{"id":123271,"date":"2013-10-29T06:47:00","date_gmt":"2013-10-29T10:47:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.mereja.com\/amharic\/?guid=9bd94e8bad26815c7dafcdb994082de7"},"modified":"2013-10-29T06:47:00","modified_gmt":"2013-10-29T10:47:00","slug":"%e1%8b%a8%e1%88%8c%e1%88%88%e1%8b%8d%e1%8a%95-%e1%8d%8d%e1%88%88%e1%8c%8b-%e1%8a%ad%e1%8d%8d%e1%88%8d-%e1%8a%a0%e1%8a%95%e1%8b%b5","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/mereja.net\/amharic\/123271","title":{"rendered":"\u12e8\u120c\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u134d\u1208\u130b -\u12ad\u134d\u120d \u12a0\u1295\u12f5"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275\u1293 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u12a4\u12ce\u1235\u1323\u1274\u12ce\u1235( \u130e\u122d\u130e\u122b\u1363 \u12f0\u1265\u1228 \u1232\u1293 \u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d)<\/b><\/span><\/o:p><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\u1270\u1235\u134b\u12e8 \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u12a0\u1265 \u2039\u12e8\u1235\u12f0\u1270\u129b\u12cd \u121b\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u123b\u203a <\/span>\u12e8\u1270\u1230\u1298 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d \u121b\u12cd\u1323\u1271\u1295\u1293 \u1263\u1290\u1260\u12cd \u1218\u120d\u12ab\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1206\u1290 \u1308\u120d\u1326 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12c8\u12f3\u1304 \u2039\u1235\u1235 \u1245\u1305\u12cd\u1295\u203a \u12a8\u1200\u1308\u1228 \u12a0\u121c\u122a\u12ab \u120b\u12a8\u120d\u129d\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u12da\u1205 \u1260\u134a\u1275 \u120c\u120e\u127d \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1271\u1295 \u12a0\u1295\u1265\u1264\u12eb\u1278\u12cb\u1208\u1201\u1364 \u1260\u12a0\u133b\u133b\u134d \u127d\u120e\u1273\u12cd \u12e8\u121d\u12f0\u1230\u1270\u12cd\u1295 \u12eb\u1205\u120d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u12a0\u1260\u123b \u1218\u12f5\u1283\u1292\u1275 \u1290\u1308\u1229\u1295 \u1201\u1209 \u12a5\u122d\u1231 \u1265\u127b \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12cd\u1240\u12cd \u121d\u1235\u1322\u122d \u1235\u1208\u121a\u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u1308\u12cd\u1364 \u1260\u12a0\u1295\u12f3\u1295\u12f5 \u1309\u12f3\u12ee\u127d\u121d \u1206\u1295 \u1265\u120e\u121d \u120a\u12eb\u1293\u130b\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1348\u120d\u130d \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12ca \u12a5\u1234\u1276\u127d \u12eb\u1209 \u1235\u1208\u121a\u1218\u1235\u1208\u129d\u1364 \u1270\u1235\u134b\u12ec \u1208\u121d\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u12da\u1205 \u12ed\u133d\u134b\u120d<\/span>?<\/span> \u12a5\u12eb\u120d\u12a9 \u12e8\u121d\u1320\u12ed\u1243\u1278\u12cd \u1290\u1308\u122e\u127d \u1290\u1260\u1229\u1361\u1361<\/span><\/div>\n
\u1260\u12da\u1205 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u1349 \u12cd\u1235\u1325\u121d \u12eb\u1295\u1295 \u1325\u122d\u1323\u122c\u12e8\u1295 \u12a0\u1309\u120d\u1276 \u1225\u130b \u1290\u1225\u1276 \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u12e8\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u1308\u129d \u1290\u1308\u122d \u1308\u1320\u1218\u129d\u1361\u1361 \u1270\u1235\u134b\u12e8 \u1260\u1308\u133d 306 \u120b\u12ed \u2039\u2039\u12e8\u134d\u1235\u1210 \u133d\u12ee\u1295 \u1356\u1208\u1272\u12ab\u203a \u1260\u121a\u120d \u122d\u12a5\u1235 \u1235\u1208 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u12e8\u121b\u12eb\u12cd\u1240\u12cd\u1295 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u133d\u134f\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1235\u1208\u121b\u12eb\u12cd\u1240\u12cd \u1290\u1308\u122d \u12e8\u133b\u1348\u12cd \u1263\u1208\u121b\u12c8\u1241 \u1265\u127b \u12a0\u12ed\u1218\u1235\u1208\u129d\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5\u121d \u1208\u121b\u12c8\u1245 \u1263\u1208\u1218\u1348\u1208\u1309\u1363 \u12a0\u1208\u12eb\u121d \u1206\u1295 \u1265\u120e \u12e8\u121b\u134d\u1228\u1235 \u12d3\u120b\u121b \u12ed\u12de \u12ed\u1218\u1235\u1208\u129b\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u12ed\u1205\u1295 \u12e8\u121d\u1208\u12cd \u1260\u1201\u1208\u1275 \u121d\u12ad\u1295\u12eb\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1270\u1235\u134b\u12ec \u1235\u1208 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u1208\u1218\u133b\u134d \u1232\u1348\u120d\u130d \u120a\u12eb\u1290\u1263\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u127d\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275 \u1260\u121d\u12f5\u1228 \u12a0\u12cd\u122e\u1353 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u121b\u12ad\u12f6\u1293\u120d\u12f5 \u1260\u12dd\u1270\u12cd \u121e\u120d\u1270\u12cd \u12ed\u1308\u129b\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1265\u12db\u129e\u1279 \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u1263\u120d\u1206\u1291 \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u1270\u133b\u1349 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u120c\u120b\u12cd \u1262\u1240\u122d \u12a4\u1295\u122a\u12ae \u127c\u1229\u120a \u12e8\u12f0\u1265\u1228 \u120a\u1263\u1296\u1235 \u12a0\u1260 \u121d\u1294\u1276\u127d \u1273\u122a\u12ad(<\/span>Gli Abbati di Dabra Libanos, 1945)<\/span>\u1363 \u12ae\u1295\u1272 \u122e\u1232\u1292 \u12a8\u1210\u1270\u1273 \u130b\u122d \u12eb\u1233\u1270\u1218\u12cd\u1295 \u1308\u12f5\u1208 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275\u1363\u1260\u12cb\u120d\u12f5\u1263 \u1245\u1305 (<\/span>Il Gadla Takla Haimanot secondo la redazione Waldebbana, 1896)<\/span>\u1363 \u12e8\u12ca\u120d\u12eb\u121d \u1260\u1305\u1295 \u12e8\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u1215\u12ed\u12c8\u1275\u1293 \u1270\u12a0\u121d\u122d (<\/span>The Life and Miracles of Takla Haymanot, 1906)<\/span>\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u1338\u1210\u134d\u1275\u121d \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12e8\u1273\u12f0\u1230 \u1273\u121d\u122b\u1275\u1295 <\/span>Church and State in Ethiopia, <\/span>\u121b\u1295\u1260\u1265 \u1260\u1270\u1308\u1263\u12cd \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
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\u12a8\u12da\u1205\u121d \u12d8\u120d\u120e \u1325\u120d\u1245 \u1325\u1293\u1275 \u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u130c \u12f0\u1228\u1274\u1295 \u1290\u134d\u127c \u12a5\u1293\u1308\u122b\u1208\u1201 \u1208\u121a\u120d \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12a5\u1295\u130d\u120a\u12dd \u121d\u1279 \u1293\u1275\u1293 \u120e\u1295\u12f6\u1295 \u12c8\u12f0\u121a\u1308\u1298\u12cd \u1265\u122a\u1272\u123d \u1219\u12dd\u12e8\u121d \u1204\u12f6 \u1260\u121b\u12ed\u12ad\u122e \u134a\u120d\u121d \u12e8\u1270\u1290\u1221\u1275\u1295\u121d \u1206\u1290 \u1260\u12a0\u12ab\u120d \u12eb\u1209\u1275\u1295 \u1265\u122b\u1293\u12ce\u127d \u121b\u12e8\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u12da\u12eb\u121d \u12e8\u121b\u12eb\u12f0\u122d\u1230\u12cd \u12a8\u1206\u1290 \u1260\u12cb\u1293 \u12a8\u1270\u121b\u12cd \u1260\u1206\u120b\u1295\u12f5 \u12e9\u1292\u1268\u122d\u1232\u1272\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1299\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u130c\u1273\u1278\u12cd \u1283\u12ed\u120c\u1295 THE MONASTIC GENEALOGY OF THE LINE OF T\u00c4KL\u00c4 HAYMANOT OF SHOA, (Rassegna di Studi Etiopici, Vol. 29 (1982-1983), pp. 7-38)\u1364<\/span>\u12e8\u1270\u1235\u134b\u12ec \u1308\u1265\u1228 \u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d\u1295 <\/span>A Structural Analysis of G\u00e4dl\u00e4 T\u00e4kl\u00e4 Haymanot(African Languages and Cultures, Vol. 10, No. 2 (1997), pp. 181-198)<\/span>\u1364 \u12e8\u1210\u1295\u1272\u1295\u130d \u134e\u122d\u12f5\u1295 (G.W.B. Huntingford, “The Lives of Saint Takla Haymanot,” Journal of Ethiopian Studies, 4(1966), 34-35.) \u12e8\u12a0\u1209\u120b \u1353\u1295\u12ad\u1228\u1235\u1275\u1295 Dabra Libanos Pilgrimage Past and Present, The Mytery of the Bones and the Legend of Saint Takla Haymanot,(the sociology ethnology Bulletin) 1,3 (1994), P. 14-26<\/span> <\/span><\/b>\u1325\u1293\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u121b\u12e8\u1275 \u12ed\u127b\u120d \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u12eb\u121d \u12ab\u120d\u1206\u1290 \u12c8\u12f0 \u1264\u120d\u1305\u12e8\u121d \u1204\u12f6 \u1352\u1270\u122d\u1235 \u12a0\u1233\u1273\u121a \u12a8\u1325\u120d\u1245 \u1325\u1293\u1275 \u130b\u122d \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1233\u1275\u121b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1325\u1295\u1273\u12ca \u1218\u12db\u130d\u1265\u1275 \u1285\u1275\u1218\u1276\u127d \u121b\u1308\u1208\u1263\u1325 \u12ed\u127b\u120d \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u12e8\u1308\u1228\u1218\u129d \u1308\u12f5\u1208 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275\u1295 \u12eb\u1205\u120d \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1273\u122a\u12ad <\/span>(History)<\/span>\u1293 \u12e8\u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12a0\u133b\u133b\u134d(<\/span>Historiography) <\/span>\u1273\u120b\u1245 \u1266\u1273 \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1363 \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1308\u12f5\u120b\u1275 \u1325\u1293\u1275(<\/span>Hagiography) <\/span>\u1240\u12f3\u121a \u12e8\u1206\u1290\u1293 \u1260\u1265\u12d9 \u12a0\u1325\u129d\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u1270\u1320\u1293 \u1309\u12f3\u12ed \u12eb\u1208 \u121d\u1295\u121d \u1260\u1242 \u121b\u1235\u1228\u1303 \u12a0\u1348\u122d\u1233\u1208\u1201 \u1265\u120e \u1218\u1290\u1223\u1271 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u12bc \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u12a8\u121b<\/span>\u12ed\u12c8\u1323\u1260\u1275 \u12e8\u12ad\u122d\u12ad\u122d \u12a0\u12d8\u1245\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u12c8\u12f5\u1245 \u12a0\u12f5\u122d\u130e\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u12e8\u12d3\u1208\u121d \u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295 \u1293\u1278\u12cd<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u12ed\u12bc\u12cd \u1208\u12d8\u120b\u1208\u121d \u12eb\u1260\u122b\u120d \u1308\u12f5\u120b\u1278\u12cd<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1208\u12cd\u1361\u1361 <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u1270\u1235\u134b\u12ec \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275\u1295 \u1260\u1270\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1270 \u12a0\u1290\u1260\u1265\u12b3\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u1208\u1295 \u12a0\u121d\u1235\u1275 \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275\u1295 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12a0\u1263 \u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u12a8\u121b\u1363 \u12e8\u12aa\u12f3\u1290 \u12c8\u120d\u12f5 \u12ad\u134d\u120c\u1363 \u12e8\u133d\u130c \u1235\u1326\u1273\u12cd\u1363 \u12e8\u12f3\u129b\u1278\u12cd \u12c8\u122d\u1241\u1293 \u12e8\u12a2\u1228\u12ed\u1295 \u1219\u122b\u12ed\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1263 \u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u12a8\u121b\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121b\u12eb\u12cd\u1243\u1278\u12cd\u1363 \u12e8\u133b\u1349\u1275\u1295\u121d \u1308\u12f5\u120d \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u120b\u1290\u1260\u1260 \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1233\u1265\u1245\u1260\u1275 \u2039\u12f0\u1265\u1270\u122b\u203a \u1232\u120b\u1278\u12cd \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1263 \u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u12a8\u121b \u1230\u1263\u1270\u129b\u12cd \u12e8\u12f0\u1265\u1228 \u120a\u1263\u1296\u1235 \u12a5\u1328\u130c \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u12f0\u1265\u1270\u122b \u12a0\u120d\u1290\u1260\u1229\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u12eb \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u2039\u12f0\u1265\u1270\u122b\u203a \u121b\u1208\u1275 \u12e8\u1295\u1309\u1221\u1295 \u12f0\u1265\u122d(\u12f5\u1295\u12b3\u1295) \u12e8\u121a\u12eb\u1308\u1208\u130d\u1209\u1275 \u12ab\u1205\u1293\u1275 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1263 \u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u12a8\u121b \u1260\u12d0\u1344 \u12ed\u1235\u1210\u1245(1407-1423)\u12d8\u1218\u1295\u1293 \u1260\u12d0\u1344 \u12d8\u122d\u12d0 \u12eb\u12d5\u1246\u1265(1437-1461)\u12e8\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb\u12ce\u1279 \u12d3\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1229 \u12f0\u1265\u1228 \u120a\u1263\u1296\u1235\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1308\u1293 \u12eb\u1233\u1290\u1339 \u1308\u12f5\u1208 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275\u1295\u121d \u12eb\u1235\u133b\u1349 \u12a0\u1263\u1275 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1270\u1235\u134b\u12ec \u12a0\u1263 \u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u12a8\u121b \u12a8200 \u12d3\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u1246\u12ed\u1273 \u1260\u128b\u120b \u1235\u1208 \u133b\u1349 \u1270\u1233\u1235\u1270\u12cb\u120d \u12ed\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1263\u1273\u12cd\u1240\u12cd \u1290\u12cd \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u1219\u1234 \u12a6\u122a\u1275\u1295 \u12e8\u133b\u1348\u12cd \u12d3\u1208\u121d \u12a8\u1270\u1348\u1320\u1228 \u12a8\u123a\u12ce\u127d \u12d3\u1218\u1273\u1275 \u1260\u128b\u120b \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u1308\u12f5\u120e\u127d \u12d8\u130d\u12ed\u1270\u12cd \u12e8\u121a\u133b\u1349\u1275 \u12e8\u12a0\u1295\u12f5\u1295 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u1245\u12f5\u1235\u1293 \u1208\u1218\u1218\u1235\u12a8\u122d \u12ab\u1228\u1348 \u1262\u12eb\u1295\u1235 \u130d\u121b\u123d \u121d\u12a5\u1270 \u12d3\u1218\u1275 \u1235\u1208\u121a\u12eb\u1235\u1348\u120d\u1308\u12cd \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1218\u1243\u1265\u1229 \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u121a\u1220\u1229\u1275 \u1270\u12a0\u121d\u122b\u1275\u1363 \u1260\u12a0\u121b\u120b\u1305\u1290\u1271 \u12e8\u121a\u1220\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u1270\u12a0\u121d\u122b\u1275\u1293 \u120c\u120e\u127d\u121d \u1218\u1273\u12e8\u1275 \u12a0\u1208\u1263\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361  <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u1270\u1235\u134b\u12ec \u12a0\u120b\u12cb\u1242\u1290\u1271\u1295 \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u12d5\u12cd\u1240\u1275 \u1235\u1208\u12c8\u1230\u12f0\u12cd \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u12e8\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u12a8\u121b \u1308\u12f5\u120d \u12e8\u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb\u12cd \u12e8\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u1308\u12f5\u120d \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1290\u1308\u122b\u127d\u1295 \u120b\u12ed \u1235\u1208 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u12a0\u122b\u1275 \u1240\u12f0\u121d\u1275 \u1230\u12ce\u127d \u133d\u1348\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 1)\u1260\u1235\u1295\u12ad\u1233\u122d \u1270\u133d\u134e \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1298\u12cd(\u1260\u1270\u1208\u12ed\u121d \u1260\u1353\u122a\u1231 \u1235\u1295\u12ad\u1233\u122d) \u12a0\u132d\u122d \u12e8\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u1273\u122a\u12ad\u1363 2) \u12e8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u1270\u12c8\u120b\u1305 \u1260\u1206\u1290\u12cd \u1260\u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u133d\u12ee\u1295 \u12e8\u1270\u133b\u1348\u12cd \u12e8\u12cb\u120d\u12f5\u1263\u12cd \u1308\u12f5\u1208 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 <\/span>[<\/span>\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1233\u1219\u12a4\u120d \u12d8\u12cb\u120d\u12f5\u1263 \u12e8\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 (\u1260\u1246\u1265) \u12e8\u120d\u1305 \u120d\u1305 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1218\u12f5\u1283\u1292\u1290 \u12a5\u130d\u12da\u12a5\u1295 \u1232\u12eb\u1218\u1290\u12a9\u1231 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1218\u12f5\u1283\u1292\u1290 \u12a5\u130d\u12da\u12a5 \u12f0\u130d\u121e \u1230\u1263\u1271 \u12a8\u12cb\u12ad\u1265\u1275 \u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1209\u1275\u1295\u1293 \u1260\u1323\u1293 \u12d9\u122a\u12eb \u12e8\u1230\u1260\u12a9\u1275\u1295 (\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u12d8\u1241\u12e8\u133b\u1363 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1233\u1219\u12a4\u120d \u12d8\u1323\u122c\u1323\u1363 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u12eb\u1233\u12ed \u12d8\u121b\u1295\u12f3\u1263\u1363 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1233\u1219\u12a4\u120d \u12d8\u12cb\u120d\u12f5\u1263\u1363 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u12d8\u1309\u122b\u1295\u124b\u1363 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1273\u12f4\u12ce\u1235 \u12d8\u1263\u120d\u1270\u12cb\u122d\u1293 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u12eb\u134d\u1245\u1228\u1290 \u12a5\u130d\u12da\u12a5 \u12d8\u1309\u1309\u1264\u1295) \u1232\u12eb\u1218\u1290\u12a9\u1231 \u1290\u12cd \u121d\u1295\u12a9\u1235\u1293\u1295 \u1270\u1240\u1265\u1208\u12cd \u1208\u1270\u120d\u12d5\u12ae \u12e8\u1270\u1230\u121b\u1229\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u1208\u12da\u1205\u121d \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275\u1295 \u1308\u12f5\u120d \u12cb\u120d\u12f5\u1263\u12ce\u127d \u12e8\u133b\u1349\u1275\u1361\u1361<\/span>]<\/span> 3)\u12eb\u120d\u1273\u12c8\u1240 \u1338\u1210\u134a \u12a0\u132d\u1229\u1295\u1293 \u12e8\u1210\u12ed\u1245 \u12a5\u1235\u1322\u134b\u1296\u1235 \u1245\u1305 \u12e8\u121a\u1263\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u133d\u134f\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u12bc\u129b\u12cd \u1308\u12f5\u120d \u1240\u12f3\u121a \u1233\u12ed\u1206\u1295 \u12a0\u12ed\u1240\u122d\u121d\u1364 \u12a0\u1295\u12f0\u129b \u12e8\u1270\u133b\u1348\u12cd \u12a8\u120c\u120e\u127d \u1245\u12f1\u1233\u1295 \u1308\u12f5\u120e\u127d \u130b\u122d \u12a5\u1235\u1275\u130d\u1261\u12a5 \u1206\u1296 \u1260\u1235\u1295\u12ad\u1233\u122d \u1218\u120d\u12ad \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1201\u1208\u1270\u129b \u12e8\u1270\u1320\u1240\u121b\u1278\u12cd \u12a0\u121b\u122d\u129b\u12ce\u127d \u1260\u12a0\u1201\u1291 \u130a\u12dc \u1325\u1245\u121d \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u120c\u1209 \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1363 4)\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u12a8\u121b \u12e8\u133b\u1348\u12cd \u12e8\u12f0\u1265\u1228 \u120a\u1263\u1296\u1235 \u1245\u1305 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u12ed\u1205 \u12e8\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u12a8\u121b \u1308\u12f5\u120d \u121d\u1293\u120d\u1263\u1275 \u12a81418-19 \u12d3\u121d \u1263\u1208\u12cd \u130a\u12dc \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1260\u12d0\u1344 \u12ed\u1235\u1210\u1245 \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u12e8\u1270\u133b\u1348 \u1218\u1206\u1291 \u12ed\u1308\u1218\u1273\u120d(<\/span>Encyclopedia Aethiopica, Vol. IV, P. 832) <\/span>\u1260\u130d\u1265\u133d \u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1298\u12cd \u12d0\u1228\u1265\u129b\u12cd \u1308\u12f5\u120d \u1260\u12d0\u1344 \u1308\u120b\u12cd\u12f4\u12ce\u1235 \u12d8\u1218\u1295(1533-1551) \u12e8\u1270\u133b\u1348 \u12ed\u1218\u1235\u120b\u120d(<\/span>Encyclopedia Aethiopica,Vol.IV, P.832)<\/span>\u1361\u1361 \u12eb\u120d\u1270\u1218\u12d8\u1308\u1261 \u12a0\u12eb\u120c \u1308\u12f5\u120b\u1275 \u1260\u12e8\u1308\u12f3\u121b\u1271 \u1218\u1296\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u1270\u1320\u1260\u1240 \u1206\u1296 22 \u12e8\u1265\u122b\u1293 \u1308\u12f5\u120e\u127d \u1260\u12a0\u12cd\u122e\u1353\u1363 20 \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12e8\u121b\u1291\u1235\u12ad\u122a\u1355\u1275 \u1264\u1270 \u1218\u133b\u134d\u1275(<\/span>EMML)<\/span>\u1363 3 \u1260\u12a2\u12e8\u1229\u1233\u120c\u121d \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1308\u12f3\u121b\u1275\u1363 5 \u1260\u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263 \u12e9\u1292\u1268\u122d\u1232\u1272 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1325\u1293\u1275 \u1270\u124b\u121d \u12e8\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u1308\u12f5\u120e\u127d \u12ed\u1308\u129b\u1209\u1361\u1361 <\/span>\u1260\u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u1245\u12f1\u1235 \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1270\u1208\u12eb\u12e9 \u1245\u1305\u12ce\u127d \u1218\u1308\u1298\u1273\u1278\u12cd \u1218\u1228\u1303\u12ce\u127d\u1295 \u12eb\u1230\u134b\u1278\u12cb\u120d \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u1309\u12f3\u1275 \u12e8\u1208\u12cd\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1235\u1208 \u12a0\u1295\u12f5 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1276\u1235 \u12a0\u122b\u1275 \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u12c8\u1295\u130c\u120e\u127d \u1218\u133b\u134b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u121b\u1235\u1273\u12c8\u1235 \u12ed\u1260\u1243\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u12a0\u1208\u1243 \u12aa\u12f3\u1290 \u12c8\u120d\u12f5 \u12ad\u134d\u120c \u1260\u1265\u12d9 \u1225\u122b\u12ce\u127b\u1278\u12cd \u12e8\u1270\u12a8\u1260\u1229\u1293 \u12e8\u1270\u1218\u1230\u1308\u1291 \u120a\u1245 \u1293\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275\u1295 \u1260\u1270\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1270 \u120b\u1290\u1221\u1275 \u1203\u1233\u1265 \u130d\u1295 \u12eb\u1240\u1228\u1261\u1275 \u121b\u1235\u1228\u1303 \u12e8\u120b\u1278\u12cd\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1308\u12f5\u120e\u127d \u1201\u1209 \u12e8\u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275\u1295 \u1308\u12f5\u120d \u12eb\u1205\u120d \u12e8\u121a\u1273\u12c8\u1245\u1293 \u12e8\u1270\u1320\u1293 \u12e8\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u120c\u120e\u127d \u130b\u122d \u12a5\u12e8\u1270\u1290\u133b\u1338\u1228\u121d \u1206\u1290 \u1260\u122b\u1231(<\/span>Textual analysis) <\/span>\u1308\u12f5\u1208 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u1260\u12a0\u12cd\u122e\u1353\u12cd\u12eb\u1295\u121d \u1206\u1290 \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u1270\u1320\u1295\u1277\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1235\u12ab\u1201\u1295 \u130d\u1295 \u12a0\u1208\u1243 \u12aa\u12f3\u1290 \u12c8\u120d\u12f5 \u12ad\u134d\u120c\u121d \u1206\u1291 \u120c\u120e\u127d \u12e8\u121a\u1209\u1275 \u2039\u120c\u120b \u1308\u12f5\u120d\u203a \u12a0\u120d\u1270\u1308\u1298\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1208\u1243\u121d <\/span>\u12eb\u1290\u1260\u1261\u1275 \u12a8\u1206\u1290 \u12eb\u1290\u1260\u1261\u1275\u1295\u1363 \u12eb\u1308\u1299\u1275 \u12a8\u1206\u1290\u121d \u12eb\u1308\u1299\u1260\u1275\u1295 \u12a0\u120d\u1290\u1308\u1229\u1295\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u121d\u1295\u132d \u12e8\u120b\u1278\u12cd\u121d\u1293 \u1208\u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12ad\u122d\u12ad\u122d \u120a\u1320\u1240\u1231 \u12a0\u12ed\u127d\u1209\u121d\u1361\u1361<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u133d\u130c \u1235\u1326\u1273\u12cd\u121d \u1262\u1206\u1295 \u121d\u1293\u1261\u1295\u1293 \u12a0\u1208\u1243 \u12aa\u12f3\u1290 \u12c8\u120d\u12f5 \u12ad\u134d\u120c\u1295 \u1320\u1240\u1230 \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u12a0\u1208 \u12e8\u121a\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u2039\u12e8\u12da\u12eb\u129b\u12cd\u1295 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275\u203a \u1308\u12f5\u120d \u120a\u12eb\u1218\u1323\u120d\u1295 \u12a0\u120d\u127b\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12f3\u129b\u1278\u12cd \u12c8\u122d\u1241 \u12e8\u133b\u1348\u12cd \u120d\u1266\u1208\u12f5 \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u1273\u122a\u12ab\u12ca \u12cb\u130b \u12eb\u1208\u12cd \u1290\u1308\u122d \u1235\u120b\u120d\u1206\u1290 \u1208\u12ad\u122d\u12ad\u122d \u12e8\u121a\u1240\u122d\u1265 \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1263\u1235 \u1265\u120e \u1270\u1235\u134b\u12ec \u12a2\u1208\u12ed\u1295 \u1219\u122b\u12ed \u1208\u120d\u1306\u127d \u1265\u120b \u12e8\u133b\u1348\u127d\u12cd\u1295 \u1270\u1228\u1275 \u1320\u1245\u1236\u120d\u1293\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u12e8\u1266\u1229 \u121c\u12f3\u1295 \u12ad\u122d\u12ad\u122d \u1290\u12cd \u12eb\u1235\u1273\u12c8\u1230\u129d\u1361\u1361<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
 \u1260\u1266\u1229 \u121c\u12f3 \u12ad\u122d\u12ad\u122d \u2039\u1208\u12a2\u12e8\u1231\u1235 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1276\u1235 \u1201\u1208\u1275 \u120d\u12f0\u1275 \u12a0\u1208\u12cd\u203a \u12e8\u121a\u1209\u1293 \u2039\u1226\u1235\u1275 \u120d\u12f0\u1275 \u12a0\u1208\u12cd\u203a \u12e8\u121a\u1209 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u1270\u12a8\u122b\u12ad\u1228\u12cd \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u12ad\u122d\u12ad\u122d \u12e8\u1201\u1208\u1275 \u120d\u12f0\u1275\u1295 \u12c8\u12ad\u1208\u12cd \u12a8\u1270\u12a8\u122b\u12a8\u1229\u1275 \u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u120d \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275 \u1218\u120d\u12a8\u12a0 \u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295 \u12c8\u120d\u12f0 \u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235 \u2039\u1290\u12a0\u121d\u1295 \u12ad\u120d\u12a4\u1270 \u120d\u12f0\u1273\u1270\u203a \u12e8\u121a\u120d \u1295\u1263\u1265 \u12a8\u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d \u1320\u1245\u1230\u12cd \u1270\u12a8\u122b\u12a8\u1229\u1361\u1361 \u12d0\u1344 \u12ee\u1210\u1295\u1235\u121d \u12e8\u1226\u1235\u1275 \u120d\u12f0\u1276\u127d\u1295 \u1270\u12a8\u122b\u12ab\u122a \u12a0\u1208\u1243 \u1225\u1290 \u130a\u12ee\u122d\u130a\u1235\u1295 \u2039\u1260\u120d \u12a0\u1295\u1270\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0 \u12a5\u122d\u1231 \u12a8\u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d \u1226\u1235\u1275 \u120d\u12f0\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u120d \u1295\u1263\u1265 \u12a0\u121d\u1323\u203a \u12a0\u1209\u1275 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u130a\u12dc \u12a0\u1208\u1243 \u1225\u1290 \u130a\u12ee\u122d\u130a\u1235 \u2039\u1260\u12f0\u1265\u1228 \u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295 \u1270\u12a0\u121d\u1228 \u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d \u12ed\u1308\u129b\u120d\u203a \u12a0\u1209\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u130a\u12dc \u1295\u1309\u1221 \u2039\u12a8\u121d\u1273\u1235\u1270\u121d\u1228\u12cd \u12a8\u12a0\u122b\u1271 \u1309\u1263\u12a4 \u12a0\u1323\u1205\u1293 \u1290\u12cd \u12a8\u1270\u12a0\u121d\u1228 \u121b\u122d\u12eb\u121d \u1275\u1320\u1245\u1233\u1208\u1205\u203a\u203a \u1262\u120f\u1278\u12cd \u2039 \u12a8\u1309\u1263\u12a4\u12cd \u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d\u1235 \u12e8\u1208\u121d\u203a\u203a  \u12a0\u1209 \u12ed\u1263\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u12e8\u1270\u1235\u134b\u12ec \u12a0\u1320\u1243\u1240\u1235 \u12a8\u12da\u1205\u121d \u12e8\u12c8\u1228\u12f0 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u1208\u1243 \u1225\u1290 \u130a\u12ee\u122d\u130a\u1235 \u12e8\u1270\u12c8\u1240\u1231\u1275 \u1208\u12a5\u121d\u1290\u1275 \u12ad\u122d\u12ad\u122d \u12e8\u121b\u12ed\u1320\u1240\u1235 \u12e8\u1270\u12a0\u121d\u122d \u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d \u1260\u1218\u1325\u1240\u1233\u1278\u12cd \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1270\u1235\u134b\u12ec\u121d \u12a8\u12da\u12eb \u12c8\u122d\u12f6 \u12c8\u122d\u12f6 \u1208\u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12ad\u122d\u12ad\u122d \u12e8\u121b\u12ed\u1320\u1240\u1235 \u12e8\u1270\u1228\u1275\u1293 \u12e8\u120d\u1266\u1208\u12f5 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d \u1232\u1320\u1245\u1235 \u12ed\u1308\u129b\u120d\u1361\u1361 <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u1270\u1235\u134b\u12ec \u12c8\u130d\u12f3 \u12e8\u1270\u1238\u1238\u1308 \u1208\u1215\u12dd\u1265 \u12e8\u121b\u12ed\u1240\u122d\u1265 \u1308\u12f5\u1208 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u12a0\u1208 \u12ed\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1200\u1308\u122b\u127d\u1295 \u1320\u1295\u124b\u12ed \u12a5\u1295\u12f3\u12ed\u130b\u1208\u1325 \u1232\u1348\u120d\u130d \u12e8\u120c\u1208 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u12eb\u12dd\u12db\u120d \u12ed\u1263\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1270\u1235\u134b\u12ec\u121d \u12c8\u130d\u12f3 \u12e8\u1270\u12f0\u1260\u1240 \u1308\u12f5\u120d \u12a0\u1208 \u12a0\u1208\u1361\u1361 \u12c8\u130d\u12f3 \u1260\u1230\u121c\u1295 \u1238\u12cb \u1260\u12f0\u1265\u1228 \u1265\u122d\u1203\u1295 \u12d9\u122a\u12eb \u12c8\u1228\u12f3 \u1225\u122d \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u129d \u1266\u1273 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12e8\u1265\u122b\u1293 \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275 \u12601964 \u12d3\u121d \u121b\u12ed\u12ad\u122e \u134a\u120d\u121d \u1218\u1290\u1223\u1275 \u1232\u1300\u121d\u1229 \u12a8\u1230\u121c\u1295 \u1238\u12cb \u1290\u1260\u122d \u12e8\u1270\u1300\u1218\u1228\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1290 \u1225\u122d\u130d\u12cd \u1210\u1265\u1208 \u1225\u120b\u1234(\u12a0\u1325\u1295\u1273\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12eb\u1208\u121d\u120d\u1218\u12cd \u12a5\u1295\u1302) \u12a5\u12eb\u1295\u12f3\u1295\u12f7\u1295 \u12c8\u1228\u12f3 \u1208\u1245\u1218\u12cd \u12a0\u1295\u1225\u1270\u12cd\u1273\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1295\u12b3\u1295 \u1260\u1308\u12f3\u121b\u1275 \u12a0\u12f5\u1263\u122b\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1299\u1275 \u1260\u130d\u1208\u1230\u1266\u127d \u12a5\u1305 \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1299\u1275\u121d \u12a0\u120d\u1240\u122f\u1278\u12cd\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1295\u12b3\u1295 \u12e8\u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1292\u1271 \u1218\u133d\u1210\u134d \u12e8\u1215\u1295\u12f5\u1363 \u12e8\u130d\u122a\u12ad \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275 \u12a0\u120d\u1240\u122b\u1278\u12cd\u121d\u1364 \u12a5\u1295\u12b3\u1295 \u1308\u12f5\u120d\u1293 \u1270\u12a0\u121d\u122d \u12e8\u1264\u1270 \u12ad\u122d\u1235\u1272\u12eb\u1295\u1295 \u12a5\u121d\u1290\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1243\u1228\u1291 \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275 \u1260\u12ad\u1265\u122d \u1270\u1320\u1265\u1240\u12cd \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u1270\u1308\u1299\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u1270\u1235\u134b\u12ec \u12c8\u130d\u12f3 \u12e8\u121b\u12ed\u12f0\u1228\u1235\u1260\u1275 \u1218\u1235\u120e\u1275 \u1218\u12f0\u1260\u1242\u12eb \u12cb\u123b \u12a0\u1208 \u12ed\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12c8\u130d\u12f3\u12ae \u12a8\u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263 \u12e8120 \u12aa\u120e \u121c\u1275\u122d \u1309\u12f3\u12ed \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u1260\u121b\u12ed\u12ad\u122e \u134a\u120d\u121d \u1240\u1228\u133b\u12cd \u12c8\u1245\u1275 \u1260\u1225\u122b \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u1270\u1220\u121b\u1229\u1275 \u12e8\u1200\u1308\u122c\u12cd \u1270\u12c8\u120b\u1306\u127d \u1290\u1260\u1229\u1293 \u12eb\u1235\u1278\u1308\u122b\u1278\u12cd \u1290\u1308\u122d \u12a0\u120d\u1290\u1260\u1228\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12da\u1205 \u1309\u12de \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12ed\u1205 \u2039\u12e8\u12c8\u130d\u12f3 \u1308\u12f5\u120d\u203a \u12ed\u1308\u129d \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u130d\u1295 \u12e8\u1208\u121d\u1293 \u12a0\u120d\u1270\u1308\u1298\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12ed\u1205 \u12d3\u12ed\u1290\u1275 \u1355\u122e\u1353\u130b\u1295\u12f3 \u12db\u122c \u12a0\u120d\u1270\u1300\u1218\u1228\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed\u1363 \u1260\u12c8\u120e\u1363 \u1260\u130e\u1303\u121d \u1260\u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u1235\u121d \u1235\u1208\u121a\u1320\u1229 \u120c\u120e\u127d \u1245\u12f1\u1233\u1295 \u12e8\u1270\u133b\u1349 \u1308\u12f5\u120e\u127d \u12a0\u1209 \u12a5\u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1208 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1201 \u1260\u12a0\u134d \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12ed\u1290\u1308\u122b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1235\u12ab\u1201\u1295 \u130d\u1295 \u121b\u1235\u1228\u1303 \u12a0\u121d\u1325\u1276 \u12eb\u1228\u130b\u1308\u1320 \u12a0\u120d\u1270\u1308\u1298\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12e8\u1275\u130d\u122b\u12ed \u1308\u12f3\u121b\u1275 \u12e8\u1265\u122b\u1293 \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275 \u1260\u1245\u122d\u1261 \u12f2\u1302\u1273\u120b\u12ed\u12dd \u1270\u12f0\u122d\u1308\u12cb\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u130d\u1295 \u12e8\u1270\u1263\u1208\u12cd \u12a0\u120d\u1270\u1308\u1298\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u1218\u12ab\u12a8\u1208\u129b\u12cd \u12d8\u1218\u1295 \u120c\u120b\u12cd \u1240\u122d\u1276 \u12a8\u121b\u12d5\u12a8\u120b\u12ca\u12cd \u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u1270\u130b\u132d\u1270\u12cd \u122d\u1240\u12cd \u1260\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275 \u12e8\u12f0\u1242\u1240 \u12a5\u1235\u1322\u134b\u1296\u1233\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u1308\u12f3\u121d \u1260\u1309\u1295\u12f3 \u1309\u1295\u12f2 \u12a5\u1295\u12b3\u1295 \u12e8\u12f0\u1265\u1228 \u120a\u1263\u1296\u1231\u1295 \u1308\u12f5\u120d \u12e8\u1218\u1230\u1208 \u1245\u1305 \u1290\u12cd \u12e8\u1270\u1308\u1298\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u121b\u1295\u129b\u12cd\u121d \u12ad\u122d\u12ad\u122d \u1232\u1240\u122d\u1265 \u1208\u12ad\u122d\u12ad\u1229 \u1265\u1241 \u12e8\u1206\u1290 \u121b\u1235\u1228\u1303 \u1218\u1245\u1228\u1265 \u12a0\u1208\u1260\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u120d\u1266\u1208\u12f1\u1295\u121d\u1363 \u1240\u120d\u12f1\u1295\u121d \u1208\u1273\u122a\u12ad \u121b\u1235\u1228\u1303 \u1218\u1325\u1240\u1235 \u1267\u120d\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u1302 \u1241\u121d \u1290\u1308\u122d \u12a0\u12ed\u1206\u1295\u121d\u1361\u1361 <\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u1270\u1235\u134b\u12ec \u1235\u1208 \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1263\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u1273\u12c8\u1240 \u1273\u122a\u12ad (<\/span>official history)<\/span> \u1208\u1218\u1240\u1260\u120d \u12a0\u120d\u1348\u1208\u1308\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12eb \u1260\u122b\u1231 \u127d\u130d\u122d \u12a0\u12ed\u12f0\u1208\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u121b\u1235\u1228\u1303 \u12a0\u121d\u1325\u1276 \u12c8\u12ed\u121d \u1290\u1263\u1229\u1295 \u121b\u1235\u1228\u1303 \u1260\u12ad\u122d\u12ad\u122d \u12a0\u134d\u122d\u1236 \u12eb\u120b\u12e8\u1290\u12cd\u1295 \u12ab\u1233\u12e8\u1295 \u12a5\u1293\u1218\u1230\u130d\u1290\u12cd \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u122d\u1231 \u130d\u1295 \u12c8\u12ed \u12e8\u1273\u12c8\u1240\u12cd\u1295 \u12a0\u120d\u1270\u1240\u1260\u1208\u1363 \u12a0\u1208\u12eb\u121d \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u121b\u1235\u1228\u1303 \u12a0\u120b\u1218\u1323\u1363 \u12a8\u1201\u1208\u1275 \u12e8\u12c8\u1323 \u130e\u1218\u1295 \u1206\u1290\u1265\u1295\u1361\u1361<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u122e\u121b\u12cd\u12eb\u1295 \u12e8\u1215\u130d \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 <\/span>Argumentum ad Contrario <\/span>\u12e8\u121a\u120d \u1218\u122d\u1215 \u1290\u1260\u122b\u1278\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u2039\u12a0\u1295\u12f5\u1295 \u1290\u1308\u122d \u12e8\u1273\u1218\u1290\u12cd\u1295\u1293 \u12e8\u1273\u12c8\u1240\u12cd\u1295 \u1275\u1270\u1205 \u1260\u1270\u1243\u122b\u1292\u12cd \u12eb\u1208\u12cd\u1295 \u12a0\u1228\u130b\u130d\u1325\u203a \u121b\u1208\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1208\u121d\u1233\u120c \u12a0\u1261\u1290 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275\u1295 \u1260\u1270\u1218\u1208\u12a8\u1270 \u12e8\u121a\u1263\u1208\u12cd\u1295\u1293 \u12e8\u121a\u1273\u1218\u1290\u12cd\u1295 \u1270\u12c8\u12cd\u1293 \u1270\u1243\u122b\u1292\u12cd\u1295 \u1260\u121b\u1235\u1228\u1303\u1363 \u1260\u1270\u1320\u12e8\u1245\u1293 \u1260\u1275\u1295\u1273\u1294 \u12a0\u1228\u130b\u130d\u1325 \u121b\u1208\u1275 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1270\u1235\u134b\u12ec \u12ed\u1205\u1295\u1295 \u1208\u121b\u1228\u130b\u1308\u1325 \u12d0\u1245\u121d \u12a0\u120b\u1308\u1298\u121d\u1361\u1361 \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1201 \u1267\u120d\u1271\u1295 \u1265\u127b \u1290\u1308\u1228\u1295\u1361\u1361<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u1270\u1235\u134b\u12ec \u12e8\u1273\u122a\u12ad \u1235\u1215\u1270\u1271\u1295 \u12e8\u121a\u1300\u121d\u1228\u12cd \u1260\u1230\u1263\u1270\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12d0\u1344 \u12f3\u12ca\u1275 \u12e8\u121a\u1263\u1209 \u1295\u1309\u1225 \u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u1290\u1260\u1229 \u1232\u1208\u1295 \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u1270\u1235\u134b\u12ec \u1260\u1240\u120b\u1209 \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u1298\u12cd\u1295 \u12e8\u122c\u1294 \u1263\u1234\u1295 \u1273\u122a\u12a8 \u1290\u1308\u1225\u1275\u1363 \u12e8\u1225\u122d\u130d\u12cd \u1210\u1265\u1208 \u1225\u120b\u1234\u1295 \u12e8\u1290\u1308\u1225\u1273\u1275 \u12dd\u122d\u12dd\u122d\u1363 \u12e8\u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u133b\u12f5\u1245 \u1218\u12a9\u122a\u12eb\u1295 \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1275 \u12a0\u1208\u12eb\u121d \u12e8\u1265\u120b\u1274\u1295 \u130c\u1273 \u1285\u1229\u12ed\u1295 \u2039\u12cb\u12dc\u121b\u203a\u1363 \u12e8\u130c\u1273\u1278\u12cd \u1283\u12ed\u120c\u1295 \u1263\u1215\u1228 \u1210\u1233\u1265\u1363 \u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u12a0\u1260\u1263 \u12e9\u1292\u1268\u122d\u1232\u1272 \u1260<\/span>1975 <\/span>\u12a0\u1233\u1275\u121e\u1275 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1228\u12cd\u1295 <\/span>The Dictionary of Ethiopian Biography, <\/span>\u1265\u1273\u12ed\u12ae \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1205 \u12ab\u1208 \u1235\u1215\u1270\u1275 \u12cd\u1235\u1325 \u12a0\u1275\u12c8\u12f5\u1245\u121d \u1290\u1260\u122d\u1361\u1361 \u1260\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1273\u122a\u12ad \u12f3\u12ca\u1275 \u1260\u121a\u120d \u1295\u1309\u1225 \u1218\u1300\u1218\u122a\u12eb \u12e8\u1290\u1308\u1220\u12cd \u12d0\u1344 \u12f3\u12ca\u1275 \u12a0\u1295\u12f0\u129b \u12a81374-1406 \u12d3\u121d \u1290\u12cd\u1361\u1361 \u12a8\u12e8\u1275 \u12a0\u121d\u1325\u1270\u1205 \u1290\u12cd \u1260\u1230\u1263\u1270\u129b\u12cd \u1218\u12ad\u12d8 \u12eb\u12f0\u1228\u130d\u12a8\u12cd\u1361\u1361<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u12a5\u1302\u130d \u12e8\u121a\u1308\u122d\u1218\u12cd \u1290\u1308\u122d \u12e8\u1200\u1308\u122b\u127d\u1295 \u120a\u1243\u12cd\u1295\u1275 \u2039\u1328\u12cb \u12f0\u134b\u122d \u1290\u12cd\u203a \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121a\u1209\u1275 \u1270\u1235\u134b\u12ec\u121d \u12eb\u1208 \u121d\u1295 \u1325\u1293\u1275\u1363 \u12eb\u1208 \u121d\u1295\u121d \u121b\u1235\u1228\u1303 \u12a5\u122d\u1231 \u122b\u1231\u121d \u12a5\u1295\u12f0\u121a\u1208\u1295 \u2039\u12a2\u1275\u12ee\u1335\u12eb \u1233\u1208 \u12e8\u1230\u121b\u1278\u12cd\u1295 \u12a0\u1348 \u1273\u122a\u12ae\u127d \u1230\u1265\u1235\u1266\u203a(\u12a5\u1294 \u130d\u1295 \u12a0\u12ed\u1218\u1235\u1208\u129d\u121d\u1363 \u12a0\u121c\u122a\u12ab \u1206\u1296 \u1348\u1325\u122e \u12a5\u1295\u1302) \u1260\u12f5\u134d\u1228\u1275 \u2039\u1226\u1235\u1275 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1276\u127d \u12a0\u1209 \u12ed\u120b\u120d\u1361\u1361 \u1262\u12eb\u1295\u1235 \u1208\u12d5\u12cd\u1240\u1275 \u12ad\u1265\u122d \u1230\u1325\u1276 \u2039\u12eb\u1209 \u12ed\u1218\u1235\u1208\u129b\u120d\u203a \u1262\u120d \u12a5\u1295\u12b3\u1295 \u121d\u1295 \u12a0\u1208\u1260\u1275\u1361\u1361 \u1208\u12ab\u1235 \u12a5\u1235\u12a8\u12db\u122c\u121d \u1260\u120c\u120e\u127d \u1218\u133b\u1215\u134d\u1271 \u1232\u1290\u130d\u1228\u1295 \u12e8\u1290\u1260\u1229\u1275 \u2039\u12e8\u1218\u1295\u130d\u1225\u1275 \u121d\u1225\u1322\u122e\u127d\u203a \u12a5\u1295\u12f2\u1205 \u12e8\u1270\u1230\u1260\u1230\u1261 \u12a0\u1348 \u1273\u122a\u12ae\u127d \u1290\u1260\u1229 \u121b\u1208\u1275 \u1290\u12cd<\/span>?<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u1208\u1218\u1206\u1291 \u1270\u1235\u134b\u12ec \u12a5\u1293\u12f3\u1208\u12cd \u1226\u1235\u1275 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1276\u127d  \u12a0\u1209\u1295<\/span>?<\/span> \u1226\u1235\u1271\u1235 \u1260\u1308\u12f5\u1208 \u1270\u12ad\u1208 \u1203\u12ed\u121b\u1296\u1275 \u1270\u1240\u120b\u1245\u1208\u12cb\u120d\u1295<\/span>?<\/span> \u1233\u121d\u1295\u1275 \u12a5\u1295\u1218\u1208\u1233\u1208\u1295\u1361\u1361<\/o:p><\/span><\/div>\n
\u00a9<\/span><\/b> \u12ed\u1205 \u133d\u1211\u134d \u1260\u12a0\u12f2\u1235 \u1309\u12f3\u12ed \u120b\u12ed \u12e8\u12c8\u1323 \u1290\u12cd<\/o:p><\/span><\/b><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

