መቀማት\/መከፋፈል ናቸው። <\/p>\n
ገዢው ፓርቲ እነሱን በማበርከት የአጥቂነት ሚናውን እየተወጣ ነው። እነሱ ደግሞ የማያገኙት የሥልጣን ጥማቸው የኢሕአዴግ ጉዳይ አስፈፃሚ አድርጓቸዋል። <\/p>\n
ከኢሕአዴግ መሥመር በማይጋጠም አቅጣጫ የሚሄዱ የፖለቲካ ፓርቲዎች ደግሞ ሕልውናቸውን አደጋ ላይ በሚጥል ቀጭን ሽቦ ላይ እንዲራመዱ ይደረጋሉ። <\/p>\n
ልማታዊ ጋዜጠኝነት<\/p>\n
ልማታዊ ጋዜጠኝነትም በገዢው ብያኔ መሠረት የኢኮኖሚ እና ፖለቲካ እርምጃዎችን አዎንታዊ ፋይዳን ብቻ ማውራት ነው። ለምሳሌ ከጣሊያን ብድር ለማግኘት ተብሎ ለሳሊኒ ያለጨረታ ፕሮጀክት መሰጠቱ ምን ያክል ገንዘብ ድሀዪቱን አገር ያከስራታል የሚለውን ማውራት ልማታዊ አይደለም። ፕሮጀክቱ መጀመሩ፣ ሲጠናቀቅ የሚኖረውን ፋይዳ ማውራት ግን ልማታዊ ነው። <\/p>\n
በኢትዮጵያ 35 በመቶ የመረጃ ጥያቄዎች በሕዝብ ግንኙነት አባሎች ይጨናገፋሉ የሚለው ልማታዊ አይደለም፣ 65 በመቶ የሚሆኑ የመረጃ ጥያቄዎች ምላሽ ያገኛሉ የሚለው ግን ልማታዊ ነው። የሁለቱ ዜናዎች ልዩነት የትኩረት አቅጣጫቸው ነው። የመጀመሪያው ሊስተካክል የሚገባውን ሲያወራ፣ ሁለተኛው የተሳካውን ያወራል። ሁለቱም ውስጥ ተቃራኒው ቢኖርም የዜናዎቹ አንባቢዎች ግን እንዲያተኩሩ የተፈለገውን ብቻ የማስተዋል ዕድላቸው ሰፊ ነው። ስለዚህ ልማታዊ ጋዜጠኝነት በተሳሳተ ብያኔው ሙገሳ አዝማሪነት ሆኗል ማለት ነው። እናም፣ ዜናው ላይ የተጠቀሰው ጥናት በመንግሥት ስለተሠራ እንጂ የመረጃ ንፍገቱ ከ35 በመቶ በላይ ነው፤ ለምሳሌ የግል ጋዜጠኞች የጋዜጣዊ መግለጫ ላይ ካልሆነ በቀር መረጃ ጠይቀው የሚሰጣቸው የለም የሚል አስተያየት የሚያስተናግድ ጋዜጠኛ ከመጣ ጭራሹኑ ቦታ የለውም። <\/p>\n
ልማታዊ አራማጅነት<\/p>\n
አራማጅነት (activism) በባሕሪው ምናባዊ በሆኑ መሠረታውያን ላይ የቆመ የለውጥ እንቅስቃሴ ነው። አንድ አራማጅ ይህ ለውጥ እንዲመጣ እፈልጋለሁ ካለ፣ የሚመጣውን ለውጥ የመጨረሻ ግብ እያለመና ሁሉንም ነገር ከዚያ ግብ (ወይም ለዚያ ግብ ከሚኖረው ፋይዳ) አንፃር እየመዘነ የሚሄድ ነው። <\/p>\n
ለምሳሌ እንደኛ ባለ ጠቅላይገነንነት (authoritarianism) ስርዓት ውስጥ ዴሞክራሲ እንዲመጣ የሚሠራን አራማጅ እንውሰድ። ይህ አራማጅ በነባራዊው ሁኔታ ያሉ ተቃዋሚ የፖለቲካ ፓርቲዎች ለውጥ እንደማያመጡ ያምናል እንበል። እንዲያውም እነሱ ራሳቸው ሚናቸውን ለመወጣት ለውጥ ይፈልጋሉ፤ ዴሞክራሲ ይፈልጋሉ። ጋዜጠኞችም ሐሳባቸውን ለመግለጽ ነጻነት ይፈልጋሉ፤ እነሱም ዴሞክራሲ ይፈልጋሉ። ስለዚህ አራማጁ የሚያስቀምጠው መለኪያ እነዚህን እውን የሚያደርጉትን መለኪያዎች ነው። <\/p>\n
ነገር ግን፣ በኢሕአዴግ የእያንዳንዱ ዜጋ “የልማታዊ” መሆን የውስጠ ታዋቂ መመሪያ መሠረት ገዢውን ማበረታታት እንጂ መተቸት ያስቀስፋል። አራማጁ ስለፖለቲካ ምኅዳር ሲያወራ፣ ገዢው ስለመሠረተ ልማቱ አውራ ይለዋል፤ ስለመሠረተ ልማቱ የአገነባብ ሒደት ሁሉንም በዕኩል አሳታፊነት\/ጠቃሚነት ጉዳይ ሲያወራ፣ ስለተገኘው ስኬት አውራ ይባላል። ስለዚህ እንኳን ለሌሎች ዴሞክራሲን በአማጭነት ሊያግዝ የራሱንም ማስጠበቅ ይቸገራል። በዚህ አራማጁን “ልማታዊ” የማድረግ አካሄድ አራማጁ የኢሕአዴግ ሕልም አስፈፃሚ ብቻ ነው መሆን የሚችለው።<\/p>\n
አራማጆች በኢትዮጵያ መሠረታዊ መነሻቸውን ሳይስቱ ከቆዩ (“ልማታዊ” አንሆንም ካሉ፥) በገዢው ስያሜ ይሰጣቸዋል። የመጀመሪያው ‘አሸባሪ’ ነው። ‘ፅንፈኞች፣ የኒዮ ሊበራል ተላላኪዎች፣ ፀረ-ልማቶች…” የሚሉትም ይገኙበታል። እነዚህ ስያሜዎች ምናልባትም እራሱን እንደፈጣሪ መልዕክተኛ ለሚቆጥር አራማጅ አስበርጋጊ ናቸው። ስያሜዎቹ፣ ከተራ ውንጀላ ወደ ክስ መዝገብነት ሲቀየሩ የበለጠ ያሸማቅቃሉ። <\/p>\n
በመጨረሻም፣ ልማታዊ አራማጆች ይፈጠራሉ። እነርሱም ልማት ስለሚያመጣቸው ነጻነቶች፣ ሕገ መንግሥቱ ስለሰጣቸው መብቶች፣ ባልተለወጠ መንግሥት ስር ዜጎች ራሳቸውን እንዲለውጡ ይተውታሉ። በልማታዊ መንግሥት፣ በልማታዊ ተቃዋሚዎች፣ በልማታዊ ጋዜጠኞች፣ በልማታዊ አራማጆች እና በተሳሳተው የመሸነጋገያ “የልማታዊ” ትርጉም፥ ባለህበት አዝግምi<\/p>\n