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አቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖትና አቡነ ኤዎስጣቴዎስ( ጎርጎራ፣ ደብረ ሲና ማርያም)<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n

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\nተስፋየ ገብረ አብ ‹የስደተኛው ማስተዋሻ› <\/span>የተሰኘ መጽሐፍ ማውጣቱንና ባነበው መልካም እንደሆነ ገልጦ አንድ ወዳጄ ‹ስስ ቅጅውን› ከሀገረ አሜሪካ ላከልኝ፡፡ ከዚህ በፊት ሌሎች መጻሕፍቱን አንብቤያቸዋለሁ፤ በአጻጻፍ ችሎታው የምደሰተውን ያህል እንደ አበሻ መድኃኒት ነገሩን ሁሉ እርሱ ብቻ የሚያውቀው ምስጢር ስለሚያደርገው፤ በአንዳንድ ጉዳዮችም ሆን ብሎም ሊያናጋቸው የሚፈልግ ኢትዮጵያዊ እሴቶች ያሉ ስለሚመስለኝ፤ ተስፋዬ ለምን እንደዚህ ይጽፋል<\/span>?<\/span> እያልኩ የምጠይቃቸው ነገሮች ነበሩ፡፡<\/span>\n<\/div>\n
በዚህ መጽሐፉ ውስጥም ያንን ጥርጣሬየን አጉልቶ ሥጋ ነሥቶ እንዳየው የሚያደርገኝ ነገር ገጠመኝ፡፡ ተስፋየ በገጽ 306 ላይ ‹‹የፍስሐ ጽዮን ፖለቲካ› በሚል ርእስ ስለ አቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖት የማያውቀውን ነገር ጽፏል፡፡ ስለማያውቀው ነገር የጻፈው ባለማወቁ ብቻ አይመስለኝም፡፡ አንድም ለማወቅ ባለመፈለጉ፣ አለያም ሆን ብሎ የማፍረስ ዓላማ ይዞ ይመስለኛል፡፡<\/p>\n

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\nይህን የምለው በሁለት ምክንያት ነው፡፡ ተስፋዬ ስለ አቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖት ለመጻፍ ሲፈልግ ሊያነባቸው የሚችላቸው መጻሕፍት በምድረ አውሮፓ እንደ ማክዶናልድ በዝተው ሞልተው ይገኛሉ፡፡ አብዛኞቹ ደግሞ ኢትዮጵያውያን ባልሆኑ ሰዎች የተጻፉ ናቸው፡፡ ሌላው ቢቀር ኤንሪኮ ቼሩሊ የደብረ ሊባኖስ አበ ምኔቶች ታሪክ(<\/span>Gli Abbati di Dabra Libanos, 1945)<\/span>፣ ኮንቲ ሮሲኒ ከሐተታ ጋር ያሳተመውን ገድለ አቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖት፣በዋልድባ ቅጅ (<\/span>Il Gadla Takla Haimanot secondo la redazione Waldebbana, 1896)<\/span>፣ የዊልያም በጅን የአቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖት ሕይወትና ተአምር (<\/span>The Life and Miracles of Takla Haymanot, 1906)<\/span>፡፡ ከኢትዮጵያውያን ጸሐፍትም ውስጥ የታደሰ ታምራትን <\/span>Church and State in Ethiopia, <\/span>ማንበብ በተገባው ነበር፡፡<\/p>\n

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\nከዚህም ዘልሎ ጥልቅ ጥናት አድርጌ ደረቴን ነፍቼ እናገራለሁ ለሚል ደግሞ እንግሊዝ ምቹ ናትና ሎንዶን ወደሚገኘው ብሪቲሽ ሙዝየም ሄዶ በማይክሮ ፊልም የተነሡትንም ሆነ በአካል ያሉትን ብራናዎች ማየት ነው፡፡ እዚያም የማያደርሰው ከሆነ በዋና ከተማው በሆላንድ ዩኒቨርሲቲዎች የሚገኙትን የጌታቸው ኃይሌን THE MONASTIC GENEALOGY OF THE LINE OF TÄKLÄ HAYMANOT OF SHOA, (Rassegna di Studi Etiopici, Vol. 29 (1982-1983), pp. 7-38)፤<\/span>የተስፋዬ ገብረ ማርያምን <\/span>A Structural Analysis of Gädlä Täklä Haymanot(African Languages and Cultures, Vol. 10, No. 2 (1997), pp. 181-198)<\/span>፤ የሐንቲንግ ፎርድን (G.W.B. Huntingford, “The Lives of Saint Takla Haymanot,” Journal of Ethiopian Studies, 4(1966), 34-35.) የአሉላ ፓንክረስትን Dabra Libanos Pilgrimage Past and Present, The Mytery of the Bones and the Legend of Saint Takla Haymanot,(the sociology ethnology Bulletin) 1,3 (1994), P. 14-26<\/span> <\/span><\/b>ጥናቶችን ማየት ይቻል ነበር፡፡ ያም ካልሆነ ወደ ቤልጅየም ሄዶ ፒተርስ አሳታሚ ከጥልቅ ጥናት ጋር የሚያሳትማቸውን የኢትዮጵያ ጥንታዊ መዛግብት ኅትመቶች ማገለባጥ ይቻል ነበር፡፡<\/p>\n

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\nየገረመኝ ገድለ ተክለ ሃይማኖትን ያህል በኢትዮጵያ ታሪክ <\/span>(History)<\/span>ና የታሪክ አጻጻፍ(<\/span>Historiography) <\/span>ታላቅ ቦታ ያለው፣ በኢትዮጵያ ገድላት ጥናት(<\/span>Hagiography) <\/span>ቀዳሚ የሆነና በብዙ አጥኝዎች የተጠና ጉዳይ ያለ ምንም በቂ ማስረጃ አፈርሳለሁ ብሎ መነሣቱ ነው፡፡ ይኼ ደግሞ ከማ<\/span>ይወጣበት የክርክር አዘቅት ውስጥ እንዲወድቅ አድርጎታል፡፡<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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የአቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖት ሥዕል( እስክንድርያ ተክለ ሃይማኖት ቤተ ክርስቲያን – ግብጽ)<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n
ተስፋዬ ጽሑፉን የጀመረው በስድብ ነው፡፡ ኤርትራዊት እናቱ ‹ይዘምሩት ነበር‹ ብሎ ያቀረበው ጽሑፍ የራሱን ስድብ በእና ያሳበበበት ነው፡፡ የኤርትራን ቤተ ክርስቲያንና ኤርትራውያን ክርስቲያን እናቶችን ከእርሱ በላይ አውቃቸዋለሁ፡፡ ተሰድደው በየሀገሩ ከተበተኑት ጋር አብረን ቋንቋና ድንበር ሳያግደን አገልግለናል፡፡ አሥመራ ከተማ ከሚገኙት ታላላቅ አድባራት አንዱም የአቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖት ቤተ ክርስቲያን ነው፡፡ በምንም መልኩ አንዲት ኤርትራዊት እናት ተስፋዬ በአቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖት ላይ የተሳለቀውን ‹መዝሙር› አትዘምርም፤ አቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖት ደማቸው የፈሰሰው ሰባት ዓመት ሙሉ ለጸሎት የቆሙበት እግራቸው በጸሎት ብዛት በመቆረጡ እንጂ ሰይጣን ‹ፈንግሏቸው› አለመሆኑን ኤርትራውያን እናቶች በሚገባ ያውቁታል፡፡ የሚገርመው ነገር ተስፋዬ በጆሮ ጠገብ የሆነ ቦታ የሰማውን መዝሙር አጣምሞት እንጂ መዝሙሩ እንዲህ አይደለም፡፡ <\/p>\n

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ተክለ ሃይማኖት የዓለም ብርሃን ናቸው<\/p>\n

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ይኼው ለዘላለም ያበራል ገድላቸው<\/p>\n

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ነው የሚለው፡፡ <\/p>\n

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ተስፋዬ አቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖትን በተመለከተ አነበብኳቸው የሚለን አምስት መጻሕፍትን ነው፡፡ የአባ ዮሐንስ ከማ፣ የኪዳነ ወልድ ክፍሌ፣ የጽጌ ስጦታው፣ የዳኛቸው ወርቁና የኢረይን ሙራይ፡፡ አባ ዮሐንስ ከማን እንደማያውቃቸው፣ የጻፉትንም ገድል እንዳላነበበ የሚያሳብቅበት ‹ደብተራ› ሲላቸው ነው፡፡ አባ ዮሐንስ ከማ ሰባተኛው የደብረ ሊባኖስ እጨጌ እንጂ ደብተራ አልነበሩም፡፡ በዚያ ዘመን ‹ደብተራ› ማለት የንጉሡን ደብር(ድንኳን) የሚያገለግሉት ካህናት ናቸው፡፡ አባ ዮሐንስ ከማ በዐፄ ይስሐቅ(1407-1423)ዘመንና በዐፄ ዘርዐ ያዕቆብ(1437-1461)የመጀመሪያዎቹ ዓመታት የነበሩ ደብረ ሊባኖስን እንደገና ያሳነጹ ገድለ ተክለ ሃይማኖትንም ያስጻፉ አባት ናቸው፡፡ ተስፋዬ አባ ዮሐንስ ከማ ከ200 ዓመታት ቆይታ በኋላ ስለ ጻፉ ተሳስተዋል ይላል፡፡ ባታውቀው ነው እንጂ ሙሴ ኦሪትን የጻፈው ዓለም ከተፈጠረ ከሺዎች ዓመታት በኋላ ነው፡፡ በቤተ ክርስቲያን ገድሎች ዘግይተው የሚጻፉት የአንድን ቅዱስ ቅድስና ለመመስከር ካረፈ ቢያንስ ግማሽ ምእተ ዓመት ስለሚያስፈልገው ነው፡፡ በመቃብሩ ላይ የሚሠሩት ተአምራት፣ በአማላጅነቱ የሚሠራቸው ተአምራትና ሌሎችም መታየት አለባቸው፡፡  <\/p>\n

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\nተስፋዬ አላዋቂነቱን እንደ ዕውቀት ስለወሰደው እንጂ የአቡነ ዮሐንስ ከማ ገድል የመጀመሪያው የአቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖት ገድል አይደለም፡፡ በነገራችን ላይ ስለ አቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖት አራት ቀደምት ሰዎች ጽፈዋል፡፡ 1)በስንክሳር ተጽፎ የሚገኘው(በተለይም በፓሪሱ ስንክሳር) አጭር የአቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖት ታሪክ፣ 2) የትግራይ ተወላጅ በሆነው በተክለ ጽዮን የተጻፈው የዋልድባው ገድለ ተክለ ሃይማኖት <\/span>[<\/span>አቡነ ሳሙኤል ዘዋልድባ የአቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖት (በቆብ) የልጅ ልጅ ናቸው፡፡ አቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖት አቡነ መድኃኒነ እግዚእን ሲያመነኩሱ አቡነ መድኃኒነ እግዚእ ደግሞ ሰባቱ ከዋክብት የተባሉትንና በጣና ዙሪያ የሰበኩትን (አቡነ ዮሐንስ ዘቁየጻ፣ አቡነ ሳሙኤል ዘጣሬጣ፣ አቡነ ያሳይ ዘማንዳባ፣ አቡነ ሳሙኤል ዘዋልድባ፣ አቡነ ዮሐንስ ዘጉራንቋ፣ አቡነ ታዴዎስ ዘባልተዋርና አቡነ ያፍቅረነ እግዚእ ዘጉጉቤን) ሲያመነኩሱ ነው ምንኩስናን ተቀብለው ለተልዕኮ የተሰማሩት፡፡ ለዚህም ነው የአቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖትን ገድል ዋልድባዎች የጻፉት፡፡<\/span>]<\/span> 3)ያልታወቀ ጸሐፊ አጭሩንና የሐይቅ እስጢፋኖስ ቅጅ የሚባለውን ጽፏል፡፡ ይኼኛው ገድል ቀዳሚ ሳይሆን አይቀርም፤ አንደኛ የተጻፈው ከሌሎች ቅዱሳን ገድሎች ጋር እስትግቡእ ሆኖ በስንክሳር መልክ ነው፡፡ ሁለተኛ የተጠቀማቸው አማርኛዎች በአሁኑ ጊዜ ጥቅም ላይ የሌሉ ዓይነት ናቸው፣ 4)አቡነ ዮሐንስ ከማ የጻፈው የደብረ ሊባኖስ ቅጅ ናቸው፡፡ <\/p>\n

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\nይህ የአቡነ ዮሐንስ ከማ ገድል ምናልባት ከ1418-19 ዓም ባለው ጊዜ ውስጥ በዐፄ ይስሐቅ ዘመን የተጻፈ መሆኑ ይገመታል(<\/span>Encyclopedia Aethiopica, Vol. IV, P. 832) <\/span>በግብጽ ቤተ ክርስቲያን የሚገኘው ዐረብኛው ገድል በዐፄ ገላውዴዎስ ዘመን(1533-1551) የተጻፈ ይመስላል(<\/span>Encyclopedia Aethiopica,Vol.IV, P.832)<\/span>፡፡ ያልተመዘገቡ አያሌ ገድላት በየገዳማቱ መኖራቸው እንደተጠበቀ ሆኖ 22 የብራና ገድሎች በአውሮፓ፣ 20 በኢትዮጵያ የማኑስክሪፕት ቤተ መጻፍት(<\/span>EMML)<\/span>፣ 3 በኢየሩሳሌም የኢትዮጵያ ገዳማት፣ 5 በአዲስ አበባ ዩኒቨርሲቲ የኢትዮጵያ ጥናት ተቋም የአቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖት ገድሎች ይገኛሉ፡፡ <\/span>በአንድ ቅዱስ ላይ የተለያዩ ቅጅዎች መገኘታቸው መረጃዎችን ያሰፋቸዋል እንጂ ጉዳት የለውም፡፡ ስለ አንድ ክርስቶስ አራት ዓይነት ወንጌሎች መጻፋቸውን ማስታወስ ይበቃል፡፡<\/p>\n

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\nአለቃ ኪዳነ ወልድ ክፍሌ በብዙ ሥራዎቻቸው የተከበሩና የተመሰገኑ ሊቅ ናቸው፡፡ አቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖትን በተመለከተ ላነሡት ሃሳብ ግን ያቀረቡት ማስረጃ የላቸውም፡፡ ከኢትዮጵያ ገድሎች ሁሉ የአቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖትን ገድል ያህል የሚታወቅና የተጠና የለም፡፡ ከሌሎች ጋር እየተነጻጸረም ሆነ በራሱ(<\/span>Textual analysis) <\/span>ገድለ ተክለ ሃይማኖት በአውሮፓውያንም ሆነ በኢትዮጵያውያን ሊቃውንት ተጠንቷል፡፡ እስካሁን ግን አለቃ ኪዳነ ወልድ ክፍሌም ሆኑ ሌሎች የሚሉት ‹ሌላ ገድል› አልተገኘም፡፡ አለቃም <\/span>ያነበቡት ከሆነ ያነበቡትን፣ ያገኙት ከሆነም ያገኙበትን አልነገሩንም፡፡ ምንጭ የላቸውምና ለታሪክ ክርክር ሊጠቀሱ አይችሉም፡፡<\/p>\n

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ጽጌ ስጦታውም ቢሆን ምናቡንና አለቃ ኪዳነ ወልድ ክፍሌን ጠቀሰ እንጂ አለ የሚለውን ‹የዚያኛውን ተክለ ሃይማኖት› ገድል ሊያመጣልን አልቻለም፡፡ ዳኛቸው ወርቁ የጻፈው ልቦለድ እንጂ ታሪካዊ ዋጋ ያለው ነገር ስላልሆነ ለክርክር የሚቀርብ አይደለም፡፡ ይባስ ብሎ ተስፋዬ ኢለይን ሙራይ ለልጆች ብላ የጻፈችውን ተረት ጠቅሶልናል፡፡ ይህ ነገር የቦሩ ሜዳን ክርክር ነው ያስታወሰኝ፡፡<\/p>\n

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 በቦሩ ሜዳ ክርክር ‹ለኢየሱስ ክርስቶስ ሁለት ልደት አለው› የሚሉና ‹ሦስት ልደት አለው› የሚሉ ሊቃውንት ተከራክረው ነበር፡፡ በዚህ ክርክር የሁለት ልደትን ወክለው ከተከራከሩት መካከል የነበሩት መልከአ ብርሃን ወልደ ዮሐንስ ‹ነአምን ክልኤተ ልደታተ› የሚል ንባብ ከሊቃውንት መጽሐፍ ጠቅሰው ተከራከሩ፡፡ ዐፄ ዮሐንስም የሦስት ልደቶችን ተከራካሪ አለቃ ሥነ ጊዮርጊስን ‹በል አንተም እንደ እርሱ ከሊቃውንት መጽሐፍ ሦስት ልደት የሚል ንባብ አምጣ› አሉት በዚህ ጊዜ አለቃ ሥነ ጊዮርጊስ ‹በደብረ ብርሃን ተአምረ ማርያም ይገኛል› አሉ፡፡ በዚህ ጊዜ ንጉሡ ‹ከምታስተምረው ከአራቱ ጉባኤ አጣህና ነው ከተአምረ ማርያም ትጠቅሳለህ›› ቢሏቸው ‹ ከጉባኤው መጽሐፍስ የለም››  አሉ ይባላል፡፡<\/p>\n

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የተስፋዬ አጠቃቀስ ከዚህም የወረደ ነው፡፡ አለቃ ሥነ ጊዮርጊስ የተወቀሱት ለእምነት ክርክር የማይጠቀስ የተአምር መጽሐፍ በመጥቀሳቸው ነው፡፡ ተስፋዬም ከዚያ ወርዶ ወርዶ ለታሪክ ክርክር የማይጠቀስ የተረትና የልቦለድ መጽሐፍ ሲጠቅስ ይገኛል፡፡ <\/p>\n

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ተስፋዬ ወግዳ የተሸሸገ ለሕዝብ የማይቀርብ ገድለ ተክለ ሃይማኖት አለ ይላል፡፡ በሀገራችን ጠንቋይ እንዳይጋለጥ ሲፈልግ የሌለ ነገር ያዝዛል ይባላል፡፡ ተስፋዬም ወግዳ የተደበቀ ገድል አለ አለ፡፡ ወግዳ በሰሜን ሸዋ በደብረ ብርሃን ዙሪያ ወረዳ ሥር የሚገኝ ቦታ ነው፡፡ የኢትዮጵያ የብራና መጻሕፍት በ1964 ዓም ማይክሮ ፊልም መነሣት ሲጀምሩ ከሰሜን ሸዋ ነበር የተጀመረው፡፡ እነ ሥርግው ሐብለ ሥላሴ(አጥንታቸውን ያለምልመው እንጂ) እያንዳንዷን ወረዳ ለቅመው አንሥተውታል፡፡ እንኳን በገዳማት አድባራት የሚገኙት በግለሰቦች እጅ የሚገኙትም አልቀሯቸውም፡፡ እንኳን የቤተ ክርስቲያኒቱ መጽሐፍ የሕንድ፣ የግሪክ መጻሕፍት አልቀራቸውም፤ እንኳን ገድልና ተአምር የቤተ ክርስቲያንን እምነት የሚቃረኑ መጻሕፍት በክብር ተጠብቀው ነው የተገኙት፡፡ ተስፋዬ ወግዳ የማይደረስበት መስሎት መደበቂያ ዋሻ አለ ይላል፡፡ ወግዳኮ ከአዲስ አበባ የ120 ኪሎ ሜትር ጉዳይ ነው፡፡ <\/p>\n

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በማይክሮ ፊልም ቀረጻው ወቅት በሥራ ላይ የተሠማሩት የሀገሬው ተወላጆች ነበሩና ያስቸገራቸው ነገር አልነበረም፡፡ በዚህ ጉዞ ውስጥ ይህ ‹የወግዳ ገድል› ይገኝ ነበር፡፡ ግን የለምና አልተገኘም፡፡ ይህ ዓይነት ፕሮፓጋንዳ ዛሬ አልተጀመረም፡፡ በትግራይ፣ በወሎ፣ በጎጃም በተክለ ሃይማኖት ስም ስለሚጠሩ ሌሎች ቅዱሳን የተጻፉ ገድሎች አሉ እየተባለ እንዲሁ በአፍ ታሪክ ይነገራል፡፡ እስካሁን ግን ማስረጃ አምጥቶ ያረጋገጠ አልተገኘም፡፡ የትግራይ ገዳማት የብራና መጻሕፍት በቅርቡ ዲጂታላይዝ ተደርገዋል፡፡ ግን የተባለው አልተገኘም፡፡ በመካከለኛው ዘመን ሌላው ቀርቶ ከማዕከላዊው መንግሥት ተጋጭተው ርቀው በነበሩት የደቂቀ እስጢፋኖሳውያን ገዳም በጉንዳ ጉንዲ እንኳን የደብረ ሊባኖሱን ገድል የመሰለ ቅጅ ነው የተገኘው፡፡<\/p>\n

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ማንኛውም ክርክር ሲቀርብ ለክርክሩ ብቁ የሆነ ማስረጃ መቅረብ አለበት፡፡ ልቦለዱንም፣ ቀልዱንም ለታሪክ ማስረጃ መጥቀስ ቧልት እንጂ ቁም ነገር አይሆንም፡፡ <\/p>\n

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\nተስፋዬ ስለ አቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖት የሚባለውን የታወቀ ታሪክ (<\/span>official history)<\/span> ለመቀበል አልፈለገም፡፡ ያ በራሱ ችግር አይደለም፡፡ አዲስ ማስረጃ አምጥቶ ወይም ነባሩን ማስረጃ በክርክር አፍርሶ ያላየነውን ካሳየን እናመሰግነው ነበር፡፡ እርሱ ግን ወይ የታወቀውን አልተቀበለ፣ አለያም አዲስ ማስረጃ አላመጣ፣ ከሁለት የወጣ ጎመን ሆነብን፡፡<\/p>\n

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\nሮማውያን የሕግ ሊቃውንት <\/span>Argumentum ad Contrario <\/span>የሚል መርሕ ነበራቸው፡፡ ‹አንድን ነገር የታመነውንና የታወቀውን ትተህ በተቃራኒው ያለውን አረጋግጥ› ማለት ነው፡፡ ለምሳሌ አቡነ ተክለ ሃይማኖትን በተመለከተ የሚባለውንና የሚታመነውን ተወውና ተቃራኒውን በማስረጃ፣ በተጠየቅና በትንታኔ አረጋግጥ ማለት ነው፡፡ ተስፋዬ ይህንን ለማረጋገጥ ዐቅም አላገኘም፡፡ እንዲሁ ቧልቱን ብቻ ነገረን፡፡<\/p>\n

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\nተስፋዬ የታሪክ ስሕተቱን የሚጀምረው በሰባተኛው መክዘ ዐፄ ዳዊት የሚባሉ ንጉሥ ኢትዮጵያ ውስጥ ነበሩ ሲለን ነው፡፡ ተስፋዬ በቀላሉ የሚገኘውን የሬኔ ባሴን ታሪከ ነገሥት፣ የሥርግው ሐብለ ሥላሴን የነገሥታት ዝርዝር፣ የተክለ ጻድቅ መኩሪያን መጻሕፍት አለያም የብላቴን ጌታ ኅሩይን ‹ዋዜማ›፣ የጌታቸው ኃይሌን ባሕረ ሐሳብ፣ አዲስ አበባ ዩኒቨርሲቲ በ<\/span>1975 <\/span>አሳትሞት የነበረውን <\/span>The Dictionary of Ethiopian Biography, <\/span>ብታይኮ እንዲህ ካለ ስሕተት ውስጥ አትወድቅም ነበር፡፡ በኢትዮጵያ ታሪክ ዳዊት በሚል ንጉሥ መጀመሪያ የነገሠው ዐፄ ዳዊት አንደኛ ከ1374-1406 ዓም ነው፡፡ ከየት አምጥተህ ነው በሰባተኛው መክዘ ያደረግከው፡፡<\/p>\n

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\nእጂግ የሚገርመው ነገር የሀገራችን ሊቃውንት ‹ጨዋ ደፋር ነው› እንደሚሉት ተስፋዬም ያለ ምን ጥናት፣ ያለ ምንም ማስረጃ እርሱ ራሱም እንደሚለን ‹ኢትዮጵያ ሳለ የሰማቸውን አፈ ታሪኮች ሰብስቦ›(እኔ ግን አይመስለኝም፣ አሜሪካ ሆኖ ፈጥሮ እንጂ) በድፍረት ‹ሦስት ተክለ ሃይማኖቶች አሉ ይላል፡፡ ቢያንስ ለዕውቀት ክብር ሰጥቶ ‹ያሉ ይመስለኛል› ቢል እንኳን ምን አለበት፡፡ ለካስ እስከዛሬም በሌሎች መጻሕፍቱ ሲነግረን የነበሩት ‹የመንግሥት ምሥጢሮች› እንዲህ የተሰበሰቡ አፈ ታሪኮች ነበሩ ማለት ነው<\/span>?<\/p>\n

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\nለመሆኑ ተስፋዬ እናዳለው ሦስት ተክለ ሃይማኖቶች  አሉን<\/span>?<\/span> ሦስቱስ በገድለ ተክለ ሃይማኖት ተቀላቅለዋልን<\/span>?<\/span> ሳምንት እንመለሳለን፡፡<\/p>\n

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\n©<\/span><\/b> ይህ ጽሑፍ በአዲስ ጉዳይ ላይ የወጣ ነው<\/p>\n

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Read more ›<\/a><\/div>\n

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